甲黄隆对水稻幼苗的安全性研究

本文研究了甲黄隆对水稻不同品种及幼苗不同生育阶段的安全性。结果表明,水稻不同品种对甲黄隆的敏感性表现较大差异,仅协优10号耐药性最强,IC50值为9．608mg／Kg;其次为黑宝、威优77和汕优63;赣早籼31号最敏感,IC50值为0．008mg／Kg。水稻幼苗以芽期对甲黄隆最敏感,依次为一心潮和一叶一心期。     

磺酰脲类除草剂受市场热捧

中国是磺酰脲类除草剂生产和使用大国。目前,实现国产化的磺酰脲类品种共有苄嘧磺隆、氯磺隆、苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、胺苯磺隆、醚苯磺隆、噻吩磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、磺酰磺隆12个,     

苄嘧黄隆混配防除稻田杂草试验初报

苄嘧黄隆是磺酰脲类新型稻田除草剂。为探索其单用及与丁草胺等混用的除草效果、安全性和应用技术,我们于1991年在本校农场稻田进行了试验研究,现将试验结果报道如下: 一、材料与方法 (一) 供试药剂 10％苄嘧黄隆超微可湿性粉剂(江苏省激素研究所产);60％丁草胺乳油(江苏省昆山化工厂产);96％禾大壮乳油(美国施多福公司产);23.5％果尔乳油(美国罗门哈斯公司产);25％苯达松水剂(江苏省建湖县农药厂产);20％2甲4氯水剂(江苏省武进农药厂产)。     

几种除草剂对水稻纹枯病菌的影响

研究了丁草胺、环庚草醚、草甘膦、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆和环丙嘧磺隆6种除草剂对水稻纹枯病菌菌丝生长和菌核形成的影响。结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,6种除草剂均能抑制菌丝生长,减少菌核形成数量,且浓度越高,抑制能力越强,但在较高浓度范围内,除草剂可增加菌核体积;吡嘧磺隆在5μg/ml、环丙嘧磺隆在10μg/ml时可增加菌核形成数量;在含除草剂培养基上产生的菌核都可萌发。     

稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂的抗性研究

磺酰脲类除草剂在世界各地受到广泛应用,但其作用位点单一,杂草对其易产生抗药性.在贵州,磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆应用至少有20年以上历史,为明确贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆的抗药性,指导农户合理用药,课题组采集贵州不同地区稻田杂草眼子菜鳞茎,采用《农药室内生物测定试验准则》的方法进行测定.试验结果表明:苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆对贵州稻田杂草眼子菜的防效较好,其鲜重防效在81％以上;所采样田块中眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～7.53之间,对吡嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～10.67之间.表明贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性水平不高,但部分田块已开始出现抗药性生态型眼子菜,且眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆两种药剂间存在着交互抗药性.     

双草醚与吡嘧磺隆、灭草松、醚磺隆复配对早稻直播田一年生杂草的防效

采用田间小区试验方法,比较双草醚与吡嘧磺隆、灭草松、醚磺隆3种复配剂对水稻直播田稗草、异型莎草、鸭舌草的防除效果及对水稻产量的影响。结果表明:20%双草醚·吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂、23%双草醚·灭草松水剂、15%双草醚·醚磺隆可湿性粉剂对稗草株防效高,15 d后防效达86%以上,但持效性较差;对稗草的鲜质量防效较好,30 d后23%双草醚·灭草松水剂鲜质量防效达85.14%,各处理之间鲜质量防效无显著差异。20%双草醚·吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂对异型莎草的株防效高,30 d后株防效达92%,见效较快,持效期长,对异型莎草的鲜质量防效最高,达92.19%,显著优于其他2种复配。3种复配制剂对鸭舌草的株防效达到87%以上,鲜质量防效达84%以上,见效快,持效期长;高浓度双草醚·醚磺隆的鲜质量防效最好,达100%。20%双草醚·吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂对总杂草株防效和鲜质量防效最好,30 d后株防效达89%,鲜质量防效达80%,见效快,持效期较长。3种复配制剂在本试验剂量范围内对单茬水稻安全,且对水稻有增产作用,其中120 g a.i./hm220%双草醚·吡嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂产量挽回损失率达48.29%。     

