Effects of Integrated Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Growth Parameters of Rice Varieties

We investigated the effects of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of indica rice variety Manawthukha and japonica rice variety Genkitsukushi. In a split-plot design, the two rice varieties were assigned as main plot factors, and the integrated treatments were the subplot factors, including no-N fertilizer(N_0), 50% chemical fertilizer(CF)(CF_(50)), 100% CF(CF100), 50% CF + 50% poultry manure(PM)(CF_(50)PM_(50)), 50% CF + 50% cow manure(CM)(CF_(50)CM_(50)), and 50% CF + 50% compost(CP)(CF_(50)CP_(50)). CF100 was equivalent to N at 85 kg/hm~2. Manure was applied based on the estimated mineralizable nitrogen(EMN) level, which is dependent on total N(%) of each manure type. Manawthukha rice plants were taller with higher tiller number and dry matter content. However, higher soil-plant analysis development(SPAD) values were measured in Genkitsukushi throughout the crop growth period, resulting in higher seed-setting rate(%) and greater yield. At the same N level, CF_(50)PM_(50) application in both rice varieties resulted in higher SPAD values, plant height and tiller number than CF_(100). CF_(50)PM_(50) containing total N more than 4% supplied synchronized N for the demands of the rice plants, resulting in maximum dry matter, yield and yield components. CF_(50)CM_(50) and CF_(50)CP_(50) treatments containing total N less than 4% resulted in lower yields which were similar to CF_(100). These results indicated that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers enhanced growth parameters and yields of Manawthukha and Genkitsukushi, while reducing the dose of chemical fertilizer.     

Effects of the Long-Term Application of Anaerobically-Digested Cattle Manure on Growth,Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Paddy Rice (Oryza sativa L.), and Soil Fertility in Warmer Region of Japan

Abstract

The suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m^?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m^?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility.     

An integrated fertilization system of canola (Brassica napus L.) production under different crop rotations

Cropping systems in farmland areas of Iran are characterized by continuous cultivation of crops with consumption of chemical fertilizers leading to serious soil erosion and fertility decline. Information regarding the simultaneous evaluation of crop rotation and fertilization on the canola is lacking. Hence, field experiments were conducted during 2007-2010 using split-split plot design. Three crop rotations: chickpea, sunflower, wheat, and canola (R1); green manure, chickpea, green manure, wheat, green manure and canola (R2); canola, wheat, and canola (R3) were used as main plots. Sub plots were consisted of six methods of fertilization including (N1): farmyard manure (FYM); (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): FYM + compost and (N5): FYM + compost + chemical fertilizers; and control (N6). Four levels of biofertilizers consisted of (B1): phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); (B2): Trichoderma harzianum; (B3): PSB + T. harzianum; and (B4): without biofertilizers were arranged in the sub-sub plots. Results showed that green manure application in canola rotation (R2) increased grain yield and nutrient uptake. Combined application of FYM, compost and chemical fertilizers (N5) elevated the nitrogen uptake rate and grain oil yield. Simultaneous use of PSB and T. harzianum (B3) resulted in the increase of nitrogen and sulfur contents of grain. R2 rotation with regard to its biological and environmental efficiencies accompanied with FYM + compost and B3 (PSB + T. harzianum) is suggested as a low input system to obtain a more sustainable and productive farming in canola.     

Fertilizer injury to potatoes as affected by fertilizer source,rate and placement

To investigate fertilizer injury to potatoes under field conditions, a three year study from 1979 to 1981 was undertaken in Central New York. The study was carried out on a well drained Howard gravelly silt loam; pH 6.6–6.8 with high organic matter (6.1–6.4%) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 13.4–14.9. When applied at a normal rate equivalent to 1,685 kg/ha of 10-15–15-1.2 the blended fertilizer containing urea N did not significantly reduce the tuber yield compared to ammoniated fertilizer and blended fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate (AN). However, when it was placed in contact with the seedpiece, the urea delayed emergence and early growth of the plant. Fertilizers containing urea-diammonium phosphate (DAP) and ureatriple superphosphate (TSP), applied at higher than normal rates and placed in contact with the seedpiece, significantly delayed emergence and reduced tuber yield.     

