Occurrence and distribution of Raspberry bushy dwarf virus in commercial Rubus plantations in England and Wales

Serological surveys for Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) made between 1995 and 1997 and covering ≈ 10% of the commercial farms growing Rubus (red raspberry and hybrid berries) in England and Wales showed that this virus was present on approximately one-quarter of all farms and in approximately one-sixth of all plots tested. RBDV was found in all of the four main raspberry cultivars being grown at that time (Autumn Bliss, Glen Moy, Glen Prosen and Leo), in Loganberry and in Tayberry. Fifteen RBDV genotypes (including two that appeared to be mixed) were identified using RT-PCR/RFLPs, but the majority of genotypes were found only rarely. Of the RBDV isolates tested, two genotypes each comprised 12·5% and another 46·4%. None of the three most common genotypes was associated solely with single Rubus cultivars and vice versa . It is suggested that two separate outbreaks of RBDV are occurring in England and Wales. One outbreak comprises the most frequent genotype combined with one of the moderately frequent genotypes; this outbreak is largely confined to the main growing areas and is either spreading between farms or coming from multiple local sources. Circumstantial evidence suggests that these isolates (and hence this first outbreak) are of the RB pathotype. The second outbreak consists of the other moderately frequent genotype and those genotypes which are less common. These genotypes appear to be more scattered across England and Wales and seem more likely to be coming from local sources and not to be spreading naturally between commercial farms.     

First report of raspberry yellows disease caused by raspberry bushy dwarf virus in Japan

Severe yellowing of leaves was observed on red raspberry in Akita Prefecture. When inoculated with sap from symptomatic raspberry leaves, Chenopodium quinoa plants developed chlorotic ringspot and mottling that are typical of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) infection. In western blot analysis, an antibody to the coat protein (CP) of RBDV reacted against ca. 30-kDa protein specific to the diseased trees. In RT-PCR testing for RBDV, single DNA fragments were amplified from total RNA samples of the diseased trees. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments covering the entire CP region revealed 87–97?% identities with those of RBDV isolates.     

New host for raspberry bushy dwarf virus: arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus)

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was detected in three new host plants inRubus species,i.e., arctic bramble (R. arcticus ssp.arcticus), Alaskan arctic bramble (R. arcticus ssp.stellatus) and their hybrid (R. arcticus L. nothosubsp.stellarcticus G. Larsson). The virus was identified as RBDV by the symptoms elicited in the test plantsChenopodium quinoa andC. amaranticolor, by sedimentation profile in sucrose density gradient, by RNA banding pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis, by protein analysis of the purified viruses in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and by Western blotting. There was a high incidence of RBDV-infected plants in the experimental plots. The presence of the virus in arctic bramble did not always induce foliar symptoms. However, yellowing of the leaves around central and lateral veins was quite frequently observed, especially in spring and autumn.     

Milk vetch dwarf virus infection in the Solanaceae and Caricaceae families in Southeast Asia

Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) is an important member of the genus Nanovirus and is transmitted by the aphid Aphis craccivora. MDV has multiple single-stranded DNA genome components, each approximately 1 kb, and two or three alpha-satellite molecules. It mainly infects plants of the legume family Fabaceae. Recently, papaya (Carica papaya) collected in Yesan, South Korea, displaying symptoms of leaf yellowing and dwarfism, was identified as a new host for MDV. To examine the geographical distribution of MDV, papaya samples with symptoms were harvested in South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan in August 2018, along with tomato and pepper samples grown in adjacent fields in Vietnam. The results revealed the presence of MDV not only in papaya but also in pepper and tomato. This MDV infection in members of the Solanaceae family was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization performed using a PCR product of segment S as a probe. Based on sequence analysis of three MDV components (M, S, and C3), we verified the presence of three different isolates of MDV in these three countries and homology between sequences of isolates from papaya and from members of the Solanaceae from Vietnam. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate MDV infection in Vietnam and Taiwan for the first time and confirm that MDV can infect economically important pepper and tomato.     

靶向G-四链体的抗番茄丛矮病毒卟啉类衍生物的筛选

植物病毒病给蔬菜生产带来很大影响,目前蔬菜病毒防控主要采用非药剂措施,广谱抗病毒剂效果有限,需要基于新的药物靶点开发新的病毒抑制剂。G-四链体(G4s)是一种特殊的核酸高级结构,其在病毒基因组中的形成或解链可调节基因的复制、转录和翻译等过程,进而影响病毒增殖。一些可调节G-四链体结构稳定性的小分子呈现出抗病毒活性,使得G-四链体有望成为新的抗病毒药物的靶标。番茄丛矮病毒(tomato bushy stunt virus, TBSV)是一种分布广泛的植物病毒,有关其基因组的复制、转录和翻译等分子机制已研究得较为成熟,是一种研究病毒与寄主互作的模式病毒。揭示TBSV中G-四链体的结构及功能,有望为植物病毒基因中G-四链体的研究奠定基础。本研究通过生物信息学分析,在TBSV基因中鉴定出两条保守的、潜在的G-四链体可形成序列(putative G-quadruplex sequences, PQS)——TBSV-PQS2和TBSV-PQS4;通过紫外、荧光光谱和圆二色光谱(CD光谱)方法筛选出与TBSV-PQS2和TBSV-PQS4互作的G4配体;通过烟草体内侵染性克隆试验发现,G-四链体配体...     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒和水稻黑条矮缩病毒的单抗制备及其检测应用

 用与牛血清白蛋白偶联的南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus,SRBSDV）衣壳蛋白的C端12个氨基酸多肽为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,经细胞融合、筛选、克隆,获得2株能稳定传代并分泌抗SRBSDV和水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Rice black-streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV）单克隆抗体（MAb）的杂交瘤细胞株3F1、5G1。3F1、5G1单克隆抗体腹水间接ELISA效价达10^-6,抗体类型及亚类均为IgG1, kappa链。 Western blot分析表明,2株单克隆抗体均与SRBSDV和RBSDV的外壳蛋白亚基有特异反应。利用单克隆抗体3F1建立的dot-ELISA检测方法能准确、特异、灵敏地检测田间稻飞虱及水稻样品中的SRBSDV和RBSDV。SRBSDV和RBSDV单克隆抗体的制备及检测方法的建立为水稻黑条矮缩病的诊断、预测预报及科学防控提供了技术支撑。     

应用RT-PCR检测温州蜜柑萎缩病毒

温州蜜柑萎缩病是以日本为主的少数亚洲国家柑橘上的重要病毒病害,多数柑橘品种隐症带毒,不易发现,对其早期准确快速检测尤为重要.以毒源植株的叶、枝皮为材料,对提取的总RNA和总核酸进行反转录和PCR扩增,通过SDV特异引物的设计与筛选,反应体系与反应程序的建立与优化,扩增得到一个251 bp的特异片段,测序结果与日本Iwanami报道的SDV序列同源性为99.6%.RT-PCR检测体系的灵敏度为100ng,同时应用该检测体系可以全年检测到毒源植株嫩叶、嫩皮、老叶、老皮中的SDV.     

Isolation and characterization of a potyvirus associated with bushy dwarf symptom in chickpea, Cicer arietinum, in India

A potyvirus that induced stunting and a characteristic bushy appearance at the apical region, due to proliferation of terminal branches with narrowed, reduced and deformed leaflets, was isolated from chickpea in India. The virus was sap-transmissible to 14 species of Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae; Chenopodium amaranticolor was a good local lesion host. Virus particles, trapped by immunosorbent electron microscopy and stained with uranyl acetate, were 710 ×10 nm long. Purified virus preparations contained a single polypeptide species of 32,500 Da and one nucleic acid species of 3.1 · 10⁶ Da. The virus was serologically related to soybean mosaic, azuki bean mosaic and peanut mottle viruses but not to clover yellow vein, pea seed-borne mosaic and bean yellow mosaic viruses.
On the basis of these properties, the virus was identified as a previously undescribed potyvirus in chickpea, for which the name chickpea bushy dwarf virus is proposed.     

