宠物鸟H3N8亚型流感病毒HA基因的特征性分析

来自香港和世界各地的10株宠物鸟H3N8流感病毒的HA基因进行了全基因序列测定,用DNASTAR和Tree-View软件进行序列编辑,序列翻译,进化树绘制和分子演化分析.结果表明来自不同国家和地区的H3N8流感病毒的HA基因都非常相似,都形成一个独立的分支,属于欧亚亚系,同源率为95.9%～100%;香港2001年宠物鸟的毒株之间的同源率最高,分别为99.2%～100%.HA基因与A/Equine/Jilin/89(H3N8)的同源性为最高,在92.9%～93.6%之间.氨基酸分析表明只有A/Parakeet/Netherland/33/01的HA基因在97～99受体结合位点处有一个额外潜在的糖基化位点NKT;因此可见宠物鸟H3N8流感病毒的HA基因高度保守,HA基因均来自共同的祖先.     

猪流感病毒分离株的特性及致病性

为了解猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus,SIV)分离株A/Sw/SH/1/2007(H1N2)的特性,对毒株的抗原位点、受体位点、潜在糖基化位点进行比较分析,并进行雏鸡、小鼠致病性试验.结果表明,A/Sw/SH/1/2007与北美经典株A/Sw/Tennes/1455/1977(H1N1) HA抗原位点最接近,HA1蛋白4个抗原位点中只有Ca位点有2个氨基酸改变,发生抗原变异,Sa、Cb抗原位点均只有1个氨基酸发生改变,不影响其抗原性;受体位点高度保守,只有183位发生改变;A/Sw/SH 1/2007有6个潜在的糖基化位点,在276位丢失了1个潜在的糖基化位点,但同时在274位出现了1个新的糖基化位点.NA蛋白抗原位点序列与广西分离株A/Sw Guangxi/13/2006(H1N2)同源性最高,除401位氨基酸发生G→R改变外,其余抗原位点均保守.耐药性分析显示,该病毒对金刚烷胺、扎那米韦药物均敏感.致病性试验结果表明,A/Sw/SH/1/2007对雏鸡无致病性,ICPI为0;肌注小鼠2周内死亡100％,滴鼻小鼠死亡80％,存活小鼠血凝效价为27,而与经典H1N1亚型SIV毒株只有较低的交叉凝集,HI为2 3.4～3.6.     

Stimulatory effect of avian influenza virus on chicken lymphocytes

A study was conducted to examine the effect of avian influenza virus (AIV) on chicken lymphocyte activation. Unprimed or Brucella abortus antigen (Ag)-primed lymphocytes were incubated with various doses of the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) or Ag, respectively, plus serial dilutions of inactivated AIV for 72 hr, and cell proliferation was measured via uptake of tritiated thymidine. AIV enhanced the proliferative response to Con A or Ag by 150% or better, and the enhancement decreased in a viral dose-dependent manner. The effects were more readily observed in cells that had not been maximally activated by the Con A or Ag. The enhanced response was observed in lymphocytes from both white rock and white leghorn breeds of chicken and in mature peripheral blood lymphocytes or immature thymocytes. The viral activity could be abrogated by pre-treatment of the viral preparation with AIV-specific antisera or prior adsorption of the AIV with chicken erythrocytes. These results indicate that AIV can interact with and modify the in vitro activity of chicken lymphocytes and may exert modulatory effects on the avian immune system.     

整合H1亚型流感病毒血凝素蛋白伪型病毒的构建

为构建包装含有H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白的伪型病毒,本研究将人工合成的H1N1流感病毒(A/Califorma/04/2009株)血凝素(Hemagglutinin,HA)基因连接至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1,该重组质粒与表达逆转录病毒相关元件的骨架质粒pHIT111及pHIT60共转染人胚胎肾细胞293T,构建了以鼠白血病病毒为核心、包装含有HA蛋白的伪型病毒.通过对伪病毒感染细胞中LacZ报告基因表达产物的检测,证明伪病毒可以感染MDCK细胞;同时其感染过程可被流感病毒免疫后的小鼠阳性血清所阻断,表明该伪型病毒可模拟野生型病毒完成对宿主细胞的感染过程.本研究所构建的伪病毒系统为研究H1亚型流感病毒HA蛋白抗原特性及新型中和抗体检测方法的建立提供了理想的工具.     

猪流感病毒基因芯片检测技术的研究

根据猪流感病毒(SIV)的M基因序列设计了1对特异性引物M1/M2,扩增出大小为229 bp的目的片段.针对这个基因片段,再设计合成4条寡核苷酸探针,其中反向引物的5'端用荧光素Cy3标记.以荧光标记不对称PCR技术为基础,通过将单链PCR产物与芯片杂交实现对SIV的检测,建立SIV的基因芯片检测方法.利用该方法对39份猪组织样品进行检测,与RT-PCR检测方法相比,本方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性.试验结果表明,用该方法快速检测组织中SIV是可行的,对该病的快速诊断和分子流行病学调查具有重要意义.     

