Assessment of Potato Dry Matter Concentration Using Short-Wave Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The utility of short-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy (over the wavelength region 750–950 nm), used in a partial transmittance optical geometry, was assessed as a means of estimating the dry matter concentration of potato tubers. The sampling optics did not involve contact with the sample, and could be used on a moving stream of product. A prediction accuracy of R ² (correlation coefficient of determination) of 0.85 with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.52% for intact, whole tubers and R ² = 0.95 and RMSEP = 0.50% for sliced tubers was achieved. We conclude that short-wavelength near-infrared technology using a partial transmittance optical sampling geometry can be a useful tool for rapid assessment of tuber dry matter concentration prior to processing.     

叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量的关系

以‘抗疫白’(Kennebec)为供试材料,设计6个氮肥梯度,通过田间小区试验,研究不同施氮量对马铃薯块茎干物质含量的影响,并测定植株叶柄的硝态氮含量,建立叶柄硝态氮含量与炸条型马铃薯块茎干物质含量函数模型。结果表明,马铃薯块茎干物质含量随着施氮量的增加表现为单峰曲线变化。对施氮量和马铃薯块茎干物质含量进行拟合二次函数方程,预测出‘抗疫白’在施氮量为122 kg/hm2时干物质含量达到了最大值20.6%。不同时期的叶柄硝态氮含量与块茎干物质含量相关性均达到了显著水平,并获得相对应的函数方程,计算得出获得最佳的干物质含量出苗第10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80和90 d叶柄硝态氮含量理论最佳值依次为2.45%,2.20%,2.06%,1.74%,1.51%,1.34%,1.08%,0.87%和0.66%,及叶柄硝态氮含量的最佳值与出苗后天数的拟合方程y=-0.02 x+2.3123,R2=0.9949。可以利用该拟合方程,指导田间氮肥施用,达到控制块茎干物质含量的目的。     

Protein Content of Single Kernels of Wheat by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Protein content is well known to affect the functional properties of processed wheat products. Traditionally performed on aliquots (0·25–2·2 g) from samples ranging in size from 30–40 g (for combustion and Kjeldahl analyses) to several hundred grams (for whole-grain near-infrared analysis), these methods inherently do not provide information on single-kernel protein variability. Inspection procedures by the United States Department of Agriculture for grading and classification of wheat are undergoing change to provide the processor or end user with information on the variability of several single-kernel properties including hardness, moisture, weight, and wheat class. The present study has focused on demonstrating the feasibility of measuring crude protein content of single wheat kernels by near-infrared reflectance. More than 300 commercial wheat samples from the 1992 U.S. harvest, representing five (hard red winter, hard red spring, soft red winter, hard white, and soft white) of the six (durum excluded) market classes were chosen, from which 10 kernels were randomly selected and handled on a single-kernel basis. Handling consisted of reflectance scanning (1100–2498 nm), drying (for moisture compensation), and combustion (for reference protein-content determination). Partial least squares and multiple linear regression models, when applied to samples excluded from calibration, demonstrated standard errors of performance ranging from 0·462 to 0·720% protein depending on the modeling technique, number of classes used to develop the model, and the wheat class tested. The pooling of wheat classes to produce a general model did not diminish model accuracy. Best results were achieved with an 1100–1400-nm region. Model performance worsened as the wavelength region widened or as the minimum wavelength shifted from 1100 nm to higher values.     

不同氮磷钾配比对马铃薯农艺性状、产量和干物质含量的影响

选用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’原种1代种薯为试验材料,研究了不同氮磷钾配比对马铃薯农艺性状、产量和干物质含量的影响。结果表明:增加茎粗和分枝数可以提高块茎的产量;合理的氮磷钾配比可以显著提高茎粗和增加分枝数,进而增加马铃薯的产量;氮磷钾配比对块茎干物质含量的影响不大;每667 m2施氮(N)14.4 kg、施磷(P2O5)9.6 kg、施钾(K2O)17.6 kg,可以获得较高的马铃薯产量。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱法的大豆粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的快速检测

