喀什地区近10年地下水资源时空动态变化分析

地下水资源对干旱半干旱地区未来社会经济发展有着非常重要意义。文中利用喀什地区叶尔羌河流域与喀什噶尔河流域近10年地下水水位实测资料,对研究区地下水时空动态变化规律进行了分析及探讨。结果表明：叶尔羌河流域与喀什噶尔河流域在不同年份、不同季节及不同月份之间有显著差异。尤其是中游、下游平原区与上游山前平原区之间地下水水位动态...     

新疆喀什噶尔河流域地下水形成的水文地球化学过程

新疆喀什噶尔河流域地下水的形成主要受到溶滤、蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换和混合等的影响。石膏、岩盐和萤石矿物发生溶解,为地下水中的SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、Cl~-和F~-提供重要来源;石膏、长石类、方解石和白云石等矿物的溶解,为地下水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)提供主要来源。Gibbs图解法表明,北部克孜勒苏河地下水系统中潜水主要受岩石风化和蒸发浓缩的双重影响,承压水主要受岩石风化的影响;南部盖孜河地下水系统中潜水主要受蒸发浓缩的影响,个别浅层承压水采样点受岩石风化的影响。北部克孜勒苏河地下水系统中的阳离子交换作用强于南部盖孜河地下水系统;同时,阳离子交换作用随着含水层深度的逐渐增加而增强。地表水与地下水存在混合作用,不同含水层之间也存在着混合作用。     

近50年来喀什噶尔河流域气温、降水及径流的变化趋势

应用喀什噶尔河流域内7个气象站、3个水文站的观测资料,分析了全流域、平原区和帕米尔高原的气温、降水以及出山口控制站年径流量的变化特征.结果显示:①从20世纪90年代开始,喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年以及冬、秋季明显增暖,近5年春季迅速增温.从90年代起,全流域与高原区的年降水量明显增加,近5年平原区也明显增加;自90年代起全流域的春季、夏季降水明显增加,而近5年秋、冬季增湿迅速;近5年平原区的秋、春季以及冬季降水增加明显,高原区却以夏、秋季增湿最明显.②喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年气温与降水量都呈显著的线性增加趋势.平原区的秋、冬季气温显著上升,冬季最明显,夏季呈不显著的下降趋势;平原区的四季降水呈不显著的上升趋势.帕米尔高原的夏、秋、冬季气温呈显著的上升趋势,秋季最明显;帕米尔高原的四季降水呈上升趋势,只有夏季的增湿趋势较显著.③喀什噶尔河年径流量(3站合计)近47年来呈显著的线性上升趋势,以3.0%·(10 a)-1的速率增加.流域内3条河流情况有所不同,克孜河径流量的线性增加趋势最明显,而盖孜河呈不显著的下降趋势.     

塔里木河流域水资源开发利用与生态环境问题

1 塔里木河流域概况本流域包括开都河、孔雀河、渭干河、阿克苏河、喀什噶尔河、叶尔羌河、和田河、克里雅河、车尔臣河等114条河流,流域面积106万平方公里,河川迳流量393亿立方米,国外流入61亿立方米,地表水资源332亿立方米,地下水总补给量214亿立方米,其中天然补给量为44.5亿立方米。行政区辖巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、阿克苏地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、喀什地区、和田地区等     

干旱地区水资源优化利用的动态规划模型

干旱地区水资源短缺和地表水与地下水之间的转化,为水资源优化利用提供了必要性和可行性。本文运用系统分析方法,对干旱地区内陆河流域有效利用水量为目标函数,建立了水资源优化利用的动态规划模型。并以乌鲁木齐河流域为例,分析预测了不同水利建设时期水资源开发利用的最佳方案及其最大有效利用量。     

新疆喀什噶尔河流域高硫酸盐地下水水化学特征及成因分析

新疆喀什噶尔河流域地下水水化学指标严重超标,尤其是SO42-超标率高达78.9％,是水质型缺水地区.文中采用描述性统计分析水化学特征,相关性分析、主成分分析和δ34S-SO42-关系探究地下水硫酸盐富集的原因.结果表明:研究区地下水呈弱碱性,主要是微咸水和咸水,阴阳离子分别以SO42-和Na+为主导,离子含量的空间差异...     

干旱半干旱区地下水引起的表生生态效应及其评价指标体系研究

干旱半干旱地区地下水具有重要的生态价值.本文从这一地区地下水与生态环境之间关系出发,以地下水资源永续利用并与社会经济和生态环境协调发展为目标,探讨了地下水生态价值的定义,分析了地下水引起的表生生态效应及其驱动力,建立了地下水引起的表生生态效应递阶层次评价指标体系.这些研究不仅丰富了水资源生态价值理论,而且对这一地区水资源合理开发利用并与社会经济、生态环境协调发展具有参考价值.     

塔里木盆地水资源开发与环境保护分析

针对塔里木盆地资源环境的特点和水资源开发利用的现状，分析了该地区水资源开发利用中存在的问题，探讨了干旱区水资源开发利用与经济发展以及环境保护之间的关系，提出了水资源开发利用与环境保护相应对策，从而为本区水资源合理开发利用以及环境保护提供决策帮助，并为我国西部资源开发和生态保护提供参考。     

玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流变化及其影响因素分析

塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区近40 a来年气温和年降水有明显的上升趋势,位于沙漠南端以西昆仑山冰雪融水和山区降水为补给的玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流理应上升,利用研究资料分析表明这两条河的出山径流存在下降的相反趋势,夏季温度是玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河径流量维持稳定的主导因子,而山区夏季降水量的减少则导致玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河年径流量呈现减少趋势。     

利用水资源管理模拟模型研究乌鲁木齐河流域地表水与地下水的转换

位于干旱区的乌鲁木齐河流域，在水资源开发利用中，地表水与地下水发生多次转换。水资源的重复利用率已高达１６７％。对于一个仅有６．３２×１０８ｍ３水资源总量的流域来说，研究地表水的开发调度方式对地下水转换补给的影响是一项非常有意义的工作。本文通过建立地表水与地下水联合利用的模拟模型，经过大量运算，随机地模拟了地表水开发利用过程中地下水资源的补给状况，针对扩大喷滴灌面积，提高渠系有效利用率等具体措施，分析了地表水资源量的增加以及地下水资源量的减少对可利用水资源总量的影响，这对于流域规划及水资源管理等方面有指导意义。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.