Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Enhanced Antioxidant Capacity,Amylase Activities and Salt Tolerance of Cucumber Hypocotyls and Radicles

In the present experiment, effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H₂S donor, on the oxidative damage, antioxidant capacity and the growth of cucumber hypocotyls and radicles were studied under 100 mmol L^?1 NaCl stress. NaCl treatment significantly induced accumulation of H₂O₂ and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in cucumber hypocotyls and radicles, and application of NaHS dramatically reduced the accumulation of H₂O₂ and lipid peroxidation. However, the alleviating effects greatly depended on the concentrations of NaHS, and 400 μmol L^?1 NaHS treatment showed the most significant effects. Corresponding to the change of lipid peroxidation, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as the antioxidant capacity indicated as DPPH scavenging activity, chelating activity of ferrous ions and hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activity were induced by NaHS treatment under NaCl stress, especially by 400 μmol L^?1 NaHS treatment. With the alleviating lipid peroxidation, the amylase activities in cotyledons were increased, and the length of cucumber hypocotyls and radicles were significantly promoted by NaHS treatment under NaCl stress. Unlike the effects of NaHS, pretreatment with other sodium salts including Na₂S, Na₂SO₄, NaHSO₄, Na₂SO₃, NaHSO₃ and NaAc did not show significant effects on the growth of cucumber hypocotyls and radicles. These salts do not release H₂S. Based on above results, it can be concluded that the effects of NaHS in the experiment depended on the H₂S rather than other compounds derived from NaHS, and the alleviating effects might related with its function in modulating antioxidant capacity and amylase activities.     

Nitrogen Deficiency Limited the Improvement of Photosynthesis in Maize by Elevated CO2 Under Drought

Global environmental change affects plant physiological and ecosystem processes. The interaction of elevated CO₂, drought and nitrogen (N) deficiency result in complex responses of C₄ species photosynthetic process that challenge our current understanding. An experiment of maize (Zea mays L.) involving CO₂ concentrations (380 or 750 µmol mol⁻¹, climate chamber), osmotic stresses (10% PEG-6000, −0.32 MPa) and nitrogen constraints (N deficiency treated since the 144th drought hour) was carried out to investigate its photosynthesis capacity and leaf nitrogen use efficiency. Elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthetic limitation through increasing capacity of PEPC carboxylation (V_pmax) and decreasing stomatal limitations (SL). The N deficiency exacerbated drought-induced photosynthesis limitations in ambient CO₂. Elevated CO₂ partially alleviated the limitation induced by drought and N deficiency through improving the capacity of Rubisco carboxylation (V_max) and decreasing SL. Plants with N deficiency transported more N to their leaves at elevated CO₂, leading to a high photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency but low whole-plant nitrogen-use efficiency. The stress mitigation by elevated CO₂ under N deficiency conditions was not enough to improving plant N use efficiency and biomass accumulation. The study demonstrated that elevated CO₂ could alleviate drought-induced photosynthesis limitation, but the alleviation varied with N supplies.     

Interactive Effect of GA3, N and P Ameliorate Growth,Seed and Fibre Yield by Enhancing Photosynthetic Capacity and Carbonic Anhydrase Activity of Linseed: A Dual Purpose Crop