嘧草醚对双季稻田杂草的防效及后茬作物的安全性影响

为明确嘧草醚及其相关除草剂混用对移栽田杂草的防效及其对水稻和后茬作物的安全性,于2018年在江西双季稻田进行了田间试验。结果表明:10%嘧草醚WP对稗Echinochloa crus-galli有优异的防除效果,有效剂量45～120 g/hm~2处理药后45 d对早稻和晚稻田稗草的防效均在90%以上,且对水稻和后茬作物油菜、白菜、紫云英、小麦和马铃薯生长安全,但对阔叶类鸭舌草和莎草类异型莎草的防效较差;10%嘧草醚WP分别与10%苄嘧磺隆WP和25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD混用,对早稻和晚稻田稗草、鸭舌草和异型莎草的防效均达91%以上,且对水稻生长安全;而与扑草净混用对杂草的防效略低,且对水稻会产生药害,严重影响产量。因此,对于以稗草为优势种群的水稻田,可选用10%嘧草醚WP 45～60 g/hm~2进行防治;对于禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草发生并重的水稻田,可选择10%嘧草醚WP 30～45 g/hm~2与10%苄嘧磺隆WP或25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD 20～30 g/hm~2混用进行治理。     

磺酰脲类除草剂对抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性的影响

从2004年开始,延边地区稻田大量发生抗磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆的抗药性生态型雨久花。为解析其抗药性突变机制,采用离体法测定了抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性。结果表明,抑制抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性50%的苄嘧磺隆剂量为253.44×10-7mol/L和2.80×10-7mol/L;抑制抗、感性雨久花乙酰乳酸合成酶活性50%的吡嘧磺隆剂量为1802.15×10-7mol/L和20.85×10-7mol/L。抗药性雨久花对苄嘧磺隆和吡嘧磺隆的抗性系数(RI50/SI50)值分别为90.6和86.5,并存在交互抗药性。确认抗药性突变系由其乙酰乳酸合成酶对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆反应钝化所致。     

甲磺隆应用技术交流会召开

农业部全国植保总站和江苏省溧阳市化工厂于1992年6月10—13日在溧阳联合召开了甲磺隆应用技术交流会。有21个省、自治区、直辖市植保站、农科院(所)及化工、商业、环保等单位约100人参加会议。会上对甲磺隆的使用技术和条件进行了充分的交流和讨论。一致认为,甲磺隆是防除小麦田杂草的高效除草剂。在长江流域及其以南,土壤 pH 值小于7的小麦收获后种植水稻的地区,每亩使用有效剂量0.3—0.5克,于冬前小麦播后立即进行土壤处理,或在杂草一叶一心期至二叶一心期茎叶喷洒处理,一     

吡草醚·苯磺隆防除麦田杂草试验

2％吡草醚悬浮剂是日本农药株式会社生产的麦田除草剂新品种。据介绍，2％吡草醚悬浮剂与10％苯磺隆WP混用．对麦田内多种双子叶杂草具有较好的防除效果。为明确2种药剂与其他除草剂混用后对作物的安全性及其综合除草效果．进行了麦田杂草田间防除试验，结果报道如下：     

三种除草剂对大型溞Daphnia magna存活、生长和繁殖的影响

为了制定除草剂在水环境中的允许浓度和排放标准,参照美国公共卫生协会等编著的《水和废水标准检验法》以及我国制定的大型溞Daphnia magna毒性测定方法,进行了丁草胺、吡嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆 3种稻田常用除草剂对大型溞的21 d慢性毒性试验。结果发现:随着除草剂浓度的升高,大型溞的产前发育期、产幼间隔期均缩短,每胎产幼数量先增加后减少;丁草胺各浓度处理组中,内禀增长率(rm)在0.157 2~0.314 0 d-1之间,变化较大;吡嘧磺隆各个浓度组的rm相对平稳, 为0.206 6~0.276 8 d-1;大型溞在苄嘧磺隆处理组中的rm比在其他两种除草剂中的高,为0.334 1 ~0.397 1 d-1。在丁草胺处理组中,大型溞的日生殖量较少,低于吡嘧磺隆和苄嘧磺隆处理组。     

Cross-resistance pattern and alternative herbicides for Cyperus difformis resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides in Korea