为满足大豆品质育种快速筛选的需求,本文详细探讨了利用近红外漫反射光谱法对大豆粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量实现快速测定的可行性。采用凯氏定氮法和索氏抽提法测定了120份大豆粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,分别采集大豆整粒和粉末两种状态的近红外光谱,然后运用化学计量学方法PLS建立近红外光谱与化学值之间的关系模型。其中粉末大豆样品建立的粗蛋白校正模型的决定系数R^2为0.978 7,校正标准误差RMSECV为0.003 8,该模型对24份待测样品进行测定的预测标准误差RMSEP为0.002 84;粗脂肪校正模型的R^2为0.934 1,RMSECV为0.003 69,RMSEP为0.003 53。整粒大豆建立的粗蛋白校正模型的R^2为0.872 4,RMSECV为0.009 07,RMSEP为0.007 49;粗脂肪校正模型的R^2为0.876 5,RMSECV为0.005 08,RMSEP为0.004 66。对比发现,建模样品的状态对近红外模型的预测性能有重要影响,样品在粉末状态下建立的粗蛋白和粗脂肪近红外模型的预测效果更好。另一方面,由于整粒样品建立的近红外模型的R^2均在0.87以上,因此当样品量较少没有足够样品可用于粉碎时,该模型可以满足对整粒大豆品质进行粗测的需求。该结果对大豆育种早代筛选工作具有重要意义。     

马铃薯不同品种产量及淀粉含量的差异比较

试验以6个马铃薯品种,延97-8、晋薯11号、克新12号、坝薯8号、陇薯3号和尤金为供试材料,种薯分别来源于吉林延吉、河北坝上、辽宁本溪和青海西宁4个地点,比较不同品种间产量和淀粉含量的差异以及不同来源种薯的引种效应。试验结果表明,延97-8和克新12号的单株产量最多,淀粉含量最高,但单株商品薯产量最少,结薯较琐碎;晋薯11号、陇薯3号、坝薯8号和尤金的单株产量较少,淀粉含量均较低,但商品薯较多。从地区间的引种效应来看,不同来源种薯在产量上无显著差异,从青海地区引入的马铃薯种薯在产量上要高于其它来源的种薯,来源于河北坝上和辽宁本溪的种薯在淀粉含量上显著高于其它来源地种薯。     

不同氮磷钾配比对马铃薯原原种的产量、干物质含量和经济系数的影响

为了探讨马铃薯脱毒苗氮磷钾肥的科学配施问题,利用早熟品种‘荷兰15号’脱毒试管苗为试验材料,在温室扦插种植生产原原种。采用单因素随机设计,设计了16个氮磷钾配比组合方式,探讨了氮磷钾配比对马铃薯原原种产量性状(商品薯产量和总产量)、块茎干物质含量和经济系数的影响。通过比较不同氮磷钾配比组合对主要性状的影响,筛选出产量和干物质含量均高且经济系数较高的氮磷钾配比组合1个,即N为16 kg/667 m2、P2O5为11 kg/667 m2、K2O为14 kg/667 m2。     

Effect of Harvest Date on PI2, Total Protein, TGA Content and Tuber Performance in Potato

Proteinase inhibitor 2 (PI2), isolated from potatoes is associated with the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), a satiety factor in humans. PI2 is the active ingredient of Slendesta® Potato Extract. The effect of harvest date on the levels of proteinase inhibitor 2 (PI2), total protein content and total glycoalkaloids (TGA) was studied in two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clonal lines. In addition, tuber specific gravity, tuber yield, and tuber size distribution were measured in response to harvest date. The two potato clonal lines designated as KI-PSt0018 and KI-PSt0034 were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Tubers were harvested at four different dates during the growing season; 4 weeks and 2 weeks to vine-kill; at vine-kill; and 2 weeks post vine-kill. Sample tubers from these four harvest dates and from 2 months of storage, post vine-kill stage were analyzed for PI2, total protein and TGA. Harvesting at different dates had a significant influence on most of the traits studied in both clonal lines. The two clonal lines responded differently to different harvest dates for all traits except PI2 and specific gravity. PI2 levels increased with maturity with the highest levels observed at full maturity in both clonal lines. The protein levels did not show any specific trend in either clonal line. TGA levels increased gradually in small increments with maturity in KI-PSt0018 but did not have a clear pattern in KI-PSt0034. Tuber yield and size increased with maturity of the crop in both clonal lines. Higher tuber yields were seen during final vine-kill and 2 weeks post vine-kill compared to the earlier stages of harvest in both clonal lines. Tuber specific gravity declined when tubers were left in the ground for 14 to 21 days after vine-kill in both clonal lines. This study indicated harvest of potato prior to vine-kill is not beneficial for the extraction of PI2 for use as functional food or dietary supplement ingredient.     