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important dual-purpose, industrial crop. Its seeds are used for the extraction of oil and stem for fibres. However, the production of linseed is not going parallel with the increasing demand of its products. The present work was carried out with an aim to find out whether exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA₃) with or without graded levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) could improve the performance of three linseed genotypes Parvati, Shekhar and Shubhra together with minimizing the costly fertilizer input and losses. Four combinations of N and P, viz., 0 mg N+0 mg P kg^?1 soil (N₀P₀), N_13.4P_4.46, N_26.8P_8.94 and N_40.2P_13.4 were constituted. Half dose of each combination was applied basally at the time of sowing and remaining half dose was given at 40 d after sowing (DAS) as foliar spray along with 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃. Prior to sowing, the seeds of each linseed genotype were grouped in to two, one group of seeds was soaked in 0 mol L^?1 GA₃ (control) and the other group was soaked in 10^?6 M GA₃ solution, each for 8 hours. Treatments were comprised of (i) 0 mol L^?1 GA₃+N₀P₀ (T₀, control), (ii) 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃ + N₁₃₄P₄₄₆ (T₁), (iii) 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃+N_26.8P_8.94 (T₂) and (iv) 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃+N_40.2P_13.4 (T₃). The crop performance was assessed in terms of growth, physiological and biochemical parameters at 60 and 75 DAS and yield attributes at harvest (175 DAS). The results showed a parallel increase in most of the parameters with increasing levels of N and P. However, application of 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃ in association with N_26.8P_8.94 proved best, it enhanced seed yield, oil yield and fibre yield by 83.3, 97.3 and 78.7%, respectively accompanied with increase in net photosynthetic rate, carbonic anhydrase activity and dry matter accumulation. Among the genotypes tested, Shubhra performed best, while Parvati the least for most of the parameters studied. Thus, combined application of 10^?6 mol L^?1 GA₃ plus N_26.8P_8.94 proved best and can be recommended to exploit the linseed as a dual-purpose crop for good yield of seed and fibre.     

Multiplex PCR System Optimization with Potato SSR Markers

Potato variety Kexin18 was used as testing materials in this research to study the influence on main components in multiplex PCR system, different primer ratios and annealing temperatures in SSR marker...     

Molecular identification and enzymatic properties of laccase2 from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Laccase(EC 1.10.3.2)is known to oxidize various aromatic and nonaromatic compounds via a radical-catalyzed reaction,which generally includes two types of laccase,Lac1 and Lac2.Lac1 oxidizes toxic compounds in the diet,and Lac2 is known to play an important role in melanizing the insect exoskeleton.In this study,we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella Lac2(PxLac2),from the third instar larvae using polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and rapid amplification of cDNA ends techniques.The results showed that the full-length PxLac2 cDNA was 1 944 bp long and had an open reading frame of 1 794 bp.PxLac2 encoded a protein with 597 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 66.09 kDa.Moreover,we determined the expression levels of PxLac2 in different stages by quantitative PCR(qPCR).The results indicated that PxLac2 was expressed differently in different stages.We observed the highest expression level in pupae and the lowest expression level in fourth instar larvae.We also investigated the enzymatic properties of laccase,which had optimal activity at pH 3.0 and at 35°C.Under these optimal conditions,laccase had a Michaelis constant(K_m)of 0.97 mmol L~(-1),maximal reaction speed(V_m)of 56.82 U mL~(-1),and activation energy(E_a)of 17.36 kJ mol~(-1) to oxidize2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt).Type II copper enhanced laccase activity below 0.8mmol L~(-1) and reduced enzyme activity above 0.8 mmol L~(-1) with an IC_(50) concentration of 1.26 mmol L~(-1).This study provides insights into the biological function of laccase.     

Physiological and Biochemical Changes of IrlVHA-c gene Transgenic Tobacco Seedlings and Self-crossed Progeny Under NaHCO3 Stress

In order to study the alkali resistivity of VHA-c in Iris lacteal. (IrlVHA-c), the transgenic tobacco seedlings harboring IrlVHA-c gene from Iris lactea (T0), the self-crossed progeny (T1), and the non-transgenic lines of tobacco seedlings were grown in Hoagland nutrient solutions supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . The MDA content, CAT, POD and SOD activity, electrical conductivity, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, proline content and polyphenol oxidase activity of the seedlings were determined. The results showed that the transgenic lines of tobacco maintained a high activity up to 200 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 , and activity was slightly lower at 300 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . When the concentration of NaHCO3 was as high as 400 mmol·L-1 the seedlings were badly hurt. In addition, the activity of T0 and T1 transgentic tobacoo was maintained more or less. While the non-transgenic lines of tobacco could maintain viably up to 100 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 , and they could not survive at 400 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 . The conclusion was drawn that the alkali resistance of the tobacoo transformed IrlVHA-c was noticeably improved.     

