塔里木河干流河道生态需水量研究

基于有序聚类法,在对1957-2006年塔里木河干流径流序列受人类活动显著影响突变点判别的基础上,对干流新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉3个水文断面河道逐月最小生态需水量和适宜需水量进行计算。结果表明：① 近50 a来,人类活动对干流水资源影响程度不断增大,1976年前的径流量可以近似看作自然状态;② 新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道年最小需水量分别为17.68×10⁸ m³、10.02×10⁸ m³和3.29×10⁸ m³,年适宜需水量分别为35.65×10⁸ m³、18.23×10⁸ m³和7.00×10⁸ m³;③一般用水期（10月至翌年3月）保证新渠满、乌斯满和恰拉河道最小需水量5.33×10⁸ m³、3.77×10⁸ m³和1.32×10⁸ m³,用水敏感期（4-9月）保证适宜需水量28.99×10⁸ m³、13.70×10⁸ m³和5.09×10⁸ m³即可确保干流河道生态系统健康。     

近20 a塔里木河干流区土地利用变化特征

基于GIS技术及景观生态学原理,利用塔里木河干流区4期（1990年、2000年、2005年和2008年）土地利用遥感影像解译数据,研究近20 a塔里木河干流区土地利用的变化特征。结果表明：塔里木河治理后的10 a干流耕地面积增加了1.03×10⁵ hm²,耕地动态度增加较大,盐碱地面积增加了7.13×10⁴ hm²,较治理前增速呈减缓态势;草地面积约减小了4.91×10⁵ hm²,林地、水域面积呈先增加后减小的趋势,但两者动态度减小。沙地、盐碱地的动态度减小,表明塔里木河综合治理基本抑制了干流区盐碱地、沙地面积增加的速度。同时,土地利用类型转移的方向主要是草地、林地、耕地、沙地之间的相互转化。塔里木河综合治理引起干流区水资源的再分配,对耕地、林地和盐碱地面积的变化影响较大;从各景观类型指标分析,聚集度指数明显降低,说明景观破碎度和连通性降低;而多样性指数和均匀度指数增加,表明区域景观异质性增加,稳定性增大。这些变化可能导致土壤表层积盐,沼泽地面积减少。本研究将有助于对综合治理工程的实施效果进行综合评估。     

干旱区绿洲城市水资源开发利用的潜力——以乌鲁木齐市为例

西北干旱地区的水资源短缺,严重制约了绿洲城市的健康发展。基于乌鲁木齐市1995-2010年水资源开发利用现状,构建了水资源开发利用潜力的综合评价模型。结果表明：① 地表水是乌鲁木齐市的主要水源,全市多年平均水资源量为11.20×10⁸ m³,人均水资源量远低于新疆平均水平。水资源开发率持续快速增长,用水总量甚至已超过区域当年来水总量。② 用水总量呈波动增长,2010年达10.89×10⁸ m³,农业生产是主要的用水部门,但近年来农业用水比例有所下降,工业与生活用水逐步增加。③ 水资源本底条件和开发利用程度显著恶化,利用效率和管理能力则迅速改善。总体来看,乌鲁木齐市水资源开发利用潜力在波动中逐渐下降,其中人口快速增长、经济高速发展、水资源污染加重是主要因素。     

新疆主要粮食作物滴灌条件下作物系数及水分生产率试验研究

通过3a小区试验,摸清新疆主要粮食作物在滴灌条件下作物系数和水分生产率的变化规律,为提高水资源利用效率、加强灌区用水管理、编制流域综合规划等项工作提供科学的试验数据和决策依据。采用小区试验方法,以小麦、旱稻、玉米、土豆、谷子、大豆6种粮食作物为试验对象,设置灌水定额单因素4水平(300m³/hm²、375m³/hm²、450m³/hm²、525m³/hm²)随机分组的灌溉试验方案,利用测坑传感器实测各处理各年份作物需水量,利用气象数据计算作物参考蒸发蒸腾量,通过考种测产分析产量和灌水量关系。结果显示:滴灌条件下6种作物各生育期阶段作物系数0.45~1.21间,全生育期0.70~1.03之间;6种作物水分生产率在7.65~81.72 kg/(hm²·mm)之间。各作物的需水敏感期分别在快速发育期和生育中期。本研究摸清了滴灌条件下新疆主要粮食作物的作物系数和水分生产率的主要规律,为全区推进现代化灌区建设和田间高效节水提供科学的数据支撑。     