马铃薯块茎还原糖含量与钾代谢关系的研究

通过田间试验和室内分析测定,对马铃薯块茎低还原糖形成的生理基础与钾代谢的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,马铃薯块茎中还原糖含量随生育进程逐渐减少;叶片、茎秆和块茎中含K量随生育进程呈降低的变化趋势;克新1号茎秆含钾量与其块茎还原糖含量、夏坡蒂块茎中含钾量与还原糖含量相关性均达到了极显著水平。因此,可以把克新1号茎秆中的含钾量和夏坡蒂块茎中的含钾量作为油炸食品加工原料品质预测和新品种选育的重要生理指标。     

Impact of Stolbur Phytoplasmas on Potato Tuber Texture and Sugar Content of Selected Potato Cultivars

Potato stolbur is a phytoplasmal disease that seriously affects yield and tuber quality in South Eastern Europe, Russia and the Mediterranean areas. In 2007 and 2008, field experiments were carried out to determine stolbur resistance of processing potato cultivars at Sannicolau Mare (Romania) by determining consistency and concentration of reducing sugars (fructose and glucose), sucrose and phytoplasmas in potato tubers. In both years, non-symptomatic potato tubers showed sucrose levels in the range of 3,000 mg kg⁻¹ fresh weight (FW). In contrast, sucrose concentrations were up to 11,820 mg kg⁻¹ FW in 2007 and 19,560 mg kg⁻¹ FW in 2008 in tubers showing severe symptoms. These high values severely affect suitability of tubers for processing as sucrose serves as substrate for the formation of reducing sugars that are the limiting factor in fried potato production for Maillard-related discolouration. The cultivars examined differed considerably in susceptibility to stolbur disease. Whereas cvs. ‘Courage’ and ‘Lady Rosetta’ showed high numbers of diseased tubers and high sucrose concentrations, ‘Lady Claire’ had a lower incidence of symptomatic tubers and lower sucrose concentrations. However, fully resistant cultivars were not observed. Across all cultivars examined, phytoplasmal concentration was significantly higher in symptomatic tubers than in non-symptomatic ones.     

马铃薯炸片品质与干物质含量早期选择的研究

研究了实生苗个体炸片色泽和干物质含量选择的可能性。通过对温网室实生苗个体和田间无性一代的干物质含量和还原糖含量的测定 ,发现在实生苗世代测定及筛选炸片品质和干物质含量 ,是可行而有效的方法 ,但不是最佳测选时期 ,无性一代才是最佳时期     

马铃薯不同贮藏阶段干物质变化规律研究初报

马铃薯贮藏期间(温度在1～4℃范围内)干物质含量变化呈"V"形趋势,马铃薯贮藏期间干物质含量变化与当地的气温变化一致,随着气温升高而升高,随着气温降低而降低,在1月份气温最低时马铃薯干物质含量也最低。     

胡椒干物质产量和主要养分含量研究

经测定2一8龄胡椒植株总生长量和干物质产量随着树龄的增大而增加。5一8龄胡椒植株营养组织每株干物质产量为7.91kg。生殖组织即果穗每株干物质产量 为.41kg。果粒占果穗干重的93.3%,果梗占6.7%、植株营养组织中不同器官干物质含量的大小顺序为:枝条>叶片> 蔓 > 骨干根 > 细根。营养组织中的养分 含量氮最高,钾次之,再次为钙、镁、磷。各主要元素氮、磷、钾、钙、镁之间的比值为15.6 : l : 12.8 : 10.6 : 2.1。果实中氮含量最高,钾次之.再次为钙、镁、磷。它们之间的比值为13.3 : 1 : 9.7 : 3.1 : 1.2。以每年每公顷产黑胡椒7500kg计,则每年每公顷消耗的氮172.65kg,磷13.35吨.钾122.7kg, 钙40.8吨,镁 15. 15 吨     

