浅谈母犬的不孕

母犬不孕是指母犬在性成熟后,在适宜配种的年龄范围之内,发情配种后母犬却不受孕。母犬不孕的原因很多很复杂,一般可以分为遗传因素、营养因素、疾病因素、繁殖技术因素及饲养管理因素等。遗传因素由遗传因素引起的母犬不孕为先天性不孕,可由公犬和母犬两方面引起。     

浅谈母犬的不孕

母犬不孕是指母犬在性成熟后,在适宜配种的年龄范围之内,发情配种后母犬却不受孕。母犬不孕的原因很多很复杂,一般可以分为遗传因素、营养因素、疾病因素、繁殖技术因素及饲养管理因素等。遗传因素由遗传因素引起的母犬不孕为先天性不孕,可由公犬和母犬两方面引起。公犬的隐睾、先天性无精子     

犬不育症的原因及治疗

在家犬的饲养中 ,繁殖后代是重要的一环 ,它直接影响到种犬饲养者的经济利益。在门诊中笔者经常遇到母犬配不上种或怀孕 1 0多ｄ后胎儿消失的现象 ,其原因是多方面的。1　配种不适时期犬属季节性发情动物 ,一年春秋两次。母犬发情持续时间 9～ 1 6ｄ ,最佳配种时间应在发情开始后的 1 2～ 1 6ｄ ,这时期最易受精 ,采用重复配种效果更佳。配种时间过早或过晚均是造成配种失败的因素。2　种犬的体况因素种犬日粮单一 ,蛋白质、能量、维生素、微量元素等营养不足而造成身体过瘦 ,特别是赖氨酸、维生素Ａ、Ｄ、Ｅ ,微量元素硒、锰等营养物质的缺…     

比熊母犬生产前后养护要点

1比熊母犬孕前注意事项1.1选择最佳配种日期比熊母犬在成长到6~8个月会首次发情,但此时的比熊母犬并未发育完全,如果此时进行交配,会对母犬身体健康带来影响。比熊母犬每次发情间隔时间约6~9个月,而比熊母犬第一次配种的最佳犬龄为2周岁开始,前提是保证躯体健康,交配季节最好选择在春季。比熊母犬的发情期共21 d,母犬发情的第10~13天是最佳的配种日,所以想让母犬顺利受孕,一定要把握住最佳时机。一般在母犬发情的第10天进行首次交配,再隔1 d交配一次,配种时间选择上午,在最佳配种日交配2次,通常在这种情况下经过配种的母犬最易受孕。     

犬子宫蓄脓的诊断和治疗

犬子宫蓄脓是指由于子宫腔内感染而积有脓液 ,是母犬生殖系统的一种常见病。我院自 2 0 0 0年1月至 2 0 0 0年 1 2月共收治犬子宫蓄脓病例 1 32例 ,小型犬占 70 % ,其中以京巴犬与狮子犬为主 ;大型犬占 30 % ,以德国牧羊犬、圣伯那犬为主。经对1 32例子宫蓄脓病例手术治疗 ,均取得了良好效果 ,治愈率达 95 %以上。1　病因分析1 .1　发情后感染　发情后外阴肿胀 ,子宫内膜脱落 ,出血使生殖道抵抗力降低 ,同时犬常站坐于地面 ,往往使阴部被地面的细菌等病原微生物污染 ,如果主人不注意清洗极易造成感染。1 .2　配种感染　犬在配种时 ,动物主人…     

犬产后急性缺钙的诊治

<正>犬产后急性缺钙,又称产后低血钙,是母犬分娩后因缺钙而引起的代谢性疾病。近日笔者就诊一例京巴犬产后急性缺钙的病例,现将诊治报告叙述如下:1基本情况京巴犬,雌性,4岁,体重7千克,第二胎生育了5只小狗,母犬奶水充足,小狗生长发育良好,身体健壮。分娩后第20天时,主人发现该犬精神、食欲异常,不愿活     

母犬异常发情表现及其防治措施

春秋季是母犬集中发情的季节,但受到生理、体质、营养、疾病、环境等因素影响,部分母犬往往表现异常发情。如果不能及时发现,采取有力措施,就会延误配种,造成母犬利用率下降,给繁育工作     

阴道上皮细胞对母犬发情鉴定的应用研究

快速、简便及可靠的母犬发情鉴定对于确定母犬最适交配期,提高配种母犬的受胎率和窝产仔数十分必要。采取发情母犬阴部观察法与实验室阴道上皮细胞检查法相结合,可有效掌握母犬的发情状况,从而更为精确地把握配种时间,对于提高母犬繁育质量具有重要意义。     

犬难产的病因及手术治疗

我院近几年来,接治犬难产疾病甚多,尤其小型犬发病率高,如治疗处置不及时将造成母仔双亡。及时实施手术,将会收到良好效果。 病因:①配种过早,母犬尚未发育成熟,即开始配种,致使大量营养为胎仔所消耗,影响了母犬的正常发育,而造成难产。②缺乏运动营养过剩。母犬在怀孕期间,缺乏足够的运动和必要的光照,使体质下降,生长发育失调,同时营养过剩使胚胎个体发育超重而造成难产。③头胎怀孕较晚,母犬骨盆钙化,韧带弹性降低也可造成难产。另外由于母犬怀孕期间,用药不     

母犬乏情的病因分析及治疗

母犬的发情与配种是繁殖工作的一个重要环节。只有正确地掌握母犬的性周期变化和排卵时期,才能做到适时配种,提高受孕率和繁殖力。母犬乏情现象现在在一些规模化养犬场常常出现,该病既降低了母犬的利用     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …