基于生态系统服务价值的博斯腾湖小湖湿地生态需水核算

湖泊湿地生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,适宜的水文条件保障着湖泊湿地生态系统的健康。本文以博斯腾湖小湖湿地为例,依据能值理论系统地计算湖泊湿地各项生态系统服务价值量,并运用相关分析、层次聚类分析等方法结合生态系统服务计算结果与四项关键水文参数,综合确定研究区适宜的生态需水范围。研究结果表明,博斯腾湖小湖湿地生态系统服务价值总量由2013年以前的上下波动（平均年增幅-0.2%,其中有7年为负增长）转变为2013年后的持续增加状态（连续6年增加,平均年增幅6%）;区域来水量则经历了2000-2003年的丰水期、2005-2013年的枯水期以及2013年以来的水量持续增加等三个阶段;生态需水核算结果建议博斯腾湖小湖湿地应保证一年之内日均流量低于8.3 m^3/s的天数不超过72天,而一年之中日均流量超过20.8 m^3/s的天数不低于80天,湿地生态需水量在8.0-8.7 10^8m^3/a之间,最适宜生态水位范围为1047.4-1047.6m。本研究利用生态系统服务价值核算了湖泊湿地生态需水,对区域水资源调控提供了积极的参考价值。     

Functional aquatic ecosystems,inland fisheries and the Millennium Development Goals

Freshwater allocation in an environment of increasing demand and declining quality and availability is a major societal challenge. While biodiversity and the needs of local communities are often in congruence, the over‐riding necessity of meeting national demands for power, food and, increasingly, mitigation of the hydrological effects of climate change, often supersedes these. Sophisticated models of ecosystem function to establish environmental flows are difficult to implement and consequently have generally failed to reduce rates of biodiversity and habitat loss, resulting in disenfranchisement of local communities resulting from dam construction and water abstraction for industry and agriculture. There are no agreed standards upon which a fairer allocation of resources can be made and thus a pragmatic approach to the resolution of these conflicts is clearly needed. While having generally negative impacts on biodiversity and traditional lifestyles, creation of new infrastructure and active management generates national economic growth and much‐needed employment. Intensification of usage in watersheds already expropriated for human enterprise can spare land needed for the biodiversity that will fuel adaptation for the future. Taking advantage of a range of mitigation technologies and building their cost into the investment plans for water management infrastructure can improve the cost/benefit ratio of water control infrastructure and may be a more practical and efficacious approach to the valuation of fisheries and the maintenance of other essential services from functional aquatic ecosystems.     

Have we neglected the societal importance of sand dunes? An ecosystem services perspective

• 1. Coastal sand dunes are widespread worldwide, including around the coasts of the British Isles and Europe, providing a wide range of functions some of which are recognized for their socio‐economic benefits.
• 2. In some localities, their contribution to coastal defence and to tourism and regional character have been acknowledged in local plans, but this is far from ubiquitous.
• 3. A rapid assessment was undertaken of the range of ecosystem services provided by coastal sand dune systems, using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ecosystem services classification augmented with habitat‐ and locally‐appropriate additions.
• 4. Sand dunes were shown to provide a wide range of provisioning, regulatory, cultural and supporting services, many of which remain substantially overlooked.
• 5. Although the importance of coastal sand dune for a diversity of characteristic and often rare organisms from a variety of taxa has been addressed, many of the broader ecosystem services that these habitats provide to society have been overlooked. This suggests that coastal sand dune systems are neglected ecosystems of significant and often under‐appreciated societal value. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Temporal dynamic and economic valuation of recreational fisheries of the lower Cuiabá River,Brazilian Pantanal

Fisheries are the most common ecosystem service that fish provide to human populations, yet recreational fisheries are often overlooked when evaluating such services. Here, the socioeconomic profiles of fishers, the composition of their catches and catch per unit effort (CPUE) are described, to estimate the economic value of the recreational fishery on a stretch of the Cuiabá River in the Brazilian Pantanal. Questionnaires were used to obtain socioeconomic information and fishing yield from fishers for 2013 and 2014. Additionally, a census on the number of fishers and fishing platforms along the sampled region was conducted in 2018. This recreational fishery mostly involves middle class adult males, based mostly in the Cuiabá city metropolitan region. They invested, on average, US$41.1 (SD = US$16.5, median = $35.2) per fishing visit, catching around 19 fish species. Overall, mean CPUE from the recreational fishery was 42.20 fish/fisher.day (17.4 kg/fisher/day). Annual economic value of this recreational fishery was estimated at around US$1.8 million, which highlights the importance of this activity to the local economy. Greater environmental conservation efforts are recommend to ensure the long-term viability of this ecosystem service.     

Multispecies fisheries management in the Mediterranean Sea: application of the Fcube methodology

Abstract The ecosystem approach (EA) advocates that advice should be given based on a holistic management of the entire marine ecosystem and all fisheries and fleets involved. Recent developments have advanced to multi‐species, multi‐fisheries advice, rather than on a single‐species/fleet/area stock basis, bridging the gap between existing single‐species approaches and the needs of the EA. The Fleet and Fisheries Forecast method (Fcube) method estimates potential levels of effort by fleet in mixed fisheries situations to achieve specific targets of fishing mortality. Data on effort, landings and socioeconomic parameters were used for coastal and trawl fisheries in the Aegean Sea. Results pointed out the strengths and weaknesses of alternative management strategies from both a biological and socioeconomic perspective. Fcube revealed the importance of effort control in the coastal fisheries that are still managed with no effort restrictions. The present findings, although preliminary, revealed that stringent cuts to effort and catch levels are required if EA management goals are to be met. The Fcube methodology, initially developed for mixed fisheries advice in northern European waters that are managed with TACs, also proved promising in providing advice to non‐TAC fisheries.     

Evaluation of nitrogen cycling and fish production in seasonal ponds (‘Fingerponds’) in Lake Victoria wetlands,East Africa using a dynamic simulation model

A dynamic model was developed to simulate nitrogen (N) flows and fish production in seasonal wetland fish ponds (Fingerponds) based on organic manuring and natural food production. The model incorporates pond water depth, food availability, fish stocking densities, fish and fingerling weights at stocking, reproduction rate, manure type and application rates. The ponds were fertilized fortnightly with 1042 kg ha⁻¹ chicken manure. The model captured the dynamics of hydrology, nutrients and fish and demonstrated that similar fundamental processes underlie fish production in these systems. The model predicted annual fish yields of up to 2800 kg ha⁻¹. Simulated fish production, chlorophyll a and dissolved inorganic N concentrations were comparable with field measurements. Using the model, N budgets and estimates of all N flows were made. Most of the N input into the ponds (60–70%) accumulated in the bottom detritus of the pond and only 8–10% was converted into fish biomass, of which about half consisted of small fish. Fish production in Fingerponds was limited by turbidity induced light limitation and by nutrient limitation. Reduction of variability of fish production should come from reduced turbidity and sufficient nutrient input to minimize light limitation and maximize fish growth.