Postharvest responses of hydroponically grown lettuce varieties to nitrogen application rate

Limited information is available on the influence of preharvest N application rates on postharvest quality of different lettuce genotypes. Two green leafy lettuce(Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3) and red leafy lettuce(Multired 4) were grown in gravel film technique and fertigated with five different N application rates: 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L~(–1). The 120 mg L~(–1) N application is commercially recommended for lettuce. After harvest, lettuce samples were packed in a bioriented poly propylene packaging(5% O_2 and 5% CO_2) and held at 5°C and 85% RH for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. The genotypes, preharvest N application rates and storage time affected the leaf colour coordinates, phenolic acids(dicaffeoyltataric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) and browning enzyme activities(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), polyphenol oxidase(PPO) and peroxidase(POD)). Lower rates of N application at preharvest stage showed higher weight loss with the storage time increasing in Multigreen 3. In Multigreen 1, colour coordinate b* value decreased remarkably with N application rates from 60 to 120 mg L~(–1) due to the onset of browning during storage. While in Multigreen 3 and N application higher than 60 mg L~(–1) influenced the decrease in b* value. Browning occurred due to the increased activity of PAL enzyme and the availability of the substrates caftaric, chlorogenic, caffeic acids, PPO activity and production of browning pigments due to the activity of POD. Higher, N application rates(120 mg L~(–1)) influenced the browning mechanism and showed brownish red leaves in Multired 4 during storage. Higher ascorbic acid concentration played a role in reducing the onset of browning in the fresh cuts leaves of Mulitired 4 and Multigreen 3 fertilized with lower preharvest lower N application rates(120 mg L~(–1)). Preharvest N application at 90 mg L~(–1) retained the colour, ascorbic acid content and the phenolic acid components and extended the shelf life of Multired 4 lettuce up to 6 days.     

CO2施肥对黄瓜幼苗根系发育及氮代谢酶活性的影响

以砂培黄瓜为试材,研究了不同CO2施肥处理对幼苗根系生育和氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,增加环境CO2浓度和延长CO2施肥时间均明显促进了黄瓜幼苗根系的发育,CO2施肥黄瓜的主根长度、总根长度、根系鲜重、根系分枝、根系活力及其吸收面积均有不同程度的增加;根系硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性增强。除氮代谢酶活性外,每天上、下午各以950±50 mmol.L-1CO2施肥3 h的效果大于仅在上午施肥。     

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)对黄瓜抗氧化代谢及果实品质的影响

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为材料,通过分析邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)处理对黄瓜成株叶片中抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、果实品质的影响及DMP在黄瓜体内的积累情况,研究DMP对黄瓜的生态毒性效应。结果显示:30 mg·L~(-1)的DMP处理下叶片抗氧化酶活性增加,果实营养价值降低,但黄瓜植株生长及干物质积累变化不大;50 mg·L~(-1)处理下,叶片抗氧化酶在盛花期达到最大值,随着处理时间延长黄瓜叶片的抗氧化酶活性、干物质积累及营养价值均降低;而100和200 mg·L~(-1)处理下的黄瓜叶片,抗氧化酶活性始终低于对照处理组的水平,干物质积累随着DMP处理浓度增加呈下降趋势,且果实均在幼果期出现萎蔫致死现象;DMP在黄瓜植株内的积累量随其浓度升高而增加(茎根叶)。上述结果表明,DMP污染会影响黄瓜正常的生理生化指标,降低黄瓜果实的品质,会产生潜在的健康风险。     

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on growth, active oxygen species metabolism, and photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber seedlings under NaCl stress

The study was conducted by means of nutrient solution culture to investigate the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on growth of cucumber seedlings, active oxygen species metabolism and photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber leaves under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. The results showed that 10–400 μmol/L exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), especially 100 μmol/L SNP, significantly alleviated the injury to seedlings and increased seedling growth. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and proline also increased under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Similarly, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) also increased significantly. However, exogenous nitric oxide application markedly decreased membrane permeability, rate of O ₂ ^.− production, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂, and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(2): 546–553 [译自: 生态学报]     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