新植蔗间作不同绿肥压青还田的试验研究及经济效益分析

为探讨减施化肥条件下,间作绿肥压青还田对甘蔗生长的影响及化肥的替代作用。试验设计了6个处理,处理1（CK）：甘蔗常规施肥;处理2（H-LY）：化肥减施25%+12%营养元素当量绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥;处理3（H-LQ）：化肥减施25%+全量绿豆绿肥还田;处理4（H-Y）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量有机肥;处理5（H-HD）：化肥减施25%+25%营养元素当量黑豆绿肥还田;处理6（H-HQ）：化肥减施25%+全量黑豆绿肥还田。研究结果表明,间作绿豆绿肥和黑豆绿肥在生育前期甘蔗的分蘖和甘蔗总苗数都较常规处理降低,间作黑豆还降低了甘蔗的叶片宽度。甘蔗化肥减施25%条件下,间作绿豆绿肥全量还田、12%营养元素当量间作绿豆绿肥还田+13%营养元素当量有机肥替代的蔗茎产量和经济效益均达到常规对照水平。但间作黑豆压青还田导致甘蔗减产,降低经济效益。兼顾甘蔗产量、经济效益、资源消耗及蔗地的地力提升各方面,甘蔗间作绿豆绿肥全量还田可以替代25%的甘蔗化肥,是值得推广的一种模式。     

用灰色系统理论分析竹荪的产质量与猪粪渣用量关系

用灰色系统理论分析竹荪产质量与猪粪渣用量的关系,为今后添加猪粪渣用量栽培氨基酸含量和产量高的竹荪提供科学依据。结果表明,各处理的关联度及排序为：B2>B3>B0>B1。其中B2处理关联度最大,为0.798 6,B1处理关联度最小,为0.738 3,说明猪粪渣用量对竹荪各产质量有一定的影响。猪粪渣用量与各产质量的关联度顺序为：鲜味氨基酸总量>甜味氨基酸总量>支链氨基酸总量>儿童氨基酸总量>必需氨基酸总量>C16 ∶ 0>C16 ∶ 1>芳香氨基酸总量>C18 ∶ 0>其它>C18 ∶ 3>硫氨基酸总量>C1     

餐厨废弃物作堆肥在水稻生产中的应用及对土壤环境的影响

为探索餐厨废弃物作堆肥应用于水稻生产过程中的适宜性，设置3组餐厨堆肥用量梯度（15.00 t/hm²、30.00 t/hm²和45.00 t/hm²），并以当地常用的复合肥（0.38 t/hm²）及鸡粪堆肥（13.49 t/hm²）作为施肥对照进行田间小区试验，对不同处理水稻产量、稻米品质、土壤安全性以及经济效益等指标进行测定评价。结果表明，餐厨堆肥处理的水稻产量高于化肥处理，并有效改善了稻米品质;餐厨堆肥处理显著提升了土壤中有机质及速效钾含量，且土壤重金属含量远低于国家标准规定的上限值，属于安全范围;施用15 t/hm²餐厨堆肥处理能够为水稻生产带来正向的经济效益。结果可为餐厨废弃物堆肥化利用提供技术理论支撑。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus availability from liquid dairy manure to potatoes

The effective use of manure nutrients requires an accurate assessment of their availability to the specific crops being grown. A fertilizer equivalence approach was used to evaluate the availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from liquid dairy manure to potatoes in field experiments conducted in northeast Wisconsin in 2000, 2001, and 2002. Crop responses to moderate and high rates of liquid dairy manure (93,500 and 187,000 L ha^?1) were compared to results obtained from N or P fertilizer applied at five rates (0 to 269 kg ha^?1). Availability estimates were made using the fertilizer equivalence method based on tuber yield, harvested tuber N or P concentration and uptake, petiole nitrate or total P concentration, and soil nitrate or extractable P phosphate levels. Results showed an apparent availability of manurial N from 10% to 40%, with an overall average across all 3 years and all parameters of 28.6% for the lower rate and 24.6% for the high rate. These values are slightly less than average availability measured where corn has been used as the test crop. Although all parameters did not show responses to P fertilizer additions in these trials, where estimates were possible, P availability ranged from 20% to 90% with an overall average across all 3 years of 55.4% for the low and 50.5% for the high manure rates. Despite potato being more shallow-rooted and somewhat less efficient in N and P use compared to corn, it appears that only minor adjustments to manurial nutrient availability estimates are warranted when potatoes are grown.     