施肥对旱作马铃薯干物质及养分吸收的影响

在宁夏干旱半干旱地区,以不同氮磷钾组合施肥方式为主要试验因子进行田间试验,对全生育期马铃薯单株及各器官干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分含量进行测定,探究氮磷钾肥不同配施方式下干物质与养分吸收累积规律。结果表明,整个生育期内马铃薯单株干物质累积呈"慢-快-慢-快-慢"的增长模式;各器官干物质累积量由高到低依次为块茎叶地上茎地下茎根;各处理单株干物质累积量由高到低依次为N_2P_2K(214-6-7 kg/667m~2)有机肥(2 t/667m~2)N_2P_2K(014-6-0 kg/667m~2)N_2P_0K(214-0-7 kg/667m~2)N_0P_2K(20-6-7 kg/667m~2)N_0P_0K_0(0-0-0 kg/667m~2);不同处理马铃薯干物质总累积量均呈"S"形曲线,符合Logistic生长方程。各处理生产1 000 kg马铃薯块茎所需氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)养分量分别在3.89~6.67,1.40~1.55和6.89~10.83 kg,生产1 000 kg马铃薯块茎所需三要素(N:P_2O_5:K_2O)比例平均为1:0.30:1.61。     

氮磷肥及密度对超高淀粉马铃薯品种干物质含量的影响

以陇薯8号为试验材料,研究氮磷肥及密度对超高淀粉马铃薯品种干物质含量的影响。利用二次通用旋转设计原理建立了氮肥(X1)、磷肥(X2)和栽培密度(X3)与陇薯8号干物质含量(Y)的回归方程:Y=32.09642-0.88509 X12-1.21213 X22-1.40128 X32。分析结果表明,三因子对干物质含量(Y)影响的大小顺序为磷肥>栽培密度>氮肥;单因素效应表明都是在0水平时干物质含量达到最大值;三个因子中任意两个因子的互作效应都是在-1.682～0水平时,干物质含量随着二因子水平的增加而提高,二者有明显的促进作用,0水平之后,干物质含量则随着二因子水平的增加而下降;三因子作用下干物质含量大于29.7%的栽培方案为:纯N 113.20～186.86 kg/hm2,P2O5 109.30～160.68 kg/hm2,栽培密度为48 219～56 781株/hm2。     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料 ,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明 :高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大 ,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致 ,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量 ,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量 ,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确     

近红外光谱法快速测定苎麻果胶含量的研究与探讨

本文旨在探讨应用近红外光谱法快速测定苎麻中果胶含量的可行性.对62个苎麻样品进行近红外光谱扫描及果胶含量的测定,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立近红外光谱信息与果胶含量的校正模型,该模型的相关系数为0.904.利用该模型对16个验证集样品进行果胶含量的预测,预测标准差为0.21.结果表明,该方法用于快速测定苎麻果胶含量是可行的.     

高淀粉马铃薯品种块茎大小与淀粉含量之间的关系

在同一地点以不同高淀粉马铃薯品种为试验材料,对各品种的总块茎产量、不同级别块茎产量、淀粉含量和淀粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明:高淀粉马铃薯品种单位面积上淀粉产量取决于总块茎产量和淀粉含量。不同大小块茎的淀粉含量受品种影响较大,有些品种各级别块茎的淀粉含量相对一致,有些品种的差异则较大。分别测定不同级别块茎淀粉含量,用加权平均方法得到某品种的淀粉含量,比随机取样得到的淀粉含量更准确。     

配施氨基酸水溶肥对旱作区马铃薯干物质积累及产量的影响

定西市是全国马铃薯种植大市,属典型旱作农业区,由于多年来忽视微肥的配合施用,导致马铃薯种植中施肥不平衡,产量低且不稳现象愈加严重。为探讨氨基酸水溶肥在旱作马铃薯种植中的使用效果,通过田间试验,研究了氨基酸水溶肥和氮磷钾肥配合施用对马铃薯干物质积累的影响及增产效应。结果表明,配施处理全株鲜重最大值较单施氨基酸水溶肥处理最大值增加35.00%～60.23%,较单施复合肥处理最大值增加11.70%～42.87%。以配合施用处理A5+H(水溶肥拌种+水溶肥喷施2次+混合肥1 471 kg/hm~2)的地上、地下及全株干物质积累量为最高,地上茎叶、地下块茎和全株干物质最大值分别达99.50,252.00和321.78 g/株。配合施用处理较单施水溶肥和单施复合肥处理增产幅度分别在25.80%～79.45%和10.72%～57.98%,最高产量亦表现在A5+H处理中,产量达到52 960 kg/hm~2,分别较单施水溶肥处理和单施复合肥处理增产23 453和19 437 kg/hm~2,且与单施处理均呈现极显著差异。综合来看,氨基酸水溶肥和氮磷钾肥配施,能够有效提高马铃薯地上茎叶和块茎的鲜重、干物质积累量,提高块茎产量。