一次注射[~3H]Leu检测家禽内源氨基酸损失量的方法

通过绝食法 (FAS)、强饲无氮饲粮法 (NFD)、NFD + 3 2 0 %酶解酪蛋白 (EHC)、以豆粕为唯一氮源的饲粮粗蛋白 (CP)水平为 5 %和 2 0 % ,以及棉粕为氮源的CP2 0 %半合成饲粮 ,证明给家禽皮下一次引入 30 μCi[3 H]Leu kg体重 (BW)后 ,48h内排泄物内源Leu放射性比活度(SRe)与相应血浆Leu放射性比活度 (SRP)之比为一恒值 ,根据此定律并依据NFD时内源氨基酸组成模式可测定采食实际饲粮时的内源氨基酸损失量 (EAAL)。     

一次注射3H-Leu测定肉仔鸡内源氨基酸排泄量的方法学研究

给强饲无氮饲粮（ＮＦＤ），ＮＦＤ＋３．２０％酶解酪蛋白（ＥＨＣ），以豆粕为唯一氮源粗蛋白（ＣＰ）为５％及２０％半合成饲粮的肉仔鸡，静脉注射３０μＣｉ／ｋｇ体重＾３Ｈ－Ｌｅｕ注射后５ｍｉｎ，４ｈ，２４ｈ，３６ｈ及４８ｈ测定血浆游离Ｌｅｕ比放射性强度（ＳＲｐ）及４８ｈ内排泄物比放射性强度（ＳＲ）。结果表明，不同饲粮排泄物内源Ｌｅｕ比放射性强度（ＳＲｅ）与ＳＲｐ定积分值与之比恒等，证明我们提出的一次注射     

用~3H-TdR研究混合重金属对鲫鱼DNA合成的影响

应用3 H 胸腺嘧啶核苷 ( 3 H TdR)示踪法研究混合重金属对鲫鱼 (Carassiusaura tus)遗传毒性的影响。结果表明 ,最佳取样时间为注射3 H TdR后 6h。鱼体各组织对混合重金属的毒性反应呈现双向效应 ,即低浓度时 ,表现出损伤、修复作用 ;高浓度时 ,DNA合成受到抑制。鱼卵、鱼鳃对重金属最敏感 ,损伤浓度为 0 0 773mg L ;而大脑对混合重金属耐受性最强。DNA损伤修复作用和DNA合成作用都存在剂量效应 ,随着暴露时间的延长 ,毒性作用增大。鱼体各组织对重金属的毒性反应可由DNA损伤修复变成合成抑制。经过 72h暴露后 ,3 H TdR在肝脏、鱼鳃、鱼卵中掺入量约低于对照的 5 0 %。     

不同处理对水稻病程相关蛋白和过氧化物酶的影响

以稻白叶枯菌 (Xanthomonasoryzaepv.oryzae.XOO)弱毒株 75 1和Ni(NO3) 2 作为诱导因子处理水稻幼苗。表明不同处理均在第 2d表现出最大诱导效果 ,Ni(NO3) 2处理后的相对诱导效果达 50 8% ;可溶性蛋白质IEF和SDS PAGE显示 ,诱导蛋白一般在诱导后 2 4h及 48h出现。Ni(NO3) 2 处理后 48h ,SDS PAGE发现上位叶有新增谱带 (MW分别为 54 95和 3 2 3 6kD) ;IEF显示上位叶出现pI5 1谱带 ,诱导叶出现pI5 2 6谱带 ;POD同工酶诱导叶新增加 4条酶带 (Rf分别为 0 62、0 63、0 64及0 73 ) ,上位叶新增加两条酶带 (Rf为 0 63和 0 64)。不同诱导因子处理后 ,可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,诱导后 2 4～ 48h增幅最大 ;还显示不同诱导因子对同一植物诱导PRP的效力不同     

