落叶松家系选择的研究

在山西省关帝山沙棘园对日本落叶松、华北落叶松和长白落叶松2年生杂种苗的16个家系进行引种试验,每年树木停止生长后调查其树高、地径、新梢生长量、冠幅等并进行方差分析,认为:不同家系间树高和地径差异极为显著;利用性状表现水平分析法对其性状表现进行评估.初选出适宜于山西省中山山地发展的5个落叶松家系,分别为日永8,日永8×华北,日永85×长13,日抚29×华北和日永7×华马7.     

杂种落叶松优良家系选择和嫩枝扦插生根遗传稳定性的研究

落叶松种内及种间不同杂交组合表现了不同的杂种优势,无性繁殖可以保持遗传特性。通过连续3年的优良杂种落叶松家系生长和扦插试验,结果表明,最好杂交组合为长14×日混、长4c×日混,与母本相比扦插生根率和根系发育都有所提高,说明长白落叶松与日本落叶松杂交后,不仅提高了根生长量,也显著的提高了生根性状。日本落叶松永8×长白与母本相比,不论根生长量还是生根性状都有所提高。但与长白落叶松×日混杂交组合相比,除了3年根生长量排在前列,生根率排在长14×日混和长4c×日混后外,生根量、最长根长较长白落叶松×日混低。杂种落叶松扦插繁殖能够充分发挥优良基因的遗传潜能,除了偏根率遗传力较小外,其它性状都有较高的遗传力,可以保持母本优良遗传性状的稳定。     

落叶松杂种引种试验及生长规律研究

通过对引进落叶松杂种苗进行栽培试验,调查树高、胸径及年生长量等,分析树高和胸径早期生长表现,结果表明:胸径连年生长量从栽植第8年开始增长显著,树高连年生长量在栽植第9年开始增长显著;初选出宜于山西省中高山地区栽培的落叶松家系3个,分别为日永8、日永85×长13和日永7×华马7。     

华北落叶松无性系选择研究

通过在华北落叶松无性系造林试验中对苗高和地径进行的调查分析,结果表明:华北落叶松无性系间在苗高、地径生长上均存在极显著差异,苗高遗传力为0.71,地径遗传力0.88;通过苗高单性状选择,初步选出15个优良无性系。     

杂种落叶松优良家系选择研究

以8年生杂种落叶松21个处理为对象,对生长性状进行变异分析的结果显示:树高、胸径家系内存在较丰富的变异。其中,树高变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴9×日76-2、日5×长77-3,胸径变异较大的前4个家系为日3×石51、兴5×兴9、兴7×日77-2、兴9×日76-2。对比5年与8年生杂种落叶松生长性状变化的结果显示:兴6×和6、日11×兴2、日12×兴9这3个家系表现出较快的生长速度,年平均树高、胸径生长量较大。对杂种落叶松3次测量数据进行相关分析的结果显示:8年生树高、胸径与5年、6年生长性状均为正相关,且均达到显著水平。对8年生杂种落叶松树高、胸径数据进行方差分析的结果显示:生长性状杂种间差异达到显著水平。最终选择兴6×和6、兴7×日77-2、日11×兴2这3个家系为杂种落叶松优良家系,其平均树高与胸径遗传力分别为0.652、0.619,遗传增益分别为45.08%、39.97%。     

落叶松杂交子代生长表现及遗传增益研究

通过对12 a生落叶松杂交子代测定林10个家系的树高、胸径及立木材积进行分析,结果表明:3个性状基本呈正态分布,且家系间及家系内均存在较丰富变异,生长最好家系与最差家系的比值由大至小顺序为材积、胸径和树高.3个性状的遗传力均较高,属强度遗传,其遗传增益随树木年龄增加而下降.筛选出的5个家系(日3×兴2、兴7×日77-2、日5×长77-3、日5×长78-3、日3×兴9)表现优良,其中,日3×兴2的树高生长遗传力尤为突出,其遗传增益较3个对照(当地生产用种、小北湖种源、长白落叶松种子园混合)分别提高33.6%、26.2%、和20.9%.     

日本落叶松全同胞子代生长性状的分析

利用20年生落叶松全同胞子代树高、胸径的观测数据,以小区平均数为据,采用Griffing配合力分析方法4的程序对生长性状的配合力分析,结果表明:树高、胸径的一般配合力均占优势,分别为79.82%、53.42%,说明日本落叶松生长性状的遗传主要受基因的加性效应所控制。采用配合力效应筛选的优良亲本为:宽10,草41,草13,永10,用其组建1.5世代种子园的改良效果为:树高、胸径、材积分别提高2.95%、9.70%、14.08%,筛选的优良杂交组合为:草13×草6、草82×永11、草82×503、永10×永8、草82×草13、草13×永11,用其建立人工控制授粉的杂交种子园的改良效果为:树高、胸径、材积分别提高8.28%、13.21%、27.60%。     

日本落叶松种子园测交试验初报

该文系苗期试验结果,还不能充分证明日本落叶松在特定条件下的遗传力,以及各无性系间的配合力。但作为在种子园中用测交法鉴定子代的遗传力和配合力,是一个初步的尝试。对我省无性系种子园子代鉴定的测交设计、统计分析等有一定启示,可以作为借鉴。     

日本落叶松高龄一轮采穗圃无性系生根变异

以河北省茅荆坝林场一轮日本落叶松无性系采穗母株为试材,研究了幼年实生母株与其一轮分生株11-12a后生根率的变化和一轮无性系采穗圃无性系间生根性状的遗传变异。结果表明,一轮无性系分生株与其幼年实生母株相比总体生根率大幅度下降。但无性系间生根率下降幅度有明显不同,约37．5％的无性系与原株相比生根率没有下降或下降幅度小（0—12．5％）。一轮无性系采穗圃无性系间生根率、生根量等性状均有明显差异,且生根率、生根量等性状的重复力高。因此,对一轮落叶松无性系采穗圃进行生根性状再选择有助于筛选出受老龄化影响小、生根性状优异的无性系,以推动日本落叶松无性系育林事业的发展。     

毛白杨主要生长性状相关遗传参数的初步研究

本文对毛白杨主要生长性状间相关遗传参数进行了初步研究。从全国毛白杨苗期测定的优树无性系中随机抽取了十几个无性系,测定其树高等8个主要生长性状,依据方差分析中的理论成分估算了其遗传力、相关遗传力等参数。同时应用通径理论对相关遗传力进行了剖析,并讨论了相关遗传力在杨树无性系育种上应用的可能性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.