Combining eight research areas to foster the uptake of ecosystem‐based management in fresh waters

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Functional aquatic ecosystems,inland fisheries and the Millennium Development Goals

Freshwater allocation in an environment of increasing demand and declining quality and availability is a major societal challenge. While biodiversity and the needs of local communities are often in congruence, the over‐riding necessity of meeting national demands for power, food and, increasingly, mitigation of the hydrological effects of climate change, often supersedes these. Sophisticated models of ecosystem function to establish environmental flows are difficult to implement and consequently have generally failed to reduce rates of biodiversity and habitat loss, resulting in disenfranchisement of local communities resulting from dam construction and water abstraction for industry and agriculture. There are no agreed standards upon which a fairer allocation of resources can be made and thus a pragmatic approach to the resolution of these conflicts is clearly needed. While having generally negative impacts on biodiversity and traditional lifestyles, creation of new infrastructure and active management generates national economic growth and much‐needed employment. Intensification of usage in watersheds already expropriated for human enterprise can spare land needed for the biodiversity that will fuel adaptation for the future. Taking advantage of a range of mitigation technologies and building their cost into the investment plans for water management infrastructure can improve the cost/benefit ratio of water control infrastructure and may be a more practical and efficacious approach to the valuation of fisheries and the maintenance of other essential services from functional aquatic ecosystems.     

基于营养通道模型的淀山湖生态系统结构与能量流动特征

根据2008-2009年间对淀山湖湖区水生生物资源调查的结果,运用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.1软件构建了淀山湖生态系统的营养通道模型,初步分析了淀山湖水域生态系统的结构和能量流动特征.模型中涉及水鸟、鱼类、虾类、软体动物、底栖动物、浮游动物、浮游植物、碎屑等21个功能组分,基本涵盖了淀山湖生态系统的主要能量流动过程,分析结果表明,淀山湖生态系统总流量为4 098.50 t·km-2·a-1.从混合营养效应分析来看,渔业捕捞会对该生态系统的鱼类功能组产生负效应.生态网络分析显示,淀山湖生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1～ 3.92,水鸟占据了营养层的最高层.系统的能量流动主要有5级,各营养级之间平均能量转换效率为11.7％.淀山湖生态系统的整体再循环率较低,能量利用效率有待改善和提高.生态系统参数:系统初级生产力/总呼吸量(TPP/TR)、连接指数CI和能量循环指数FCI分别为2.80、0.19和0.0189,表明淀山湖生态系统目前仍然处于幼态化生态系统状态.     

Key principles of ecosystem‐based management: the fishermen's perspective

Despite the growing popularity of ecosystem‐based management (EBM) in national legislation and in research and institutional literature, there is often an implementation gap ‘on the ground’, impeding widespread adoption in fisheries. This gap reflects in part the differing understandings of EBM held by fishermen and by management institutions. To explore and seek to close this gap, the underlying principles of EBM considered priorities by fishermen were systematically compared with the priorities identified in the published literature. The fishermen's priorities were determined by asking Atlantic Canadian fishermen to identify the EBM principles they consider most important. Four priority principles were identified: Sustainability, Stakeholder Involvement, Develop Long‐Term Objectives and Use of All Forms of Knowledge. The latter two were not frequently noted as priorities in the literature, while some literature priorities were less commonly chosen by fishermen, indicating a significant difference in perspectives on EBM. The rationale for fishermen's choice of priorities was explored by analysing the fishery management issues they raised – many directly connected to the above four priorities. In addition, another principle, Commit to Principles of Equity, often arose as an implicit priority among fishermen. We suggest that success in implementation of EBM may depend on reconciling differing priorities among its underlying principles, and combining knowledge and expertise from fishermen with research and institutional sources. The comparative methodology used here, which could be replicated elsewhere, should lead to better recognition of local challenges in EBM implementation and encourage support for EBM, to further its contribution to sustainable fisheries.     

Assessing the conservation status of mangroves in Rakhine,Myanmar

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Taxonomic and geographic gaps in understanding the functional effects of imperilled fishes on freshwater ecosystems

The effects that fishes have on rates of one or more ecosystem processes (hereafter referred to as functional effects) are often invoked as an important reason for imperilled species conservation. However, the degree to which we understand these effects is rarely evaluated for most groups of fishes. We assessed how well the functional effects of freshwater and diadromous fishes, one of the most imperilled groups of animals, are quantified to date. We found that 88% of studies considering the functional effects of imperilled North American fishes were conducted on one family, Salmonidae. Studies of the functional effects of fishes were also concentrated in Pacific drainages of North America, with few studies in hotspots of imperilled fish diversity such as the Southeastern United States, the arid Southwest and central Mexico. Our results demonstrate the vast taxonomic and geographic gaps in our functional understanding of imperilled fishes and highlight the need to broaden this work to justify the argument that they are functionally important in the ecosystems they inhabit.     