金钗石斛对磷素的吸收和运转

应用32 P研究了金钗石斛对磷素的吸收和运转。结果表明 ,金钗石斛植株各部位均可吸收磷素 ,成长叶的总放射性活度最高。植株吸收的总32 P放射性活度随根系吸收时间的延长而增加 ,至 96h达最高 ;随移栽后日龄的增加 ,植株各部位干物重逐渐增加 ,新生茎和新生叶增加最快 ,32 P亦逐渐向新生茎和新生叶运转。 2 5℃和 40℃温度处理 ,植株吸磷量分别为 1 0℃处理的 2 3和 2 5倍。中度光 ( 2× 1 0 4 Lx)和高光强( 5× 1 0 4 Lx)下植株吸磷量分别较弱光 ( 5× 1 0 3Lx)下增加 74%和 2 3 %。     

pH值对胃蛋白酶原激活率影响的研究

采用 2 4头平均体重 5.2 5kg的 2 8± 1日龄断奶杜×长大杂交仔猪 ,分成 4个处理组 ,在玉米豆粕型基础饲粮 (对照组 )中分别添加 1 % Na HCO3、 0 .6% HCl、 2 .4 % HCl,饲养仔猪 3周后于晨饲后 1 h屠宰 ,测定胃内容物 p H和胃内容物中胃蛋白酶原激活率。结果表明 ,添加 1 % Na HCO3使胃内容物 p H值上升 ,而添加 0 .6% HCl、 2 .4 % HCl则使胃内容物 p H值下降 ,胃内容物 p H值越低 ,胃蛋白酶原激活越快。在体外试验中 ,随 p H值下降 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率呈三次曲线上升。上述结果表明 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率与 p H值有关 ,p H值越低 ,胃蛋白酶原激活率越高     

模拟池塘中锶-89的迁移和积累动力学

采用放射性同位素示踪技术研究了核污染关键核素之一——~(89)Sr在水生生态系中的动力学行为。当示踪剂~(89)Sr一次性引入水系后,即向系统内的动植物及底泥迁移,从而使系统各组分中~(89)Sr-Sr的量均随时间变化。结果表明:1.在试验期间,池水中~(89)Sr-Sr的含量随时间减少,6d后由原来的1.76 ppm降至1.01ppm,11d后已不到原来的一半,第35d时只及原始量的30％。2.池水中的~(89)Sr-Sr向系统各组分中的迁移速率和数量因组分的性质而异。比如底泥,1d后由原始的0增加到7.07 ppm,11d后趋向平衡,以后几乎不再增加;~(89)Sr-Sr在鱼和螺蛳体内的含量在试验期间均随时间增加,35d时分别由原始的0增加到18.73ppm和48.28ppm;在处理当天,金鱼藻中~(89)Sr-Sr虽增加较快,由原始的0增至6.68 ppm,但4h后却几乎不再增加。3.水生动植物对放射性锶都有一定的浓集作用,最大的浓集系数分别为:螺蛳94.7,鱼36.7,金鱼藻只有12.6。可见,贝壳类动物对水系中的放射性锶有较强的去污能力。     

应用~(15)N研究小麦花生两熟制氮肥分配方式对小麦、花生产量及N肥利用率的影响

在小麦花生两熟制条件下 ,全年氮肥两作 3次施用 (小麦基肥、追肥和花生基肥 )氮素利用率为 3 2 52 % ,一作两次施用 (小麦基肥和追肥 )氮素利用率为 3 7 0 1 % ,但前者土壤残留多 ,损失少 ,氮肥回收率为 69 2 4% ,较后者高 1 2 0 3个百分点。且前者有利于小麦、花生产量的形成 ,是小麦花生两熟制适宜的施肥方式。小麦当茬氮肥利用率为 1 6 80 %～ 3 5 63 %。夏直播花生当茬及前茬小麦基肥和追肥 (拔节期 )的氮肥利用率分别为 2 3 70 %、6 57%～ 7 70 %和 1 0 0 3 %～ 1 2 73 % ;施肥时间和施肥量对氮肥利用率影响较大     

新型螯合剂FZ-82-4的氚标记合成

利用放电爆射法氚标记 1 ,2 二羟基苯 3,5 二磺酸钠 ,再与乙二胺和甲醛加催化剂反应 ,合成定位标记的3H FZ 82 4,其比活性为 1 0 2 μCi mg,放化纯度大于 95 % ,放化收率为 6 5 %。     

抗氯霉素多克隆抗体的制备

用重氮化和CDI两种方法合成了CAP全抗原 ,紫外分析和商业试剂盒ELISA鉴定表明合成成功 ;动物免疫 4次后采血检测 ,多克隆抗体 50 %抑制率探测限可达1 0ng/ml,效价可达 1 0万以上稀释倍数 ,特异性较好。     

Comparison of liquid chromatographic and bioassay procedures for determining depletion of intramuscularly injected tylosin

Crossbred pigs weighing 80-110 kg were injected intramuscularly in the ham with 8.8 mg/kg tylosin. Animals were slaughtered in groups of 3 at intervals of 4 h, and 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after injection, and samples of blood, injected muscle, uninjected muscle, liver, and kidney were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) and by bioassay using Sarcina lutea as the test organism. The LC method was far more sensitive with a detection limit of less than 0.1 ppm, while the detection limit by bioassay was about 0.5 ppm in tissue. Results by bioassay and LC sometimes differed considerably for tissue samples. Residues in all tissues were below the tolerance limit of 0.2 ppm at 24 h, except in the injected muscle in one animal. Residues were not detected in any tissue of any animal at 48 h after treatment.     