H5亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白基因重组质粒的构建及其在Hela细胞的瞬时表达

采用PCR技术从重组质粒pMel-NP扩增得到了禽流感病毒（AIV）A／GOOse／Guangdong／1／96（HSN1）株的核蛋白（NP）基因，将其亚克隆至真核表达载体pVAX1上。将提取的pVAX—NP阳性克隆转染Hela细胞，48h后经间接免疫荧光试验和Western—blotting检测，NP基因在Hela细胞中已成功瞬时表达。表达产物的分子质量约为57ku，它与H5N1亚型AIV多克隆抗血清有较好的免疫反应。     

对麻鸭不同致病力H5N1亚型禽法流感病毒的鉴定

禽流感病毒(avain influenza virus,AIV)根据其HA和NA蛋白分为不同亚型,目前16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型均已从水禽中分离到[1].     

流感病毒的核蛋白是一种多功能RNA结合蛋白

流感病毒核蛋白 (NP)的主要功能是使病毒基因组衣壳化 ,以便 RNA转录、复制和病毒子装配。本综述的目的是说明 NP不仅是一种RNA结合的结构蛋白 ,而且作为病毒与宿主细胞之间的一种关键的配体分子而起作用 ,通过病毒和细胞的大分子之间相互作用来发挥其功能 ,包括 RNA、NP、病毒 RNA依赖的 RNA聚合酶和病毒基质蛋白。 NP也与细胞多肽相互作用 ,细胞多肽包括肌动蛋白、细胞核输入和输出装置所需的成分和细胞核 RNA解旋酶     

Effect of rifaximin on gut-lung axis in mice infected with influenza A virus

Gut-lung axis injury is a common finding in patients with respiratory diseases as well as in animal model of influenza virus infection. Influenza virus damages the intestinal microecology while affecting the lungs. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether rifaximin-perturbation of the intestinal microbiome leads to protective effects against influenza infection, via the gut-lung axis. Our results showed that influenza virus infection caused inflammation of and damage to the lungs. The expression of tight junction proteins in the lung and colon of H1N1 infected mice decreased significantly, attesting that the barrier structure of the lung and colon was damaged. Due to this perturbation in the gut-lung axis, the intestinal microbiota became imbalanced as Escherichia coli bacteria replicated opportunistically, causing intestinal injury. When influenza infection was treated with rifamixin, qPCR results from the gut showed significant increases in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations, while Escherichia coli populations markedly decreased. Furthermore, pathology sections and western blotting results illustrated that rifaximin treatment strengthened the physical barriers of the lung-gut axis through increased expression of tight junction protein in the colon and lungs. These results indicated that rifaximin ameliorated lung and intestine injury induced by influenza virus infection. The mechanisms identified were the regulation of gut flora balance and intestinal and lung permeability, which might be related to the regulation of the gut-lung axis. Rifaximin might be useful as a co-treatment drug for the prevention of influenza virus infection.     

鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒株的全基因克隆及序列分析

根据已知禽流感病毒(AIV)的8个基因序列设计合成11对特异引物,通过反转录-聚合酶链式反应技术,分别成功扩增出鸽源H5N1亚型的全基因序列,将其分别克隆到pMD18-T载体后进行序列测定.同时将8个基因片段与GenBank发表的相应序列进行比较,绘制各基因的进化树.结果表明所克隆到的8个片段均包含相应病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架,长度分别为1 730、1 371、1 542、2 322、2 330、2 233、1 020、884 bp核苷酸,分别编码568、450、499、757、759、716、351、230个氨基酸.该毒株有7个潜在糖基化位点;在HA裂解位点附近有6个碱性氨基酸序列插入,符合高致病力禽流感病毒的特点,该毒株与参考毒株的序列比较分析结果表明分离株基因具有多样性.     

Characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from Taiwan

In 2003, an avian influenza (AI) virus of H5N1 subtype (A/Duck/China/E319-2/03; Dk/CHN/E319-2/03) was isolated from a smuggled duck in Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that the virus displayed high similarity to the H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia during 2004 and 2005. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus contained multiple basic amino acid residues (-RERRRKR-) adjacent to the cleavage site between the HA1 and HA2 domains, showing the highly pathogenic (HP) characteristics. The HP phenotype was confirmed by experimental infection of chickens, which led up to 100% mortality within 24-72h postinfection. The virus replicated equally well in the majority of organs of the infected chickens with titers ranging from 10(7.5) to 10(4.7) 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50) per gram of tissue. In a mouse model the virus exhibits low pathogenic characteristics with a lethal infection observed only after applying high inoculating dose (>or=10(7.6) ELD50) of the virus. The infectious virus particles were recovered only from the pulmonary system including trachea and lungs. Our study suggests that ducks infected with H5N1 AIV of HPAI pathotype showing no disease signs can carry the virus silently and that bird smuggling represent a serious risk for H5N1 HPAI transmission.     