A Cyperus difformis L accession from Chonnam province, Korea was tested for resistance to the sulfonylurea herbicide, imazosulfuron. The accession was confirmed to be resistant (R) and was cross-resistant to other sulfonylurea herbicides, bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, the pyrimidinyl thiobenzoate herbicide, bispyribac-sodium, and the imidazolinone herbicide imazapyr, but not to imazaquin. Multiple resistance was tested using twelve herbicides with target sites other than acetolactate synthase (ALS). The R biotype could be controlled by other herbicides with different modes of action such as butachlor, carfentrazone-ethyl, clomeprop, dithiopyr, esprocarb, mefenacet, oxadiazon, pretilachlor, pyrazolate and thiobencarb, applied to soil at recommended rates. Several sulfonylurea herbicide-based mixtures can control both the R and S biotypes of C difformis, except sulfonylurea plus dimepiperate, molinate or pyriftalid, and pyrazolate plus butachlor. Although mixtures of sulfonylurea herbicides might be more effective, they should be avoided and used only in special cases. In terms of in vitro ALS activity, the R biotype was 1139-, 3583-, 1482-, 416-, 5- and 9-fold more resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron, imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, bispyribac-sodium and imazapyr, respectively, than the S biotype. The in vivo ALS activity of the R biotype was also less affected by the sulfonylurea herbicides, imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, than the S biotype. Results of in vitro and in vivo ALS assays indicated that the resistance mechanism of C difformis to ALS inhibitor herbicides was primarily due to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. Greenhouse experiments showed delayed flowering and reduced seed production of the R biotype, which could possibly result in reduced fitness. This unusual observation needs to be confirmed in field situations.     

Sulfonylurea resistance in Lindernia micrantha, an annual paddy weed in Japan

Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides, including bensulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, imazosulfuron and ethoxysulfuron, was discovered in naturally occurring populations of Lindernia micrantha D. Don in rice fields that had been treated with sulfonylurea-based herbicides for 3–7 consecutive years. The resistant biotype was approximately 80≈300 times more resistant than the susceptible one to the above four sulfonylurea herbicides. This is the second confirmed occurrence of herbicide resistance resulting from the use of sulfonylurea herbicides in Japan. Several herbicides with different modes of action, including pretilachlor, cafenstrole, bifenox, naproanilide, thiobencarb + simetryn + MCPB, MCPA-thioethyl + simetryn and cyhalofop-butyl + bentazone, effectively controlled the resistant biotype in pot trials.     

Sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant Monochoria vaginalis in Korean rice culture

Nine Monochoria vaginalis Pres1 accessions from Chonnam province, Korea were tested for resistance to the sulfonylurea herbicide, imazosulfuron, in whole-plant response bioassay. All accessions were confirmed resistant (R) to imazosulfuron. The GR50 (imazosulfuron concentration that reduced shoot dry weight by 50%) values of R accessions were 1112-3172 (accession #9) times higher than that of the standard susceptible (S) accession. Accession #9 exhibited cross-resistance to other sulfonylurea herbicides, bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, but not to the imidazolinone herbicides, imazapyr and imazaquin. The R biotype could be controlled by other herbicides with different modes of action, such as mefenacet and pyrazolate, applied to soil at recommended rates. Foliar-applied herbicides, 2,4-D and bentazone, also controlled both the R and S biotypes. Sulfonylurea-based mixtures, except ethoxysulfuron plus fentrazamide, did not control resistant M. vaginalis. Rice yield was reduced 70% by resistant M. vaginalis that escaped pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate, compared with hand weeding in direct-seeded rice culture. In contrast, rice yield was reduced 44% by resistant M. vaginalis that survived the pyrazosulfuron-ethyl plus molinate treatment, compared with pyrazolate plus butachlor in transplanted rice culture. In vitro acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity of the R biotype was 183, 35, 130 and 31 times more resistant to imazosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, cyclosulfamuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, respectively, than the S biotype. Imidazolinone herbicides, imazapyr and imazaquin had similar effect on in vitro ALS activity of the R and S biotypes. The in vivo ALS activity of the R biotype was also less affected than the S biotype by the sulfonylurea herbicides imazosulfuron and pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Results of in vitro and in vivo ALS assays indicate that the resistance mechanism of M. vaginalis to sulfonylurea herbicides may be due, in part, to an alteration in the target enzyme, ALS. Since the level of resistance in the enzyme assay was much lower than that in the whole-plant assay, other mechanisms of resistance, such as herbicide metabolism, may be involved.     

Cinosulfuron: chemical and biological degradability, adsorption and dissipation in flooded paddy field sediment

Cinosulfuron is a sulfonylurea herbicide largely used in the extensive cultures of flooded rice in North Italy. The degradation of cinosulfuron has been investigated in sterile aqueous solutions at 30 degrees C at different pH values. It was rapidly degraded at acidic pH (half-lives 3, 9 and 43 days at pH 4, 5 and 6, respectively) while the half-life was > 1 year at pH 7 and 9. Two degradation products formed by cleavage of the sulfonylurea bridge were identified by LC-MS. Degradation by selected mixed microbial cultures tested in aerobic and anaerobic conditions was very slow and attributable to chemical hydrolysis due to the acidic pH of the cultural broths. Degradation took place in freshly collected rice field water treated for two years with cinosulfuron but, in this case also, chemical hydrolysis prevailed over microbial degradation. In contrast, in flooded sediment simulating the paddy field environment, the dissipation rate of cinosulfuron was higher than expected from chemical hydrolysis according to the pH of the system, indicating the involvement of soil microflora. Although the herbicide exhibited a reduced affinity for the sediment surfaces demonstrated by the low value of the K(f) Freundlich coefficient (0.87 on a micromolar basis), the rapid dissipation observed in the simulated paddy field should prevent its leaching to ground water.     