Effects of Lysine on Growth of Tilapia Fed Diets Rich in Corn Gluten Meal

Tilapia is a warmwater fish with mild flavor. Nearly 8.6 million kg are produced domestically, and ≈22.7 million kg are imported. Corn gluten meal (60% protein fraction) is a product obtained from wet-milling of corn. Diets (36% protein) containing 36–44% corn gluten meal with different levels of lysine and fish meal were formulated and fed to tilapia in aquaria for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of tilapia fed diets containing the highest level of lysine (7.4% protein) with 4% fish meal was equal to that of fish fed a commercial control diet. Diets with lower lysine resulted in lower WG. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of tilapia fed experimental diets containing adequate levels of essential amino acids and fish meal were the same as for fish fed the commercial control diet (also containing fish meal). Fish fed diets containing lower lysine levels had less favorable FCR and PER. This study shows that corn gluten meal is utilized at high levels in tilapia diets, particularly if essential amino acids are provided in adequate amounts.     

硼砂对绵羊氮代谢及营养物质消化的影响

本文研究了硼砂对绵羊营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选择绵羊4只,采用4×4拉丁方设计,预饲期10d,试验期7d。在处理组的日粮中分别添加1g硼砂/kg、2g硼砂/kg和25mg乙酰氧肟酸/kg,结果表明,添加硼砂对日粮干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质消化率及对氮和尿素代谢均未产生影响。1g/kg日粮的硼砂添加量促进了瘤胃微生物氮合成。试验结果提示绵羊对脲酶抑制剂硼砂也存在适应性。     

Determination and depletion of residues of carbadox, tylosin, and virginiamycin in kidney, liver, and muscle of pigs in feeding experiments

The results of residue determinations of the growth promotors carbadox, tylosin, and virginiamycin in kidney, liver, and muscle from pigs in feeding experiments are described as well as the analytical methods used. Residues of the carbadox metabolite quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid were found in liver from pigs fed 20 mg/kg in the diet with a withdrawal time of 30 days. No residues were detected in muscle with zero withdrawal time. The limit of determination was 0.01 mg/kg for both tissues. No residues of virginiamycin and tylosin were found in pigs fed 50 and 40 mg/kg, respectively, in the diet, even with zero withdrawal time. Residues of tylosin of 0.06 mg/kg and below were detected in liver and kidney from pigs fed 200 or 400 mg/kg and slaughtered within 3 h after the last feeding.     

Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout

Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of glyphosate tolerant canola (GTC) as a feed ingredient in diets fed to rainbow trout. In the first study, two forms of GTC were compared to a parental line, Westar. In the second study, one line of GTC was reevaluated to Westar. In each study, processed canola meals were incorporated at 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the dry diet and a diet containing no canola was fed for comparison. All diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish in each study. In the first study, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) were not significantly different in fish fed either Westar or GT200 at any level of substitution. Fish fed GT73 exhibited a gradual reduction in weight gain, FE, and PER as the level of GTC increased. However, the only significant reduction was in weight gain of fish fed 20% GT73 as compared to fish fed 5% GT73. Because of an error in preparing samples prior to the experiment, samples GT200 and GT73 were essentially equivalent in composition. The differences were explained by differences in processing temperatures that occurred after the sample mixing error occurred. In the second study, mean weight gain, PR, and survival were not significantly different among forms of canola. FE and PER values were significantly lower in fish fed 15% Westar as compared to fish fed 10% Westar; other FE and PER values were not significantly different. On the basis of these results, GTC processed into a toasted meal and incorporated into diets for rainbow trout is equivalent to a parental line of canola.     