A framework for determining the efficient combination of organic materials and mineral fertilizer applied in maize cropping

Application of organic manures and composts in crop production has been strongly encouraged in many places but often without due consideration to their quality and price. Since organic amendments can vary greatly in composition and mineralization rate, a framework is needed to make rational choices on their use as replacements of inorganic fertilizer, especially when considering poor quality organic materials. A field experiment was carried out with maize grown annually for 5 years on a Rhodic Kandiustox in Thailand to test response to mineral fertilizer (at 0-0 to 125-55 kg N-P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), compost (0.59% N, 0.31% P and 0.55% K at 0-7500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and stubble removal. The DSSAT model was calibrated to predict yields using the first year's trial data and then used to predict treatment yields for the following 4 years. The Seasonal Analysis module of DSSAT using Dominance Analysis showed that mineral fertilizer (125-55 kg N-P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) with stubble return gave the highest net profit whereas the highest rate of compost without mineral fertilizer gave the biggest loss. The yield response was attributed primarily to N supply rather than P. Effects of compost, mineral fertilizer, stubble management, and their interactions on yield and profit were not related to bulk density or soil available water capacity even though soil organic matter (SOM) levels increased. With stubble return, the highest rate of mineral fertilizer increased SOM whereas with compost application or stubble removal it did not. The DSSAT simulation of yield indicated that the low quality compost would only be as profitable as mineral fertilizer if the N concentrations are 3-4 times higher than the present compost (1.8-2.4% N) or if the compost price is greatly reduced. The DSSAT yield simulation and Seasonal Analysis provided a framework whereby the suitability of compost as a N fertilizer replacement for maize could be determined based on its composition, rate of application and price. Further validation of this approach is needed where the organic amendments have significant effects on soil physical properties and where other nutrients besides N are a significant factor in the crop yield response.     

Yield response of long-term mixed grassland swards and nutrient cycling under different nutrient sources and management regimes

Abstract The response of a long‐term, mixed‐species hayfield in Maine, USA, to commercial fertilizers and liquid dairy manure was evaluated over a 6‐year period, including the effects on yield, nutrient concentration and cycling, forage species composition and soil nutrient levels. Nutrient treatments included an unamended control, N fertilizer, NPK fertilizer and liquid dairy manure (LDM). The application rates of plant‐available N, P, and K were constant across treatments. Application of nutrients in any form increased forage yield, generally by 2–4 t dry matter (DM) ha^?1 year^?1. Yield from NPK fertilizer was 0·05–0·25 higher than from LDM, due to differences in N availability. Yield responses to P and K were minimal and there appeared to be no difference between P and K in fertilizer and manure. The forage sward became increasingly dominated by grass species as the experiment progressed; application of P and K in fertilizer or LDM allowed Agropyron repens to increase at the expense of Poa pratensis. Forage nutrient removal accounted for all applied N and K, and nearly all applied P, throughout the study period, demonstrating the important role these forages can play in whole‐farm nutrient management.     

Agronomic and economic evaluation of Sesbania rostrata green manure establishment in irrigated rice

Research on crop establishment methods may improve green manure performance, reduce costs, and increase the adaptability of pre-rice green manure technology in lowland rice-based cropping systems. A two-season field experiment was conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Los Baños, Philippines in 1991–1992 to compare four establishment practices of Sesbania rostrata green manure (zero tillage, with tillage, relay cropping in rice for 2 or 4 weeks) with four mineral N fertilizer levels (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg urea N/ha) in an intensive irrigated lowland system with three rice crops per year. S. rostrata was grown twice a year during the 43-day dry-wet and wet-dry transition periods between the wet and dry season rice crops.

Grain yield potential and fertilizer responsiveness of rice was generally highest in the dry season. On the other hand, S. rostrata growth was more vigorous in the wet season (long-day period) than in the dry season, regardless of establishment method. Green manure N accumulation was lowest with zero tillage (30 and 90 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively) and highest when it was relay-cropped for two weeks (60 and 180 kg N/ha in dry and wet season, respectively). Land preparation for Sesbania ensured best green manure stand (> 100 plants/m² vs 20–40 plants/m² at no-till establishments) but increased costs of green manuring by US$16/ha compared with other establishment methods. A quadratic response function between mineral fertilizer equivalence and green manure N indicated that up to 75 kg N/ha, lowland rice uses green manure N more efficiently than urea. Depending on season and establishment method, S. rostrata substituted for 35 to 90 kg of split-applied urea N. Benefit-cost ratios indicated that pre-rice green manure use in the wet season under the current fertilizer and labor prices in the Philippines was a less attractive economic option than mineral N fertilizer. This was true for all establishment methods. In the dry season, S. rostrata established by relay cropping gave the highest rate of return. The 2-week relay cropping of green manure with irrigated rice gave highest green manure N accumulation and rice grain yield, and may be economically viable where fertilizer prices are higher or labor costs are lower than in the Philippines.     