Have we neglected the societal importance of sand dunes? An ecosystem services perspective

• 1. Coastal sand dunes are widespread worldwide, including around the coasts of the British Isles and Europe, providing a wide range of functions some of which are recognized for their socio‐economic benefits.
• 2. In some localities, their contribution to coastal defence and to tourism and regional character have been acknowledged in local plans, but this is far from ubiquitous.
• 3. A rapid assessment was undertaken of the range of ecosystem services provided by coastal sand dune systems, using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ecosystem services classification augmented with habitat‐ and locally‐appropriate additions.
• 4. Sand dunes were shown to provide a wide range of provisioning, regulatory, cultural and supporting services, many of which remain substantially overlooked.
• 5. Although the importance of coastal sand dune for a diversity of characteristic and often rare organisms from a variety of taxa has been addressed, many of the broader ecosystem services that these habitats provide to society have been overlooked. This suggests that coastal sand dune systems are neglected ecosystems of significant and often under‐appreciated societal value. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Report card on ecosystem‐based fisheries management in tuna regional fisheries management organizations

International instruments of fisheries governance have set the core principles for the management of highly migratory fishes. We evaluated the progress of tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs) in implementing the ecological component of ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM). We first developed a best case tRFMO for EBFM implementation. Second, we developed criteria to evaluate progress in applying EBFM against this best case tRFMO. We assessed progress of the following four ecological components: target species, bycatch species, ecosystem properties and trophic relationships, and habitats. We found that many of the elements necessary for an operational EBFM are already present, yet they have been implemented in an ad hoc way, without a long‐term vision and a formalized plan. Overall, tRFMOs have made considerable progress monitoring the impacts of fisheries on target species, moderate progress for bycatch species, and little progress for ecosystem properties and trophic relationships and habitats. The tRFMOs appear to be halfway towards implementing the ecological component of EBFM, yet it is clear that the “low‐hanging fruit” has been plucked and the more difficult, but surmountable, issues remain, notably the sustainable management of bycatch. All tRFMOs share the same challenge of developing a formal mechanism to better integrate ecosystem science and advice into management decisions. We hope to further discussion across the tRFMOs to inform the development of operational EBFM plans.     

荣成市海洋渔业生态系统的调查及其保护的研究

通过对荣成市近海渔业资源、河流入海口、海岸湿地的调查,与25年前对比,荣成近海生态系统平衡失调,严重制约了海洋渔业经济的可持续发展,海洋生态系统亟需加强保护、治理和修复。     

Stratifying herbivore fisheries by habitat to avoid ecosystem overfishing of coral reefs

The problem of ecosystem overfishing has mostly focused on the function of forage fish as prey for apex predators. Here, I consider another ecosystem function, herbivory, that affects habitat quality. Parrotfish are an important fishery in many parts of the Caribbean and the dominant herbivorous fish on its coral reefs. Herbivory helps to control macroalgae which compete with coral and can impede reef resilience if allowed to bloom. Thus, long‐term maintenance of reef habitat quality, which underpins fisheries, requires sufficient parrotfish stock. Ecosystem models predict that reductions in parrotfish grazing could have deleterious impacts on reef habitat yet the determination of ecologically sustainable levels of parrotfish harvest remains elusive. An initial solution to this dilemma is proposed for areas where an outright ban on herbivore exploitation is considered infeasible. Fisheries management has tended to consider coral reefs as a single habitat such that regulations apply evenly throughout exploitable areas. But reef habitats are not equally susceptible to ecosystem overfishing and some do not appear to have a strong requirement for parrotfish grazing. One habitat, Orbicella reef, has a high dependence on herbivory, whereas the state of another dominant habitat – gorgonian plain – appears to be driven by environmental factors (e.g. wave exposure). Ecosystem‐based fisheries management could be improved by restricting parrotfish harvest on Orbicella reefs yet allowing exploitation on gorgonian plain. Management could then focus on achieving a sustainable yield on gorgonian plains without the added complexity of estimating catch levels that avoid ecosystem overfishing.     

