Antibodies to Asp-Asp-Glu-Asp can inhibit transport of nuclear proteins into the nucleus

The signal sequence of simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen for translocation into the nucleus is composed of positively charged amino acids Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys. Rabbit antibodies to a synthetic peptide containing the negatively charged amino acid sequence Asp-Asp-Asp-Glu-Asp were obtained. Indirect immunofluorescence of the antigens recognized by the antibody was punctate at the nuclear rim or the nuclear surface, depending on the plane of focus. The antibody blocked transport of nuclear proteins into the nucleus. The antigens recognized by the antibody were predominantly localized to the nuclear pores.     

Mechanism of interleukin-2 signaling: mediation of different outcomes by a single receptor and transduction pathway

The T cell lymphokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2), plays a pivotal role in an immune response by stimulating antigen-activated B lymphocytes to progress through the cell cycle and to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells. An IL-2 inducible B lymphoma line, in which the growth and differentiation responses are uncoupled, provides a model system for dissecting the signaling mechanisms operating in each response. This system was used to show that both signals are initiated by IL-2 binding to a single, unifunctional receptor complex. Moreover, both signals are transduced by a pathway that does not involve any known second messenger system and that can be blocked by a second T cell lymphokine, interleukin 4. These findings suggest that the pleiotrophic effects of IL-2 are determined by different translations of the signal in the nucleus.     

Observation of 239Pu nuclear magnetic resonance

In principle, the spin-? plutonium-239 ((239)Pu) nucleus should be active in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. However, its signal has eluded detection for the past 50 years. Here, we report observation of a (239)Pu resonance from a solid sample of plutonium dioxide (PuO(2)) subjected to a wide scan of external magnetic field values (3 to 8 tesla) at a temperature of 4 kelvin. By mapping the external field dependence of the measured resonance frequency, we determined the nuclear gyromagnetic ratio (239)γ(n)(PuO(2))/2π to be 2.856 ± 0.001 megahertz per tesla (MHz/T). Assuming a free-ion value for the Pu(4+) hyperfine coupling constant, we estimated a bare (239)γ(n)/2π value of ~2.29 MHz/T, corresponding to a nuclear magnetic moment of μ(n) ≈ 0.15μ(N) (where μ(N) is the nuclear magneton).     

酵母多糖对小鼠免疫功能影响的体外实验研究

[目的]研究酵母多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响,为酵母多糖相关产品的开发利用提供可靠的实验依据。[方法]分离提取小鼠的脾细胞,分为添加酵母多糖组和不加酵母多糖的对照组,检测小鼠脾细胞的增殖活性;留取细胞上清液,测定白细胞介素2（IL-2）、γ干扰素（IFN-γ）含量;用流式细胞术检测T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的数量,观察酵母多糖对T、B细胞增殖的影响。[结果]酵母多糖组增殖活性明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;在一定剂量范围内,该组IL-2、IFN-γ的含量与酵母多糖呈剂量依赖关系,另外酵母多糖对T、B细胞均有明显的增殖效果。[结论]酵母多糖可显著提高小鼠免疫系统的功能。     

Activation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in T cells by H-2 alloantigen but not MLS determinants

Murine minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls) determinants are cell surface antigens that stimulate strong primary T cell responses; the responding T cells display restricted T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene usage. Interaction of T cells with mitogens or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens activated the polyphosphoinositide (PI) signaling pathway, but this pathway was not triggered by Mls recognition. However, interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and proliferation to all three stimuli were comparable. Thus, although recognition of both allo-H-2 and Mls determinants is thought to be mediated by the TCR, these antigens appear to elicit biochemically distinct signal transduction pathways.     

不同培养条件对牛核移植胚胎体外发育的影响

[目的]进一步优化牛核移植胚胎的体外培养体系。[方法]在培养液中添加谷胱甘肽和胚胎培养的0~3 d采用5%O2浓度,在不同培养条件下对牛核移植重构胚胎进行体外培养,测定卵裂率8、细胞发育率、桑椹胚率以及囊胚发育率。[结果]结果表明,试验组B的8细胞发育率(38.3%)、桑椹胚率(17.0%)和囊胚率(8.5%)与对照组A(17.9%、1.3%、1.3%)差异显著(P<0.05)。试验组B和试验组C的桑椹胚率(17.0%、11.8%)、囊胚率(8.5%、7.8%)与对照组A(1.3%、1.3%)均差异显著(P<0.05)。[结论]在培养液中添加谷胱甘肽和胚胎培养的0~3d采用低O2浓度(5%O2),能够提高牛核移植胚胎的体外发育率。     

Interleukin-2: inception, impact, and implications

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune response. A T lymphocyte product, IL-2 also stimulates T cells to undergo cell cycle progression via a finite number of interactions with its specific membrane receptors. Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.     

Separation of IL-4 production from Th cell proliferation by an altered T cell receptor ligand.

In the presence of antigen presenting cells, a murine T helper (Th) cell specific for murine hemoglobin (Hb) responded to its immunogenic peptide by both cytokine (interleukin-4) secretion and proliferation. An altered Hb peptide with a single amino acid substitution induced only cytokine secretion and did not induce proliferation. Interleukin-1 costimulated and restored the Th proliferative response to normal levels. The altered peptide also supported cognate T cell-B cell interactions indicative of T cell helper function. Thus, this result suggests that the T cell receptor has the capacity of differential signaling.     

Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation genes

Molecules involved in the antigen receptor-dependent regulation of early T cell activation genes were investigated with the use of functional sequences of the T cell activation-specific enhancer of interleukin-2 (IL-2). One of these sequences forms a protein complex, NFAT-1, specifically with nuclear extracts of activated T cells. This complex appeared 10 to 25 minutes before the activation of the IL-2 gene. Studies with inhibitors of protein synthesis indicated that the time of synthesis of the activator of the IL-2 gene in Jurkat T cells corresponds to the time of appearance of NFAT-1. NFAT-1, or a very similar protein, bound functional sequences of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1; the LTR of this virus is known to be stimulated during early T cell activation. The binding site for this complex activated a linked promoter after transfection into antigen receptor-activated T cells but not other cell types. These characteristics suggest that NFAT-1 transmits signals initiated at the T cell antigen receptor.     

提高兔核移植胚胎体外发育率的研究

 本研究首先比较了不同培养液维持兔胚体外发育的作用，以及多种卵母细胞去核显微操作的去核效率，建立了高效的体外培养体系及去核方法。然后对16-细胞期卵裂球的细胞周期及核移植（Nuclear transplantation,NT）胚的核质比对发育的影响进行了试验，结果表明：G#-1期NT胚的发育率优于G#-2期NT胚（P<0.01）。当G#-1期NT胚的核质比等于卵母细胞时，78.5%(73/93)可在兔眼球玻璃体液(Rabbit vitreous humor,RVH)中发育至囊胚期。这是迄今为止，在动物胚细胞核移植试验中所获得的最高发育率。     

The structure, function, and expression of interleukin-2 receptors on normal and malignant lymphocytes

Antigen or mitogen-induced activation of resting T cells induces the synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) as well as the expression of specific cell surface receptors for this lymphokine. Failure of the production of either IL-2 or its receptor results in a failure of the T-cell immune response. The receptor is composed of a 33,000-dalton (251-amino acid) peptide precursor that is post-translationally glycosylated into the mature 55,000-dalton form. In contrast to resting T cells, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I (HTLV-I)-associated adult T-cell leukemia cells constitutively express large numbers of IL-2 receptors. Because IL-2 receptors are present on the malignant T cells but not on normal resting cells, clinical trials have been initiated in which patients with adult T-cell leukemia are treated with a monoclonal antibody that binds to the IL-2 receptor.     

Downregulation of L3T4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes by interleukin-2

Proliferation of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that recognize foreign histocompatibility antigens is induced by interleukin-2, a potent immunoregulatory molecule originally described as T cell growth factor. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is widely used to isolate and induce clonal expansion of CTLs for functional studies in vitro and in vivo. However, in studies with CTLs specific for class I and class II histocompatibility antigens, IL-2 rapidly downregulated the lytic activity of some class II-specific CTLs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Lytic activity of L3T4+ CTLs specific for the murine class II antigen I-Ek was repeatedly up- and downregulated in vitro by alternate exposure to specific (alloantigen) and nonspecific (recombinant IL-2) signals, respectively. These results demonstrate that some CTLs modulate their functional property (cytolysis) while undergoing IL-2-driven cell proliferation without loss of antigen specificity or ability to revert to a lytic phenotype.     

Selective stimulation of T cell subsets with antibody-cytokine immune complexes

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), which is a growth factor for T lymphocytes, can also sometimes be inhibitory. Thus, the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vivo is increased after the injection of a monoclonal antibody that is specific for IL-2 (IL-2 mAb), perhaps reflecting the removal of IL-2-dependent CD4+ T regulatory cells (T regs). Instead, we show here that IL-2 mAb augments the proliferation of CD8+ cells in mice simply by increasing the biological activity of preexisting IL-2 through the formation of immune complexes. When coupled with recombinant IL-2, some IL-2/IL-2 mAb complexes cause massive (>100-fold) expansion of CD8+ cells in vivo, whereas others selectively stimulate CD4+ T regs. Thus, different cytokine-antibody complexes can be used to selectively boost or inhibit the immune response.     

卵母细胞体外成熟时间对绵羊核移植效率的影响(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to provide references for the time of oocyte maturation in vitro and enucleation in the course of sheep nuclear transfer(NT).[Method] Compared the effects of different maturation time of oocytes on enucleation efficiency and reconstructed embryo development by means of blind enucleation and fluorescence microscopy.[Result] Treatment of IVM(in vitro maturation)19-21 h was significantly higher than IVM 16-18 h treatment in oocyte maturation rate(P<0.05)and was significantly higher than IVM 22-24 h treatment in enucleation rate(P<0.05).Three treatments had no significant difference in cleavage rate and blastocyst rate(P>0.05),but IVM 19-21 h treatment was significantly higher than the other 2 treatments in average cell number of blastocysts(P<0.05).[Conclusion] The appropriate in vitro maturation time of oocytes was 19-21 h for sheep nuclear transfer,which could significantly improve the quality of blastocysts according to the cell number per blastocyst(P<0.05).