异根嫁接对黄瓜适度水分亏缺下营养生长和养分吸收的影响

为研究异根嫁接黄瓜对适度水分亏缺的响应,以中农26号黄瓜(Cucumis sativas L.)为材料,以自根嫁接黄瓜适宜水分管理(每次20m3/667m2)为对照,研究异根嫁接黄瓜生长和养分吸收等指标对适度亏缺灌溉(每次12m3/667m2)的响应。结果表明:与自根嫁接黄瓜相比,适度亏缺灌溉下,异根嫁接黄瓜的生长势较强,每株黄瓜N、P和K养分的积累量分别提高了49.6%~53.3%、16.7%~29.0%和32.2%~40.5%;产量和总生物量也显著提高。这一结果表明,通过异根嫁接可以在减少灌水量的同时,维持地上部营养生长,促进养分吸收和干物质积累,从而实现良好的农艺节水效果。     

盐胁迫下内源NO对黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

【目的】探讨盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗内源一氧化氮(NO)的生理生化调节机理及其调控途径,为揭示黄瓜的抗盐机理和生产应用提供参考。【方法】以黄瓜幼苗为研究对象,采用一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂(L-NAME,L-硝基精氨酸甲酯)、硝酸还原酶抑制剂(tungstate,钨酸钠)和一氧化氮清除剂(c PTIO,4-羧基苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物)处理盐胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗,研究处理对黄瓜幼苗叶片内源NO含量、活性氧代谢、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】盐胁迫可诱导黄瓜幼苗叶片内源NO含量增加,采用200μmol·L~(-1) L-NAME、100μmol·L~(-1) tungstate和200μmol·L~(-1) c PTIO处理均抑制了盐胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗叶片中抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT))的活性,降低了游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白质的含量,增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2·~-)产生速率和质膜透性,使细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,加重了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的损伤。同时,气体交换参数Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci显著降低,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P降低,NPQ显著升高,导致叶片光合机构受损,叶片光合速率下降。【结论】在盐胁迫条件下,内源NO的变化可能直接调节了黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化能力,有效地缓解了脂膜过氧化伤害和对叶片光合机构的损伤,且黄瓜幼苗的活性氧代谢和光合特性主要通过一氧化氮合酶途径调控。     

Effect of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on Glucosinolates in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis

Glucosinolates （GSs） are a group of plant secondary metabolites containing abundant nitrogen （N） and sulfur （S） mainly in Brassica and have the beneficial effects on human health including anti-carcinogenic, cholesterol-reducing and other pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of N （5, 10, and 20 mmol L-a, denoted by N5, N10 and N20） and S （0,5, 1, and 2 mmol L^-1, denoted by S0.5, S1 and S2） on the yield and GSs in pakchoi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis） in hydroponics. Results showed that N10 and N20 significantly enhanced the yield compared with N5, however, N20 had a negative effect relative to N10. Only with N10 and N20 low S supply （S0.5） reduced the yield. The concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were enhanced by N5 and indolyl GSs were enhanced by N20. S2 enhanced the concentration of individual GS and total GSs. The concentrations of indolyl GSs were maximized in N20S2 treatment, whereas the highest concentrations of aliphatic GSs, aromatic GS and total GSs were found in N5S2 treatment. Effects of N and S on aliphatic GSs were higher than on indolyl GSs. The results suggest that the accumulation of aliphatic GSs and aromatic GS could be enhanced by low N and high S and restricted by high N while that of indolyl GSs could be enhanced by high N and high S.     

The positive function of selenium supplementation on reducing nitrate accumulation in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