捕捞和环境变化对渤海生态系统的影响

以1982年的渤海Ecopath静态模型为起始状态,设置17个功能群,利用CPUE和渔业相对捕捞强度作为时间强制序列,构建渤海Ecosim模型,模拟1982—2008年渤海生态系统发育的动态变化及捕捞的影响;利用气候环境时间序列数据,分析环境变化对渤海生态系统渔业资源的影响。研究发现,1982—2008年间,只有口虾蛄的生物量保持上升趋势,主要经济鱼种小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛、鳀、花鲈、黄鲫等的生物量均呈下降趋势,虾蟹类、头足类的生物量相对稳定。渤海渔获物的平均营养级在1982—2008年间明显下降,总捕捞产量在1984年之后一直保持上升趋势,两者之间存在显著的负相关;FIB指数的变动与捕捞产量的变动保持一致。Q-90多样性指数在1982—1987年间处于波动状态,从1988—1994年间保持增长趋势,在1994年之后迅速下降,由2.5降至0.5附近,渔业生物多样性下降;渤海海表盐度、海表水温、黄河径流量对捕捞产量影响显著。Ecosim模型终止状态(2008年)与起始状态(1982年)的比较表明,系统成熟度降低,生态系统出现一定程度的退化,渔业捕捞是渔业生态系统出现退化的主要原因,降低了生态系统总体的生物量水平;除捕捞因素外,环境变化也是影响渤海生态系统渔业资源变动的主要因素。     

海水贝类养殖中的问题及对策

正近几年,海水养殖业规模迅速扩大,产量大幅度增加,养殖形势及前景良好。继藻类和虾类养殖产业发展高潮之后,贝类养殖已发展为世界最大规模的养殖产业,对沿海经济的发展发挥着重大作用。但由于养殖户发展养殖生产的积极性无度发挥,片面追求高产,重数量、轻管理,过多地消耗资     

河口及近岸海域低氧环境对水生动物的影响

水体溶解氧浓度低于2 mg/L时,通常称水体为低氧或缺氧(hypoxia)。目前,中国的长江口等许多河口及近岸海域的底层水体出现了季节性低氧区,这些低氧区对鱼类等水生动物及海洋生态环境的影响目前仍不十分清楚,这应引起政府及研究部门的关注。本文综述了低氧区的成因,分析了低氧对水生动物的影响,特别是近年来研究较多的水生动物对低氧的分子响应研究进展,最后综述了低氧对海洋生态系统的影响。我国未来的研究应注重低氧区海洋物理、海洋生物等基础数据的收集,同时,要加强低氧区对我国主要渔场影响的研究。     

基于PSR模型的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系构建

在海洋牧场生态系统特征及健康内涵的基础上,针对海洋牧场区域这一复杂的生态系统,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,结合海洋牧场生态系统特征和所收集的数据特点及其可获取性等,经过反复筛选与提炼,形成由压力、状态和响应共33个具体评价指标组成的海洋牧场生态系统健康评价指标体系及具体指标,并对指标的选取和体系构建的构建进行了简要的诠释,通过熵权法对各指标进行权重计算,为了定量海洋牧场生态系统健康状态,通过建立综合健康指数,确定海洋牧场生态系统的健康状态。     

人工生态条件下鲥鱼保种越冬的试验研究

在低盐度人工生态条件下鲥鱼保种越冬获得成功。在总密度为56.13尾/米~2(鲥鱼0.37尾、淡水白鲳55.76尾/米~2)的条件下,鲥幼鱼成活率达92.0％,3龄鱼达100％;在鲥鱼密度为8.99尾、淡水白鲳密度为7.80尾/米。的条件下,鲥幼鱼成活率达89.4％,3龄鱼达100％。试验表明,鲥鱼越冬期间可摄食人工饲料,无需投喂浮游生物;鲥鱼的商品化养殖越冬是可行的。     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

南四湖的水生生物和渔业生态初析

南四湖是指位于山东省南部的微山、昭阳、独山和南阳四个湖,现有水面11.9万公顷。目前的平均鱼产量是94.05公斤/公顷。1983—1984 年我省对该湖进行了全面的渔业资源调查。南四湖的溶氧含量平均为 8.71毫克/升,pH为 7.1—9.7。湖水中的磷酸盐是0.0108毫克/升,三态氮是0.465 毫克/升。水生维管束植物的生物量是 2584.2毫克/米~2,浮游植物和浮游动物的平均生物量分别为1.709和0.601毫克/升,底栖动物的平均生物量是92.65克/米~2。鱼类的优势种类是鲫鱼、黄颡鱼、乌鳢、红鳍鲌、长春编、鲶鱼、鲤鱼。并为开发它们提出了初步建议。     

桃花水母的人工培养技术

桃花水母（Craspedacusta）是濒临灭绝的珍稀水生生物物种之一，2002年3月被正式列为世界最高级别的“极危生物”。桃花水母俗称桃花鱼，属腔肠动物门，水螅虫纲，淡水水母目，笠水母科，桃花水母属。其伞径一般为8～25mm，身体透明，游动时体态婀娜多姿甚是美丽，出现时间又多在桃花盛开的季节，故由此得名。