我国部分地区水稻田鳢肠对吡嘧磺隆的抗性测定

鳢肠Eclipta prostrata L.是我国水稻产区的主要恶性阔叶杂草之一,为了明确鳢肠对吡嘧磺隆的抗性发生情况,采用生物测定法检测了2011-2013年从山东省、湖北省和江苏省水稻田采集的28个鳢肠种群对吡嘧磺隆的抗性。结果表明,从山东省采集的7个种群、湖北省的17个种群和江苏省的3个种群均能被有效剂量30g/hm~2的吡嘧磺隆控制,表现为敏感;江苏省苏州市吴中区鳢肠种群LC12-25在30g/hm~2剂量下仍存活,进一步以江苏省敏感种群LC12-24为对照,对江苏省鳢肠种群LC12-25进行抗性水平测定。敏感种群LC12-24的GR50为0.25g/hm~2,抗性种群LC12-25的GR50为16.66g/hm~2,其抗药性指数(RI)达66.64,表明LC12-25种群对吡嘧磺隆产生了较高水平抗性。     

我国水稻田杂草抗药性研究进展

水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物之一,杂草的危害严重影响了水稻的产量与品质。化学防除仍然是治理水稻田杂草最有效的途径。目前我国水稻田稗属杂草、千金子、马唐、雨久花、野慈姑、异型莎草、耳叶水苋、眼子菜、节节菜、萤蔺等多种杂草对二氯喹啉酸、五氟磺草胺、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺、苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、双草醚、噁草酮、乙氧氟草醚等多种常用除草剂产生了抗药性。面对日趋严重的水稻田抗药性杂草的危害,对抗药性杂草进行深入系统的研究以达到科学防治的目的显得尤为重要。本文总结了我国水稻田抗药性杂草的抗药性水平、靶标酶抗药性机理、代谢酶抗药性机理和其他抗药性机理,归纳了抗药性杂草的交互抗性、多抗性发生情况以及抗药性治理现状,分析了我们在杂草抗药性研究与治理方面面临的问题。     

甲磺隆水解酶酶促反应体系的建立与特性研究

在室内控制条件下对甲磺隆降解菌S113(Methylopila sp.)的水解酶进行了研究,发现该酶为胞内酶、非诱导酶。建立了甲磺隆水解酶的酶促反应体系:2 830 μL Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4缓冲液(0.2 mol/L,pH 7.0),150 μL甲磺隆(1 000 mg/L),20 μL粗酶液(约1.2 μg粗蛋白),30℃水浴30 min。甲磺隆水解酶pH值稳定范围为6~9,最适pH值为8.0。水解酶热不稳定,45℃处理30 min,酶活下降59.22%,70℃处理30 min可完全灭活。测定了8种金属离子对水解酶的作用,发现 1 mmol/L 的Ca2+对酶活有促进作用。     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

稻鳝种养田杂草群落组成及不同除草剂对黄鳝生长的影响

为了明确稻鳝种养田杂草群落组成及除草剂安全用药技术,采用取样计数的方法调查了稻鳝种养田杂草种类及田间密度,并采用静水式试验法在室内条件下测定了稻田常用除草剂对黄鳝生长的影响。结果表明,稻鳝种养降低了杂草的丰富度、多样性和均匀度,杂草危害减轻。茎叶处理除草剂100 g/L氰氟草酯EC、25 g/L五氟磺草胺OD、13%2甲4氯钠AS和480 g/L灭草松AS对黄鳝生长安全,可安全应用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。土壤处理除草剂中,30%丙草胺EC、10%吡嘧磺隆WP、40%苄嘧磺隆·丙草胺WP对黄鳝生长安全,是稻鳝种养田使用土壤处理除草剂的优先选择。60%丁草胺EC和12%噁草酮EC与黄鳝的死亡率存在着明显的剂量-效应关系,随着浓度的提高,黄鳝死亡率显著上升,不推荐用于稻鳝种养田防除杂草。