不同施氮量对马铃薯的影响

本试验在固定Ｐ、Ｋ肥下，研究有无农家肥［Ｆ１（１５００ｋｇ／亩），Ｆ０（０ｋｇ／亩）］下不同施Ｎ量（０，２．５，５．０，７．５ｋｇ／亩）对马铃薯（品种疫不加）生长发育、矿物质营养吸收及产量品质的影响。结果表明：随施Ｎ量增加，叶面积、茎叶生长量、净同化率及块茎膨大速率也增加，Ｎ７．５处理明显优于Ｎ２．５及Ｎ０处理。施Ｎ增加了Ｎ的吸收，特别是Ｎ７．５处理，对Ｐ、Ｋ的影响不大，同时，也增加了Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的转运率。有农家肥时增强了上述作用。最高产量施Ｎ为７．５ｋｇ／亩。Ｎ７．５Ｆ０处理鲜产为１６０４．９８ｋｇ／亩，Ｎ７．５Ｆ１处理为１６１３ｋｇ／亩。Ｆ０时Ｎ肥的产量效应方程为Ｙ＝１２９０．１４＋７４．３Ｘ，Ｆ１时效应方程为Ｙ＝２６１９．８７０＋７６．２３４Ｘ－２．４０Ｘ２（Ｘ从０→７．５ｋｇ／亩）。且随施Ｎ增加，淀粉含量有下降趋势，而淀粉产量逐渐增加，Ｎ５．０Ｆ１处理的淀粉产量为１７８．５１ｋｇ／亩。     

Nitrogen Balance in Forage Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Tachisuzuka) Cultivation in Pots with Animal Manure Application

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance in forage rice cultivation using animal manure in 1/2,000a Wagner pots in a greenhouse. The cattle manure and poultry manure were applied at 3 levels of N (0, 14, 28 g available N m^–2) without additional chemical fertilizer application. The pots were designed to simulate the fluid percolation in the paddy field. The results indicated increasing levels of N input improved plant height, tiller number, SPAD value and biomass (straw, grain and root) production, however, N leaching from soil (Andosols) due to percolating water also increased. The planting of rice plants proved to reduce 30% of the N leaching loss. N use efficiency, the ratio of N uptake by plant per unit N application, decreased in higher N application. The N uptake by the above-ground parts occupied about 66% of the whole plants.     

无公害施肥对水稻病虫草害发生及产量的影响

以水稻品种F-2000为材料,进行了施用不同肥料防治水稻病虫草害、提高产量的技术的研究。在每公顷施氮195 kg、一次性全层施肥的同一条件下,设尿素、氮磷钾复合肥、BB硅肥、生物有机肥、生物有机肥+尿素、畜粪等6种肥料处理,以不施肥为对照。结果表明:与单施无机肥尿素和氮磷钾复合肥相比,BB硅肥、畜粪的处理对水稻主要病虫害稻纵卷叶螟有较好的控制作用,与不施肥无显著差异。与施用生物有机肥、生物有机肥+尿素和对照相比,施用畜粪和氮磷钾复合肥处理的杂草密度显著降低。与对照相比,所有施肥处理产量均有较大提高。      

Effect of rice straw management and organic fertilizer application on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice

The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of rice straw management and application of different types of organic fertilizer on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field at Muang Yai village, Khon Kaen province in 2005. A split-plot design was used, with the main plot under rice straw management (incorporating into the soil and burning), and sub-plots by type of organic fertilizer (green manure, cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer) and one plot under no-fertilizer application. It was found that rice straw incorporated into the soil had no significant effect on grain yield when compared with the effect of burning. Organic fertilizer of cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield over that of green manure and no-fertilizer application. This paper is listed as a series of articles of the special issue “Water and Food” 6(1), March 2008.     

Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on yield components and specific gravity of potatoes

Netted Gem potatoes were grown at four levels of N, three of P, and two of K fertilizer in metal lysimeters protected from rain by an automatic shelter. The first two increments of N fertilizer, 200 and 400lb/acre (224 and 448 kg/ha), successively increased yields by increasing the number of tubers produced. The first increment also increased the average tuber weight. With 800 lb N/acre (896 kg N/ha), tuber yield and grade of potatoes were reduced from those of the 400-lb/acre (448-kg/ha) treatment becuase the average weight per tuber was reduced. P fertilizer increased yield by increasing the average tuber weight. The increased yield due to N and P fertilizers was almost entirely in the form of Canada No. 1 potatoes. K fertilizer did not affect number or weight of tubers in this high-K soil.     

猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢关键酶、产量及品质的影响

在吉林省松原市宁江区大洼镇开展两年的田间试验,明确猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢的调控效应,确定猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥比例。采用裂区试验设计,主区设置2个猪粪秸秆堆肥施用量,副区设置堆肥替代化肥比例3个水平,探讨猪粪秸秆堆肥替代化肥对春玉米碳代谢、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,随着堆肥替代化肥比例增加,玉米碳代谢水平逐渐增强,玉米的产量及品质逐步提升,堆肥20 000 kg/hm²替代20%化肥(C2F2)处理表现最佳,相较不能堆肥、常规施肥(F0)处理条件下春玉米PEP羧化酶活性、RUBP羧化酶活性分别提高了29.69%、19.03%。产量提高了18.6%,淀粉、粗蛋白、脂肪含量分别提高了6.73%、12.90%、14.24%。综上所述,施用猪粪秸秆堆肥20 000 kg/hm²替代20%化肥可以显著提高春玉米碳代谢关键酶活性、产量及品质。     

等氮量投入下有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

以1989年建立的国家黑土肥力与肥料效益监测基地的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究等氮条件下有机无机肥长期配施对玉米产量及氮肥利用率的影响。研究结果表明,长期氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)及氮磷钾肥与有机肥配施(牛粪+NPK、秸秆+NPK)有利于玉米产量的提高,与不施肥(CK)相比,分别提高192.0%、218.3%和192.6%。NPK、牛粪+NPK及秸秆+NPK处理氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单施氮肥处理。经18年长期定位试验,与试验初期相比均能提高土壤有机质含量、全氮含量及碱解氮含量,以牛粪+NPK处理效果最好,分别增加46.6%、28.6%和36.8%。施用牛粪及秸秆后土壤pH值年纪间变化不大,长期施用化肥土壤pH值降低。     

连续3年施用菌渣有机肥对茶树生长及光合作用的影响

采用田间试验,以茗科1号为研究对象,研究了食用菌菌渣与化肥不同配施比例对茶树生长和光合作用的影响。试验设计4个处理,分别为单施氮肥（M0）、50%氮肥＋50%菌渣有机肥（M1）、全量菌渣有机肥（M2）和2倍菌渣有机肥（M3）。结果表明：单施氮肥茶树株高、树幅、芽头密度、百芽重、产量及光合性能最好,50%氮肥＋50%菌渣有机肥（M1）略有下降,其中蒸腾速率显著下降（p〈0.05）,其他指标差异不显著（p〉0.05）,单施菌渣有机肥处理（M2、M3）茶树生长指标和光合性能显著降低（p〈0.05）。以上结果说明,单施菌渣有机肥则不适宜茶树生长,茶园施用菌渣有机肥比例应该低于50%,适当增加氮肥比例以满足茶树的生长。     

黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响

为给旱地小麦合理施肥提供依据,在20年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥处理对小麦产量及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,化肥能显著提高小麦产量,单施磷肥产量增加85．8kg／ha,增幅6．8％;单施氮肥增产352．8kg／ha,增幅28．0％;氮磷配施增产2262．2kg／ha,增幅179．7％。有机肥处理增产显著,单施有机肥增产1954．2kg／ha;在施有机肥的基础上,施氮肥增产9．8％,施磷肥增产17．1％,施氮磷肥增产15．5％。长期化肥单施肥料利用率较低,单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为16．0％,单施磷肥的磷肥利用为7．0％。氮磷配合施用,小麦吸氮、磷、钾量显著增加,氮、磷肥利用率分别增加21．2和6．9个百分点。氮、磷和有机肥处理的小麦吸氮量比氮磷处理增加18.2kg/ha,吸磷量增加4.1kg/ha,吸钾量增加8.3kg/ha。