High nitrate(NO_3~- ) in vegetables, especially in leaf vegetables poses threaten to human health. Selenium(Se) is an important element for maintaining human health, and exogenous Se application during vegetable and crop production is an effective way to prevent Se deficiency in human bodies. Exogenous Se shows positive function on plant growth and nutrition uptake under abiotic and/or biotic stresses. However, the influence of exogenous Se on NO_3~- accumulation in hydroponic vegetables is still not clear. In the present study, hydroponic lettuce plants were subjected to six different concentrations(0, 0.1, 0.5, 5, 10 and 50 μmol L–1) of Se as Na2 Se O3. The effects of Se on NO_3~- content, plant growth, and photosynthetic capacity of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) were investigated. The results showed that exogenous Se positively decreased NO_3~- content and this effect was concentration-dependent. The lowest NO_3~- content was obtained under 0.5 μmol L–1 Se treatment. The application of Se enhanced photosynthetic capacity by increasing the photosynthesis rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Cs) and the transpiration efficiency(Tr) of lettuce. The transportation and assimilation of NO_3~- and activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes in lettuce were also analysed. The NO_3~- efflux in the lettuce roots was markedly increased, but the efflux of NO_3~- from the root to the shoot was decreased after treated with exogenous Se. Moreover, Se application stimulated NO_3~- assimilation by enhancing nitrate reductase(NR), nitrite reductase(Ni R), glutamine synthetase(GS) and glutamate synthase enzyme(GOGAT) activities. These results provide direct evidence that exogenous Se shows positive function on decreasing NO_3~- accumulation via regulating the transport and enhancing activities of nitrogen metabolism enzyme in lettuce. We suggested that 0.5 μmol L–1 Se can be used to reduce NO_3~- content and increase hydroponic lettuce yield.     

山东大沽河溶解性碳的时空分布及影响因素

为认识河流生态系统中的碳动态分布及生物地球化学过程,基于2018—2019年的现场监测与水样分析数据,揭示山东半岛大沽河河流溶解性碳[包括溶解性无机碳（DIC）和溶解性有机碳（DOC）]浓度的季节和空间特征;在此基础上,对河流CO₂分压（pCO₂）分布及影响因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明：大沽河DIC浓度分布在2.55~34.08 mg·L^-1之间,均值为（12.97±7.25）mg·L^-1;受流域地质环境、气候水文条件、梯级筑坝等因素的影响,DIC呈明显的时空差异特征（P<0.05）,其在冬季最高,自上游至下游呈显著增加趋势。DOC浓度范围为4.22~62.62 mg·L^-1,均值为（15.34±10.24）mg·L^-1,高于DIC含量,因此大沽河溶解性碳总体以DOC为主;受人类活动（土地利用方式、污水排放、河流筑坝等）的强烈影响,DOC未表现出明显的时空差异。大沽河有35%的河流样点表现为大气CO₂的源;pCO₂上游明显高于中下游,夏秋季高于春冬季（P<0.05）。研究表明,大沽河光合作用总体比较强烈,导致水体中DOC浓度较高、pCO₂较低,因此大沽河总体表现为大气CO₂的汇。     

北方地区不同黄瓜品种氮素吸收与利用效率的差异

【目的】研究北方地区栽培黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异,为氮高效黄瓜品种筛选提供参考依据。【方法】选用华北型黄瓜品种为材料,采用二因素裂区设计,以氮素营养水平为主区,设低氮素（3.5 mmol·L^-1）和高氮素（11.0 mmol·L^-1）两个水平;以品种为副区,设32个水平,进行水培试验。测定含氮量、氮素吸收与利用效率,并划分品种营养效率类型。【结果】供试黄瓜品种在两个氮素水平下氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率的相关指标均存在显著差异。两氮素水平下的植株干物重（CV N3.5 21.49%和CV N11 18.51%）、氮素吸收效率（CV N3.5 19.90%和CV N11 19.94%）和氮素利用指数（CV _N3.5 25.49%和CV _N11 19.25%）均有较大的品种差异。干物重与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.933**和r_N11 0.925**,r_N3.5 0.964**和r_N11 0.941**。氮素吸收效率与茎叶氮素累积量和氮素利用指数极显著正相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 0.986**和r_N11 0.963**,r_N3.5 0.809**和r_N11 0.768**;氮素利用效率与茎叶含氮量极显著负相关,相关系数分别为r_N3.5 -0.909**和r_N11 -0.886**。以两个氮素水平下的植株干物重平均值为标准,对黄瓜品种的氮素营养效率进行分类,干物重大于平均值的为高效型,小于平均值的为低效型,可将32个华北型黄瓜品种分成4种氮素营养类型,即双高效型、高氮高效型、低氮高效型和双低效型。其中低氮高效型品种数量最少,占供试品种的15.6%。通径分析显示,氮素吸收效率在两氮素水平下对氮效率（植株干物重）的贡献率远大于利用效率,二者对氮效率的通径系数分别为q_N3.5 1.069和q_N11 0.931,q_N3.5 0.347和q_N11 0.361。【结论】黄瓜苗期的氮效率存在品种差异。植株干物重可作为同一供氮水平下苗期氮效率评价的首选指标,茎叶氮素累积量、茎叶含氮量和氮素利用指数可作为氮效率选择的次级指标。植株氮素吸收效率是品种苗期氮效率高的主要因素。水培试验可有效地反应不同黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率差异,为黄瓜品种苗期氮素营养效率的批量筛选和快速鉴别提供了可能。     

Variety-specific responses of lettuce grown in a gravel-film technique closed hydroponic system to N supply on yield,morphology, phytochemicals,mineral content and safety

Utilization of nitrogen(N) element is a common practice used to reach profitable yields in horticultural crops and N supply can be used as a tool to manipulate the enhancement of phytochemicals and minerals in vegetable crops to address consumeroriented quality production. Hence the study was aimed to investigate the effect of N application on leaf morphology, ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids, flavonoids, mineral content, and nitrate residues in three lettuce varieties(two green leafy lettuce, Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3; one red leafy lettuce, Multired 4) grown in a closed hydroponic system(gravel-film) at harvest. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate(NH_4 NO_3) at six different concentrations of 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L~(–1). The results obtained during 2015 and 2016 seasons were similar and demonstrated variety dependent responses with respect to different N application rates. Multigreen 3 was more sensitive to N supply and showed higher amount of nitrate residue at harvest. Variety Multired 4 was less sensitive to N supply followed by Multigreen 1. Although N supply at 120 mg L~(–1) improved the yield and the number of leaves in Multigreen 3, overall 90 mg L~(–1) can be recommended for these lettuce varieties to improve the yield and the accumulation of ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids mainly caffeic, caftaric acids, quercetin(the important flavonoid in lettuce), and Fe and Mn contents. Furthermore, the concentration of 90 mg L~(–1) improved the antioxidant property(FRAP and ABTS~+) and reduced the nitrate accumulation, ensuring safe food for consumers.     

Sodium dehydroacetate treatment prolongs the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape by regulating oxidative stress and DNA methylation

In this study, we tested the ability of sodium dehydroacetate (SD) to extend the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Among the different concentrations of SD tested (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mmol L^–1), 0.01 mmol L^–1 SD was the most effective in prolonging the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Compared with the control, the weight loss rate, browning index and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malonaldehyde contents were significantly lower in the 0.01 mmol L^–1 SD treatment, whereas the healthy berry rate, berry firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) content, ascorbic acid content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly higher. In addition, an analysis of ‘Kyoho’ grape DNA using methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) markers showed that the average DNA methylation level was significantly higher in the 0.01 mmol L^–1 SD treatment than in the control. Together, these results indicate that 0.01 mmol L^–1 SD could be used to extend the shelf-life of ‘Kyoho’ grape. Moreover, a strong connection between reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and DNA methylation change during storage was revealed.     

不同磷浓度对土壤理化性质及防风生长和药材品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同磷浓度处理对土壤特性及防风Saposhnikovia divaricata生长状况、色原酮含量的影响,为防风人工栽培的技术策略制定以及防风对低磷胁迫响应机制的研究提供理论依据。【方法】以2年生防风为材料,设置营养液磷（NH₄H₂PO₄）浓度分别为1.0、0.1和0 （无磷） mmol/L,分别在30、60、90 d时测定土壤理化性质及防风生长特性和4种色原酮总含量,分析不同磷浓度处理防风各指标与4种色原酮总含量的关系。【结果】无磷处理下,2年生防风根粗、根生物量在整个处理期间均低于1.0 mmol·L^-1磷处理,根长在90 d时显著高于1.0和0.1 mmol·L^-1磷处理;土壤pH在60 d后表现为1.0 mmol·L^-1磷处理显著高于0.1 mmol·L^-1和无磷处理;土壤有机质含量在整个试验期表现为1.0和0.1 mmol·L^-1磷处理显著低于无磷处理;90 d时,无磷处理的土壤碱解氮含量显...