新型阻燃中密度纤维板热压工艺研究

在纤维中添加非卤膨胀型阻燃剂,采用正交试验法压制阻燃中密度纤维板,并测定其物理、力学性能及阻燃性能;通过分析,得出了板厚12mm、密度0.85g/cm~3、脲醛树脂施加量10%的新型阻燃中密度纤维板的最佳热压工艺参数为:热压温度165℃、热压时间10min、板坯含水率13%、阻燃剂添加量7%。     

4A分子筛改性阻燃胶合板的研制

用4A分子筛改性脲醛树脂、BL阻燃剂处理杨木单板,通过正交试验设计,制备阻燃胶合板并检测其胶合强度及阻燃性能。结果表明,分子筛可提高阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,分子筛加入胶黏剂中对阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能影响不大。分子筛改性阻燃胶合板制造的优化工艺为阻燃剂浓度10%、分子筛量4%、涂胶量380g/m2、热压温度120℃。     

阻燃杨木碎单板条层积材研究

主要利用碎单板压制阻燃杨木单板条层积材,研究了P-N阻燃剂与酚醛树脂胶相容性及合适的热压工艺。实验结果表明:当P-N阻燃剂pH值调至10~11,阻燃剂用量为15%时,阻燃剂与胶粘剂相容性较好,随着阻燃剂用量增大,试件氧指数不断增大,内结合强度逐渐降低。较优的热压工艺为热压温度190℃,热压时间90 s/mm。     

镁铝水滑石复配三聚氰胺磷酸盐制备阻燃中密度纤维板的工艺

采用无机镁铝水滑石和三聚氰胺磷酸盐以1:1质量比复配的阻燃剂,以及异氰酸酯MDI胶制备中纤板(MDF),探讨施胶量、热压温度和热压时间对MDF力学性能的影响。结果表明:各因子对MOE、MOR和IB影响顺序为:MDI施胶量热压温度热压时间;确定较优工艺参数为:热压温度160℃,热压时间6 min,MDI施胶量10%。在此条件下,阻燃MDF的MOE、MOR与IB均达到GB/T11718-2009潮湿状态下使用的家具型产品的要求,氧指数为30.3%。     

应用BL-环保阻燃剂开发B1级阻燃环保胶合板

简要介绍了胶合板阻燃的重要性以及国际上阻燃剂发展趋势.分析了使用BL-环保阻燃剂压制环保阻燃胶合板过程中,热压温度、热压时间和单板浸渍时间对胶合板阻燃环保性能的影响,并检测了甲醛释放量和浸渍剥离性能.研究表明:使用BL-环保阻燃剂生产环保阻燃胶合板是切实可行的,并提出了最佳工艺条件.     

芦苇碎料——木纤维复合板的工艺研究

通过试验确定了芦苇碎料—木纤维复合板的主要工艺参数。其结果表明:14 mm复合板的较优工艺参数为:木纤维比例30%,木纤维施UF胶、施胶量12%,芦苇碎料施MDI胶、施胶量5%,热压时间7 min,热压温度170℃。按照以上工艺条件压制的复合板性能可以达到刨花板国家标准的要求。     

汽车车厢底板用竹木复合板的研制

采用马尾松作芯板、竹片作表板、酚醛树脂作胶粘剂，制造汽车车厢底板用竹木复合板。在确定的涂胶量、热压温度、热压时间条件下，研究了不同的热压压力与竹木复合板性能的关系，得出了适宜的热压工艺条件。研究结果表明，竹木复合板的物理力学性能达到林业行业标准ＬＹ１０５５—９１规定的指标值，为充分、合理、经济、有效地利用竹木资源提供了依据     

铝箔覆面刨花板

研究了铝箔覆面刨花板的主要工艺参数（如涂胶量、热压温度和热压时间）与复合板性能之间的关系,试验结果表明,采用环氧树脂胶,涂胶量在490-630g/m^2,热压温度为80℃、热压压力为0.2MPa、热压时间为5min所制成的复合板的力学性能良好。     

碳纤维电热功能复合纤维板的制备工艺

以碳纤维纸为电热材料,通过三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶与纤维板基材叠层热压制备电热功能复合板,采用全因子试验方法探究热压压力及施胶量的影响。结果表明:热压压力对复合板电阻下降率(Drop rate of resistance,DRR)的影响不显著;施胶量的影响则极显著,胶黏剂的增加明显干扰电热层碳纤维搭接界面,两者呈高度线性下降关系,DRR变化范围在24%~40%。综合考虑内结合强度等性能,确定较优工艺参数为:压力0.8 MPa,双面施胶量130 g/m~2。     

重组竹材胶合板制造技术的研究

在以酚醛树脂为胶粘剂的条件下 ,对胶液固体含量、热压压力、热压温度、热压时间四个主要参数及去青工艺对重组竹材胶合板性能的影响进行了试验研究。研究结果表明 :以酚醛树脂为胶粘剂生产的重组竹材胶合板具有较好的物理力学性能 ,适宜作建筑模板、车厢底板等用途 ;以酚醛树脂为胶粘剂生产重组竹材胶合板时 ,胶液固体含量以 2 0 %为宜 ,热压工艺参数以热压压力 3.1 4MPa、热压温度 1 50℃、热压时间 0 .9min· mm-1 为宜 ,去青工艺以采用竹材去青机去青和喷砂机去青为宜。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.