一株禽流感病毒全基因的序列分析

通过反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)技术对禽流感病毒A/Turkey/Wisconsin/1/66(H9N2)的8个基因片段即PA、PB1、PB2、NS、NP、M、HA、NA分别进行扩增,然后将其克隆到PMD18-T载体后进行序列测定和拼接;并将克隆到的8个基因片段与以下毒株各个基因的相应序列进行比较分析:Duck/HongKong/Y280/97(DHKY280/97)、Duck/HongKong/YT439/97(DHKY439/97)、Quail/HongKong/G1/97(QHKG1/97)、A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94(CBJ1/94)、Chicken/HongKong/G9/97(CHKG9/97)、A/Turkey/California1/66(TC/1/66).结果表明:我们克隆到的TW1/66株的8个基因片段均含有相应病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架:TW1/66的各基因与TC/1/66株相应各基因同源性最高(NS基因除外,同源性只有(67.4%).与其它各毒株各基因同源性均较低,但与DHKY439/97各基因同源性高于与DHKY280/97、QHKG1/97、CBJ1/94、CHKG9/97各基因同源性.     

A型流感病毒NS1蛋白研究进展

随着对A型流感病毒研究的逐渐深入，人们已经从对A型流感病毒结构蛋白的研究转移到对非结构蛋白即NS1蛋白的研究上来，目前人们已对不同亚型NS1蛋白进行了更为详细的分类，同时对NS1蛋白功能也有了更深入的认识，如抑制宿主细胞蛋白合成、诱导细胞凋亡，以及拮抗干扰素的作用等。而且，在鉴别诊断自然感染流感病毒动物与人工免疫流感疫苗动物方面有着重要的应用价值。     

H9亚型禽流感病毒HA1基因的克隆表达及其生物学活性的初步分析

根据GenBank已发表序列设计引物，通过RT-PCR成功获得了H9亚型禽流感病毒北京分离株A／Chicken／Beijing／1／96（H9N2）的HA1片段，经序列分析HA1片段与其他已发表序列同源性为95％～98％。将HA1片段克隆入pET．28a的多克隆位点构建重组质粒pET28-H9HA1并转化宿主菌BL21（DE3），用IPTG诱导表达，经SDS-PAGE电泳及Western blot分析证实，H9HA1片段得到表达，并且表达的蛋白带分为42Ku和23Ku两条。血凝实验和血凝抑制实验表明原核表达的HA1蛋白不具备血凝活性，其阳性血清不能引起血凝抑制。交叉反应实验证实原核表达的重组蛋白能与禽流感病毒H9亚型单特异性血清反应，而与禽流感病毒H5、H7亚型以及其他禽传染病病原微生物单特异性血清无交叉反应。说明表达的蛋白具有良好的反应原性和特异性，有开发成为H9亚型禽流感检测试剂的可能。     

Efficacy of oseltamivir phosphate to horses inoculated with equine influenza A virus

We investigated the efficacy of the oral administration of oseltamivir phosphate (OP) in horses experimentally infected with equine influenza A virus (H3N8). Nine horses were divided into three horses each of control, treatment and prophylaxis groups. An administration protocol for the treatment group (2 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day for five days) was started immediately after the onset of pyrexia (above 38.9 degrees C). An administration protocol for the prophylaxis group (2 mg/kg of body weight, once a day for five days) was started on a day before viral inoculation. In the treatment group, periods of virus excretion (mean days +/- standard deviation, 2.3 +/- 0.6) and pyrexia (2.0 +/- 0.0) were apparently shorter than those of the control group (6.0 +/- 0.0 and 8.0 +/- 1.0, respectively). In the prophylaxis group, although virus excretion and pyrexia were not prevented, the periods of virus excretion (5.0 +/- 0.0) and pyrexia (4.7 +/- 1.5) were shorter than those of the control group. Moreover, in the treatment and prophylaxis groups, bacterial counts of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus known as the common pathogen of secondary bacterial pneumonia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids collected seven days after inoculation were significantly fewer than that of the control group. The results indicated that the oral administration of OP to horses affected with equine influenza would contribute to reduce the magnitude of virus excretion, pyrexia and consequent secondary bacterial pneumonia.     

Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water

Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi‐aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 10⁴, 10³ and 10² EID₅₀/ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post‐contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three‐fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non‐water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (10^3.5 EID₅₀ equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1–2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV‐laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.