Consumption of oxidized oil increases oxidative stress in broilers and affects the quality of breast meat

A total of 120 4-week-old broiler chickens were allotted to 12 pens and fed one of three diets including control, oxidized diet (5% oxidized oil), or antioxidant-added diet (500 IU vitamin E) for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of feeding trial, and breast muscles were sampled immediately after slaughter. Breast meats were also collected 24 h after slaughter and used for meat quality measurements. Oxidative stress in blood, lipid and protein oxidation, and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2(+)-ATPase (SERCA) activity of breast muscle were determined. The oxidized diet increased oxidative stress in blood and increased carbonyl content in breast meat compared with the other two dietary treatments (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation of breast muscles with the antioxidant-supplemented diet was lower than that with the oxidized and control diet groups (P < 0.05). Meat from birds fed the oxidized diet showed higher drip loss after 1 and 3 days of storage and greater 0-1 h post-mortem pH decline (P < 0.05). Significant differences in specific SERCA activity in breast muscles from birds fed control and oxidized diets (P < 0.05) were detected. This suggested that dietary oxidized oil induced oxidative stress in live birds and increased lipid and protein oxidation in breast muscle. Decrease in SERCA activity in breast muscles due to oxidative stress in live animals accelerated post-mortem glycolysis, which sped the pH drop after slaughter and increased drip loss, indicating that oxidation of diet can cause PSE-like (pale, soft, and exudative) conditions in broiler breast muscles.     

Detoxification of Rapeseed Meal by Extrusion with an Added Basic Salt

A commercial, high-glucosinolate, rapeseed meal with no added salt or mixed with 2, 5, or 10% NH₄HCO₃ was extruded under different processing conditions using the Wenger TX-52 twin-screw extruder. Male Wistar rats were fed 13 diets containing 15% rapeseed meals (including nonextruded) or a casein-based control diet. After six weeks, blood samples were taken, and serum was analyzed for thyroid hormones. Extrusion processing under all salt and steam conditions tested reduced glucosinolate levels in the meal, but no significant correlation was found between intensity of the treatment conditions and glucosinolate reduction. Higher weight gains, feed efficiencies, and thyroid hormone profiles were observed with use of the extruded meals; but no treatment completely detoxified the meal. Histopathological evaluation showed that thyroid and other tissue abnormalities occurred in all animals except those fed the casein diet. Antinutrients, including glucosinolates and probably volatile nitriles, in the meal were reduced by extrusion processing under the basic conditions of this experiment.     

Nutritional quality of sesame seed protein fraction extracted with isopropanol

The nutritional effect of diet containing decorticated sesame seed extracted with isopropanol (DSS-Iso) was evaluated on growth performance, food efficiency ratio, plasma and tissue lipid profile, plasma protein content, and erythrocyte membrane lipid profile of rats on a comparative basis with diets containing casein (control), soybean meal, and decorticated sesame seed extracted with hexane (DSS-Hex). Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed body weight gain and food efficiency ratio similar to those of the control groups fed diets prepared with casein, soybean meal, and DSS-Hex. However, dietary proteins exerted a separate effect on plasma lipid concentrations of the rats. Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed significant decreases in plasma total cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and VLDL+LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) concentrations in comparison to the rats fed diet containing casein. No significant differences in plasma lipid concentrations were observed for the rats fed diets prepared with soybean meal, DSS-Hex, and DSS-Iso. Rats fed the different dietary proteins did not show much variation in plasma proteins, liver lipids, and erythrocyte membrane lipid concentrations, which suggests that DSS-Iso could be a suitable edible protein like casein or soybean meal.     

Hypocholesterolemic effects of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet

In a previous study, a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (FEHP) was prepared and its antioxidant activity was determined by a series of models in vitro. In this study, the hypocholesterolemic effects of FEHP in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet were tested. Forty Wistar rats fed a standard laboratory diet or a cholesterol-rich diet for 16 weeks were used. The serum lipid levels, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum and liver, were examined. Cholesterol-rich diet induced hypercholesterolemia was manifested in the elevation of serum lipid levels such as total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Administration of middle-dose (75 mg/kg of BW/day) and high-dose (150 mg/kg of BW/day) FEHP significantly lowered the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, while increasing the serum level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Also, the content of MDA in serum and liver decreased significantly after oral administration of FEHP compared with those of rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. In addition, FEHP increased the activity of SOD in serum and liver, but the activity of CAT was significantly elevated only in liver. These results suggested that the hypocholesterolemic effects of FEHP might be due to its abilities to lower serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels as well as to slow the lipid peroxidation process and to enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity.