Altered regulation of airway epithelial cell chloride channels in cystic fibrosis

In many epithelial cells the chloride conductance of the apical membrane increases during the stimulation of electrolyte secretion. Single-channel recordings from human airway epithelial cells showed that beta-adrenergic stimulation evoked apical membrane chloride channel activity, but this response was absent in cells from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, when membrane patches were excised from CF cells into media containing sufficient free calcium (approximately 180 nanomolar), chloride channels were activated. The chloride channels of CF cells were similar to those of normal cells as judged by their current-voltage relations, ion selectivity, and kinetic behavior. These findings demonstrate the presence of chloride channels in the apical membranes of CF airway cells. Their regulation by calcium appears to be intact, but cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent control of their activity is defective.     

Activation of apical chloride channels in the gastric oxyntic cell

Oxyntic cells that retain distinct morphological polarity between apical and basolateral membranes were isolated from the gastric mucosa of the amphibian Necturus. Patch-clamp techniques were applied to these cells to identify apical membrane ion channels associated with hydrochloric acid secretion. A single class of voltage-dependent, inwardly rectifying chloride channels was observed in the apical membranes of both resting and stimulated (acid-secreting) oxyntic cells. Stimulation of the cells with dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and isobutylmethylxanthine increased channel open probability and simultaneously increased apical membrane surface area. This chloride channel is probably responsible for electrogenic chloride secretion by the gastric mucosa and may also participate in the fluid- and enzyme-secretory functions of the oxyntic cell, analogous to the chloride channels found in the apical membranes of other exocrine cells.     

Reconstitution and phosphorylation of chloride channels from airway epithelium membranes

Airway epithelial chloride secretion is controlled by the apical-membrane chloride permeability. Purified apical-membrane vesicles from bovine tracheal epithelium have now been shown to contain functional chloride channels by using the planar-bilayer technique. Three types of chloride channels were observed; a voltage-dependent, calcium-independent, 71-picoSiemen (in 150 mM NaCl) channel accounted for more than 80 percent of the vesicular chloride conductance and was under strict control of phosphorylation. The channel underwent a fast rundown in less than 2 to 3 minutes of recording, and reactivation required in situ exposure to a phosphorylating "cocktail" containing the catalytic subunit of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Mean open time and open probability were increased after phosphorylation, whereas slope conductance remained unchanged. Thus, metabolic control of tracheal chloride single channels can now be studied in vitro.     

Regulation of chloride channels by protein kinase C in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia

Apical membrane chloride channels control chloride secretion by airway epithelial cells. Defective regulation of these channels is a prominent characteristic of cystic fibrosis. In normal intact cells, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol ester either stimulated or inhibited chloride secretion, depending on the physiological status of the cell. In cell-free membrane patches, PKC also had a dual effect: at a high calcium concentration, PKC inactivated chloride channels; at a low calcium concentration, PKC activated chloride channels. In cystic fibrosis cells, PKC-dependent channel inactivation was normal, but activation was defective. Thus it appears that PKC phosphorylates and regulates two different sites on the channel or on an associated membrane protein, one of which is defective in cystic fibrosis.     

Purification and reconstitution of chloride channels from kidney and trachea

Chloride channels mediate absorption and secretion of fluid in epithelia, and the regulation of these channels is now known to be defective in cystic fibrosis. Indanyl-oxyacetic acid 94 (IAA-94) is a high-affinity ligand for the chloride channel, and an affinity resin based on that structure was developed. Solubilized proteins from kidney and trachea membranes were applied to the affinity matrix, and four proteins with apparent molecular masses of 97, 64, 40, and 27 kilodaltons were eluted from the column by excess IAA-94. A potential-dependent 36Cl- uptake was observed after reconstituting these proteins into liposomes. Three types of chloride channels with single-channel conductances of 26, 100, and 400 picosiemens were observed after fusion of these liposomes with planar lipid bilayers. Similar types of chloride channels have been observed in epithelia.     

Cl- channels in CF: lack of activation by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Secretory chloride channels can be activated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase in normal airway epithelial cells but not in cells from individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). In excised, inside-out patches of apical membrane of normal human airway cells and airway cells from three patients with CF, the chloride channels exhibited a characteristic outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation and depolarization-induced activation. Channels from normal tissues were activated by both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C. However, chloride channels from CF patients could not be activated by either kinase. Thus, gating of normal epithelial chloride channels is regulated by both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, and regulation by both kinases is defective in CF.     

Changes in the cell membranes of the bullfrog gastric mucosa with Acid secretion

The effective area, resistance, and configuration of the apical and basolateral cell membranes of the bullfrog gastric mucosa were studied as a function of acid secretion rate, by alternating-current impedance methods. The drop in transepithelial resistance with acid secretion is attributed to the great increase in apical membrane area (hence conductance) associated with tubulovesicles. There is no evidence of a change in basolateral membrane resistance or of apical membrane premeability per unit area.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒变异E株对法氏囊上皮形态和机能的影响

运用传染性法氏囊病病毒变异Ｅ株通过泄殖腔人工感染ＳＰＦ鸡胚和雏鸡,观察了法氏囊上皮细胞的形态学变化和机能变化。结果表明,病毒感染后,法氏囊上皮细胞微绒毛坏死、断裂、脱落,上皮细胞之间连接松散,表面上皮细胞坏死剥脱,形成火山口样特征性变化;法氏囊上皮细胞的内吞功能和分泌功能受到严重破坏和减弱。     

A voltage-dependent chloride current linked to the cell cycle in ascidian embryos

A voltage-dependent chloride current has been found in early ascidian embryos that is a minor conductance in the oocyte and in interphase blastomeres but that increases transiently in amplitude by more than tenfold during each cell division. Repeated cycles in the density of this chloride current could be recorded for up to 6 hours (four cycles) in cleavage-arrested embryos, whether they were activated by sperm or calcium ionophore. These data suggest that there is a direct link between the cell cycle clock and the properties of this channel, a link that results in pronounced cyclical changes in the electrical properties of early blastomeres.     

小鼠乳腺发育、泌乳和退化的组织形态学(Ⅱ)——超微组织形态学变化和β-酪蛋白分泌

研究小鼠乳腺发育、泌乳和退化的超微组织形态学以及蛋白质分泌功能变化,为产奶动物泌乳生物学与乳腺功能调控奠定实验基础;将小鼠青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和退化期乳腺,一部分制成超薄切片复染法染色后在透射电镜下进行超微结构观察,另一部分制成冰冻切片应用免疫组织化学染色方法进行β-酪蛋白分泌跟踪。结果为透射电镜观察见青春期(性成熟前期和退化期)或静止阶段乳腺上皮细胞胞质内含细胞器相对较少,泌乳期上皮细胞变成高柱状或立方形,胞质内内质网丰富,近腺腔处见大量分泌颗粒,泌乳期乳腺肌上皮细胞内可见少量分泌小泡;β-酪蛋白跟踪染色发现,β-酪蛋白在妊娠初期就有表迭,到泌乳期达到相对稳定水平;小鼠青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期和退化期乳腺结构呈现有规律的周期性变化。     

A polarized epithelium organized by beta- and alpha-catenin predates cadherin and metazoan origins

A fundamental characteristic of metazoans is the formation of a simple, polarized epithelium. In higher animals, the structural integrity and functional polarization of simple epithelia require a cell-cell adhesion complex that contains a classical cadherin, the Wnt-signaling protein β-catenin and the actin-binding protein α-catenin. We show that the non-metazoan Dictyostelium discoideum forms a polarized epithelium that is essential for multicellular development. Although D. discoideum lacks a cadherin homolog, we identify an α-catenin ortholog that binds a β-catenin-related protein. Both proteins are essential for formation of the epithelium, polarized protein secretion, and proper multicellular morphogenesis. Thus, the organizational principles of metazoan multicellularity may be more ancient than previously recognized, and the role of the catenins in cell polarity predates the evolution of Wnt signaling and classical cadherins.     

Synaptic excitation may activate a calcium-dependent potassium conductance in hippocampal pyramidal cells

In hippocampal CAl pyramidal cells, orthodromic synaptic excitation is followed by an early hyperpolarization mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and a late non-GABA-mediated hyperpolarization that has properties consistent with an increase in potassium conductance. Depolarizations produced by iontophoretically applied glutamate are followed by hyperpolarizations that have features in accordance with an increase in potassium conductance. The hyperpolarizations are independent of chloride and resistant to tetradotoxin but are blocked by a low-calcium, high-cobalt medium. Voltage clamping the glutamate depolarization does not reduce the subsequent hyperpolarization, indicating that the hyperpolarization results from a direct increase in calcium conductance produced by glutamate, rather than from activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. A single transmitter, possibly acting on one type of receptor and channel, may initiate both excitation and inhibition in the same postsynaptic cell.     

GABAA-receptor function in hippocampal cells is maintained by phosphorylation factors

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system by activating the chloride-permeable GABAA channel. The GABAA conductance progressively diminishes with time when the intracellular contents of hippocampal neurons are perfused with a minimal intracellular medium. This "run down" of the GABA-activated conductance can be prevented by the inclusion of magnesium adenosine triphosphate and calcium buffer in the intracellular medium. The amount of chloride conductance that can be activated by GABA is determined by competition between a calcium-dependent process that reduces the conductance and a phosphorylation process that maintains the conductance.     

许氏平鲉消化管上皮细胞及消化腺组织学和组织化学

对许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli(Hilgendorf)消化管中的上皮细胞及消化腺进行了组织学及组织化学的研究.经光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,口咽腔、舌和食道黏膜表面为复层扁平细胞,含有杯状细胞和味蕾,上皮细胞表面具微脊(微皱襞).食道下段复层扁平细胞中夹有单层柱状细胞.胃黏膜表面为单层柱状细胞,细胞表面具顶板.胃贲门和盲囊部有丰富胃腺,盲囊底部和幽门部无胃腺.肠黏膜表面为单层柱状细胞,小肠段杯状细胞丰富,幽门盲囊上皮细胞结构同小肠.另外,还研究了肝脏、胰腺和胆囊的结构.     

A C. elegans CLIC-like protein required for intracellular tube formation and maintenance

The Caenorhabditis elegans excretory canal is composed of a single elongated and branched cell that is tunneled by an inner lumen of apical character. Loss of the exc-4 gene causes a cystic enlargement of this intracellular tube. exc-4 encodes a member of the chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) family of proteins. EXC-4 protein localizes to various tubular membranes in distinct cell types, including the lumenal membrane of the excretory tubes. A conserved 55-amino acid domain enables EXC-4 translocation from the cytosol to the lumenal membrane. The tubular architecture of this membrane requires EXC-4 for both its formation and maintenance.     

Absence of significant cellular dilution during ADH-stimulated water reabsorption

Water reabsorption across many "tight" urinary epithelia is driven by large transepithelial osmotic gradients and is controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Numerous investigators have concluded that ADH-induced water reabsorption causes large apparent increases in cell volume with concomitant cytoplasmic dilution. A central question in renal physiology has been how cellular homeostasis is maintained in tight urinary epithelia during antidiuresis. Previous direct measurements of cell membrane permeability to water and the present direct measurements of cell volume in collecting tubules of rabbit kidney cortex by quantitative light microscopy show that cell volume does not change significantly during transcellular water flow. Fluid transported across the epithelium accumulated in lateral and basal intercellular spaces; the effect was an increase in cell height and tubule wall thickness accompanied by maintenance of nearly constant cell volume. The stability of cell volume is a consequence of the relatively high water permeability of the blood-facing cell membrane.     

TG2与卷烟烟气致支气管上皮细胞恶性转化的相关性研究

以卷烟烟气总粒相物(TPM)为材料,以永生化人支气管上皮细胞为靶细胞,通过调节专管酰胺酶-2(TG2)的表达及活性研究TG2基因在卷烟烟气致细胞恶性转化过程中的作用.结果表明,TG2在恶性转化的支气管上皮细胞中表达下调,并且TG2的表达及活性的改变对细胞的凋亡、增殖、周期等产生影响.这说明,TG2可能通过调控细胞的凋亡...     

玫瑰花柱提取液对玫瑰及月季花粉管离体生长的影响

【目的】观察玫瑰（Rosa rugosa）花柱提取液对玫瑰及月季（R. chinensis）花粉管离体生长的影响,探讨玫瑰与月季种间杂交不亲和性机理。【方法】使用玫瑰花柱提取液对玫瑰及月季花粉进行培养,花粉管顶端囊泡采用FM4-64标记,花粉管顶端钙离子采用Fluo-3AM标记,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观测。花粉管形态变化采用光学显微镜观测。【结果】经玫瑰花柱提取液处理,玫瑰花粉管形态正常,而月季花粉管在生长过程中发生扭曲、开裂等现象,花粉管顶端囊泡区域化分布不明显,钙离子浓度下降,钙梯度消失,钙波微弱,花粉管顶端有部分细胞壁增厚,产生胼胝质。【结论】玫瑰花柱提取液影响月季花粉管顶端囊泡分泌、钙离子分布,使花粉管生长停止,并在花粉管顶端产生大量胼胝质。由此推测玫瑰与月季种间杂交不亲和的原因之一可能是玫瑰花柱通过影响月季花粉管顶端囊泡分泌、钙离子分布抑制花粉管生长,并且在生长停止的花粉管顶端产生胼胝质沉积。     

Synaptic activation of an electrogenic sodium pump

An identified molluscan interneuron mediates different cholinergic synaptic actions by increasing the conductance of its follower cells to different ions. We have now found that this interneuron also mediates a new class of synaptic actions which does not involve a conductance change but the activation of an electrogenic sodium pump. This synaptic action results in a prolonged inhibitory synaptic potential which is dependent on metabolism and is selectively blocked by cooling and ouabain. In cells which have this synaptic potential, part of the resting membrane potential is also maintained by an electrogenic sodium pump. The same transmitter, acetylcholine, can independently stimulate both a chloride ion conductance and a sodium pump mechanism in the same follower cell by acting on two different postsynaptic receptors.     

Gating the selectivity filter in ClC chloride channels

ClC channels conduct chloride (Cl-) ions across cell membranes and thereby govern the electrical activity of muscle cells and certain neurons, the transport of fluid and electrolytes across epithelia, and the acidification of intracellular vesicles. The structural basis of ClC channel gating was studied. Crystal structures of wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli ClC channels bound to a monoclonal Fab fragment reveal three Cl- binding sites within the 15-angstrom neck of an hourglass-shaped pore. The Cl- binding site nearest the extracellular solution can be occupied either by a Cl- ion or by a glutamate carboxyl group. Mutations of this glutamate residue in Torpedo ray ClC channels alter gating in electrophysiological assays. These findings reveal a form of gating in which the glutamate carboxyl group closes the pore by mimicking a Cl- ion.