Reservoirs of plant virus disease: Occurrence of wheat dwarf virus and barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses in Sweden

Non-crop plants such as grasses and volunteer plants are an inseparable part of the flora of crop fields and can influence virus incidence in crop plants. The presence of grasses as virus reservoirs can lead to a higher probability of virus incidence in crop plants. However, the role of reservoirs as an inoculum source in agricultural fields has not been well studied for many viral diseases of crops. Grasses have been found to constitute potential reservoirs for cereal-infecting viruses in different parts of the world. This study revealed that cereal-infecting viruses such as wheat dwarf virus (WDV), barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs), and cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) can be found among ryegrass growing in or around winter wheat fields. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a WDV isolate from ryegrass was a typical WDV-E isolate that infects wheat. Similarly, a ryegrass isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) grouped in a clade together with other BYDV-PAV isolates. Inoculation experiments under greenhouse conditions confirmed that annual ryegrass of various genotypes can be infected with WDV to a very low titre. Moreover, leafhoppers were able to acquire WDV from infected ryegrass plants, despite the low titre, and transmit the virus to wheat, resulting in symptoms. Information from the grass reservoir may contribute to improving strategies for controlling plant virus outbreaks in the field. Knowledge of the likely levels of virus in potential reservoir plants can be used to inform decisions on insect vector control strategies and may help to prevent virus disease outbreaks in the future.     

从烟草丛顶病病原复合物中分离烟草扭脉病毒的方法

烟草丛顶病是由烟草丛顶病毒（TBTV）、烟草丛顶病毒类似卫星RNA（Sat-TBTV）、烟草扭脉病毒（TVDV）和烟草扭脉病毒相关RNA（TVDVaRNA）复合侵染引起的一类特殊病害,目前尚不清楚这些病原物各自在病害症状形成和病害传播中的作用。本文根据蚜虫传播烟草丛顶病复合病原物传毒特性的差异,探索了3种分离TVDV的生物学方法。方法A为将获得了烟草丛顶病复合病原物的蚜虫饥饿24h后,以单虫单苗的方式接到健康烟株上传毒,24h后灭虫。方法B为将无毒蚜虫饥饿2~4h后转接到感病烟株上饲毒48h,再以单虫单苗的方式接到健康烟株上传毒,24h后灭虫。方法C为将无毒蚜虫于感病烟株上饲毒48h后,以单虫单苗的方式接到健康烟株上传毒24h,此后每隔24h将蚜虫移到另一健康烟株上传毒,直到蚜虫死亡。其中方法A和B均可将TVDV从烟草丛顶病病原复合体中分开,方法A操作简单、分离周期短且TVDV的分离效率高。单独TVDV侵染的烟株无明显的丛顶症状,叶片靠近主脉的地方会出现皱缩,生长后期叶片变得细长且顶端会发生扭曲。本试验可为研究TVDV与其他病原物、寄主植物和传播介体的相互作用提供很好的试验材料,也可为蚜虫传播的复合侵染病毒的生物学分离提供参考。     

水稻瘤矮病的发生与防治

水稻瘤矮病是水稻病毒病之一。近年来 ,广东兴宁市宁中、坜陂、龙田等镇先后不同程度发生水稻瘤矮病 ,给当地粮食生产造成较大损失。如 2 0 0 1年晚稻 ,龙田镇曲塘村近 2 0hm2 水稻因受病毒早期侵染 ,水稻瘤矮病发生严重 ,造成稻谷损失 9 5万kg ,平均减产 339 5kg/ 6 6 7m2 。该市宁中、坜坡等镇也有类似危害情况。针对水稻瘤矮病的严重发生危害 ,市农业局病虫测报站通过病虫测报 ,建立病虫跟踪档案和采取治虫防病等措施 ,收到了良好的防治效果。1　症状受害病株普遍矮缩 ,分蘖减少 ,茎细小 ,一般比健株矮 1/ 3～ 1/ 2。发病轻的田块 ,禾苗…     

烟草丛顶病毒ORF1蛋白的多克隆抗体制备及应用

PCR扩增烟草丛顶病毒(Tobacco bushy top virus,TBTV)的ORF1序列并克隆到原核表达载体pEHISTEV中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta菌株经IPTG诱导表达TBTV ORF1蛋白。利用切胶纯化的ORF1蛋白免疫新西兰大耳白兔制备并获得抗血清,间接ELISA检测效价为1:24 3000。经抗原亲和纯化从抗血清中得到特异性和灵敏度俱佳的ORF1多克隆抗体。Western blot分析显示,TBTV ORF1多克隆抗体既可以检测田间发病的烟草丛顶病样品中ORF1蛋白,也可检测在体内和体外翻译体系中的TBTV ORF1蛋白的表达。另外发现ORF2蛋白以ORF1延长蛋白的形式存在,根据ORF1和ORF2的重叠情况及潜在的七核苷酸滑动序列和下游的稳定二级结构,推测此ORF1延长蛋白是移码翻译产物。