癣螨净888注射液对犬螨虫真菌性皮肤病疗效观察

目的为了有效防治犬蠕形螨和真菌混合感染性皮肤病,研制了癣螨净888注射液。方法通过稳定性、安全性和597条病犬临床药效试验,并与传统药物伊维菌素等进行疗效比较。结果4℃避光条件下三年内药效不变,犬按0.1￣0.2ml/kg皮下注射,未见不良反应。临床药效试验表明,888注射液对病犬的治愈率为67.18%,其杀螨抑菌总有效力为93.5%,明显高于伊维菌素组和中药组。结论癣螨净888注射液为防治犬螨虫真菌性皮肤病提供了有效药剂。     

犬常见皮肤病诊断及防治研究

近十年来，通过2675条皮肤病犬临床诊断和病原体检查，皮现皮肤中仍以螨病和真菌性皮肤病感染率高，危害大。研究结果表明，皮肤病中疥螨病占25．46％，耳痒螨病占15．96％，蠕形螨病占27．85％，真菌性皮肤病占16．86％，维生素、微量元素缺乏性皮炎占5．19％，自咬症占2．54％，病毒性皮炎占1．3％，过敏、湿疹和脓皮症占4．79％。其中螨和真菌混合感染性皮肤病感染率最高，发病率高达43．07％。研究还发现，蠕形螨病还可通过胎盘感染。研制的癣螨净886擦剂、887浴液和888注射液对犬的多种皮肤病治愈率在95．00％以上，886擦剂对人犬共患的皮肤病也有很好疗效，癣螨净888注射液对螨虫和真菌混合感染的皮肤病有特殊疗效，其作用优于伊维菌素制剂。     

犬常见皮肤病诊断及防治研究

通过2675条皮肤病犬临床诊断和病原体检查，发现皮肤病中仍以螨病和真菌性皮肤感染率高，危害大。研究结果表明，皮肤病中疥螨病占25．46％，耳痒螨病占15．96％，蠕形螨病占27．85％，真菌性皮肤病占16．86％，维生素、微量元素缺乏性皮炎占5．19％，自咬症占2．54％，病毒性皮炎占1．31％，过敏、湿疹和脓皮症占4．79％，其中螨和真菌混合感染性皮肤感染率最高，发病率高达43．07％。研究还发现，蠕形螨病还可通过胎盘感染。研制的癣螨净886擦剂、887浴液和888注射液对犬的多种皮肤病治愈率在95．00％以上，886擦剂对人犬共患的皮肤病也有很好的疗效，癣螨净888注射液对螨虫和真菌混合感染的皮肤病有特殊疗效，其作用优于伊维菌素制剂。     

犬类螨虫病的鉴别与诊治

对几种常见的犬类螨虫病的鉴别及诊断方法进行介绍。并提出了采用1%伊维菌素、癣螨净886、宠物香波治疗疥螨病、耳痒螨病以及蠕形螨病等传染性皮肤病的方法,以期为临床有效治疗犬类螨虫病提供参考。     

"抗真菌1号"注射液治疗犬真菌性皮肤病

为了有效防治犬真菌性皮肤病,用抗真菌1号注射液对临床138条病犬进行治疗试验,通过3次～5次,15 d～40 d治疗观察,总有效率94.11%,治愈率为82.35%,为有效防治犬真菌性皮肤病提供了理想药剂.     

沈阳某犬场犬皮肤病的药物疗效调查

犬的皮肤病是临床发病率较高、病理过程长、类症鉴别难度大的疾病。本文通过查阅沈阳某犬场10年间的病历记录,确定了该场犬常见皮肤病的种类有：蜱感染皮肤病、蠕形螨皮肤病、真菌性皮肤病、湿疹、脓皮症和甲状腺功能减退性皮肤病等。对每种皮肤病使用的药物疗效进行调查、统计,表明：治疗真菌病时,盐酸特比萘芬安全有效;治疗犬蠕形螨和蜱感染时,使用癣螨净886擦剂,同时按1mL／5Okg注射伊维菌素;治疗犬湿疹时,中西医结合治疗和据急性湿疹的不同发病时期治疗;治疗甲状腺功能减退性皮肤病时,不要忽视原发病治疗;治疗犬脓皮症时,香波擦洗是最适宜的局部治疗方法。     

米尔贝肟对犬蠕形螨的临床疗效试验

为了研究米尔贝肟对犬蠕形螨的临床疗效,通过对照、平行试验,将15只临床自然感染犬蠕形螨病犬分为5组,每组3只。A组:伊维菌素组(药物对照组):每天单次口服0.5 mg/kg;B至D组为米尔贝肟组(试验组):每天分别单次口服0.5、1.5和2.5 mg/kg(临床推荐剂量的1、3、5倍);E组:犬蠕形螨病组(未用药对照组)。其中,伊维菌素组由0.1 mg/kg开始逐日加到指定剂量并延续。试验持续4个月。结果:米尔贝肟和伊维菌素对犬蠕形螨都有效,临床症状均有缓解。但A组在治疗第3个月出现治愈犬,试验结束时治愈率达67%,B、C和D组在治疗第2个月便有犬治愈,试验结束时B组治愈率为67%,C、D组治愈率100%。在给药期间,犬各项生理指标未见明显变化。本研究为探寻治疗犬蠕形螨提供了更为安全有效的治疗途径,缓解了目前国内治疗犬蠕形螨病药物局限且毒副作用较大的尴尬局面。     

多拉菌素浇泼剂对犬螨病的疗效观察

研究分析多拉菌素浇泼剂治疗犬螨病的临床效果。方法：选择西北农林科技大学2014年12月至2015年12月接收的患犬螨病的病犬60例作为研究对象,将病犬分为四组,甲组、乙组、丙组和对照组,均为15例,甲组、乙组、丙组病犬分别使用0.8 mg/kg、0.5 mg/kg、0.3 mg/kg的多拉菌素浇泼剂进行治疗,对照组病犬应用多拉菌素注射液进行治疗,对四组治疗效果进行比较分析。结果：甲组治疗1周、2周的有效率与乙组、丙差异并不大,无统计学意义（P>0.05）;甲组、乙组治疗1周、2周的有效率明显高于丙组,有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：适量的多拉菌素浇泼剂可有效治疗犬螨病,给药方便,值得推广应用。     

中西医结合治疗宠物犬顽固性皮肤病

通过对235例皮肤病宠物犬检查，发现由螨虫及真菌等混合感染的顽固性皮肤病占62．13％。采用对惠犬的伊维菌素皮下注射，癣螨净系列药辩证施治和体内、体表及环境立体式用药等中西医结合的综合性防治方法，使犬的疥螨病、耳瘁螨病等皮肤病治愈率达96％，以螨虫和真菌为主混合感染的犬顽固性皮肤病治愈率达89％。     

中药犬螨灵对犬蠕形螨的疗效试验

为筛选具有显著治疗犬蠕形螨的中药制剂,试验将中药小茴香、蛇床子、羊蹄根采用水煮醇沉及蒸馏等提取方法制备成中药制剂犬螨灵,并观察其对犬蠕形螨的疗效。将犬螨灵设为高、中、低3个浓度,其生药含量分别为2.0、1.0和0.5 g/mL,采用点滴法进行体外抑杀蠕形螨试验,在此基础上对12只接种蠕形螨的试验犬进行治疗试验,为验证治疗效果,对临床上已确诊的45只患有蠕形螨的病犬分3组进行临床治疗试验。结果显示,中药犬螨灵3种剂量均有较强的体外抑杀螨虫作用,高剂量组作用后4 h即可完全抑杀蠕形螨,1%伊维菌素对照组则为作用后8 h;高剂量组在治疗3周后,患处有大量新毛生长,红疹结节和皮屑消失,患处皮肤已痊愈,1%伊维菌素治疗组患犬皮肤好转,仅有少量新毛生长,不能达到痊愈标准;高、中剂量组皮肤刮取物螨虫数量平均比例及停药1个月后复发率均为0,1%伊维菌素治疗组皮肤刮取物螨虫数量平均比例及停药1月后的复发率分别为10.63%和9.17%。高剂量中药犬螨灵与1%伊维菌素两种药物联合治疗组,对临床上患病犬进行3周治疗,其虫卵平均转阴率、治愈率与平均治愈天数分别为100.00%、93.33%和19.56 d,其效果均优于中药犬螨灵与1%伊维菌素单独治疗组。结果表明,高剂量自制中药制剂犬螨灵对犬蠕形螨体外抑杀作用、接种蠕形螨试验犬与临床自然感染病例均有显著的治疗效果,优于1%伊维菌素对照组,犬螨灵作为中药杀螨虫制剂具有较好的市场开发前景。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.