晋西黄土丘陵区植被生态需水研究

以水量平衡关系为理论基础,采用1961-2007年晋西黄土丘陵地区14个气象站的气象资料,在GIS技术支持下估算该地区的植被需水量,分析植被需水量的时空变化以及缺水量。研究结果表明:晋西黄土丘陵地区现有植被适宜需水量为40.759×108m3,最小生态需水量为24.784×108m3,从北到南呈递增趋势;适宜和最小亏缺水量分别为5.581×108m3和0.414×108m3,区域分布是中部最多,南部次之,北部最少;植被生态需水和缺水表现出不同的年变化和月变化趋势和空间分异规律。生态需水量与亏缺水量的计算结果为改善晋西黄土丘陵区生态环境,合理利用水资源和植被资源,提高生态、经济与社会效益提供参考依据。     

阿克苏河流域水资源承载力模糊综合评价

阿克苏河是天山南坡水量最大的河流,是目前塔里木河最大的水量补给来源。由于阿克苏河流大规模的农业开发和不合理的水资源开发利用,不仅使得流域内生态环境脆弱,同时导致了补给干流的水资源减少,使得干流(尤其是在下游)产生了一系列的生态环境问题。本文针对阿克苏河流域水资源的实际情况,依据阿克苏河流域供需状况等,选取人均水资源可利用量,人均供水量、水资源利用率、耕地灌溉率、供水模数、需水模数、生活用水定额、生态用水率等指标,应用模糊综合评价方法综合的评价了流域内现状和不同水平年的水资源承载力,并提出了提高水资源承载力的途径。     

干旱缺水型灌区经济用水模式研究——以宝鸡峡灌区为例

以宝鸡峡灌区为研究对象,在田野调查和总结国内外研究成果基础上,提出了经济用水模式的概念,并从水资源总量控制约束、灌溉节水模式、经济配水模式三个方面对其框架体系进行了研究;在研究过程中,应用定性与定量相结合的方法,建立了基于因子权重法的、目标函数为经济、社会、生态综合效益最大化的宝鸡峡灌区经济用水多目标规划数学模型,并对其进行了计算和分析,得出了灌区水量经济调配模式.该模式在灌区平水年(P=50%)缺水量为0.0398×10~8 m~3,可节约用水0.3972×10~8 m~3;枯水年(P=75%)灌溉缺水量为3.2858×10~8 m~3,可节约用水3.2035×10~8 m~3.与灌区历史灌溉数据比较,该模式吻合率高,适用性强.     

艾里克湖流域湖泊及植被生态需水研究

在外流域向艾里克湖应急生态补水的背景下,基于遥感和GIS技术,与气象站点实测资料相结合,采用有限水域面蒸发计算方法计算湖泊生态需水,利用FAO56 Penman-Monteith法,在ArcGIS建好彭曼模型计算研究区植被生态需水,最后根据维持不同的湖泊面积确定了三种生态补水方案。结果表明:保障艾里克湖生态环境适宜、最低保证和极度危险状态下,生态需水量分别为0.64亿m3、0.416亿m~3和0.261亿m~3,生态缺水量分别为0.571亿m~3、0.371亿m~3和0.233亿m~3。白杨河水库向艾里克湖生态补水不满足最适宜和最低保障状况下的生态缺水量,建议白杨河流域向艾里克湖新增生态需水量分别为0.34亿m~3和0.309亿m~3。研究结果可提高水资源的利用效率,为流域水资源配置及外流域向艾里克湖生态补水提供可靠的技术借鉴。     

水量订单制度下黄河下游灌区水资源实时分配模型及管理软件开发

针对黄河下游引黄灌区水量订单随意性大、水资源利用率低的问题,本文紧密结合当前调度管理制度,基于实时灌溉预报与模糊聚类理论,提出了黄河下游灌区水资源实时分配管理模型,模型包括考虑土壤墒情、雨水资源及天气情况影响的作物需水预测模型和灌区实时水量订单模型两部分内容.在典型灌区,进行了模型的应用,并开发了相应的水资源管理软件;应用结果的合理性表明了模型的正确性,该模型可广泛用于黄河下游灌区的用水管理和调度.     

塔里木河干流上中游丰枯情景下生态水调控研究

为保护及恢复塔里木河干流受损的天然植被生态系统,利用遥感影像、水文、植被等数据,借助野外监测、地理信息技术与模型模拟相结合的手段,厘定了不同来水频率下河水的损耗量、可调生态水量及生态供水量;结合天然植被的分布特点及需水规律,制定了不同水情条件下的生态水调控方案。结果表明:(1)在10%、25%、50%、75%、90%的来水频率下,生态供水量分别为48.39×10~8m~3、38.05×10~8m~3、27.20×10~8m~3、17.41×10~8m~3和11.93×10~8m~3,对天然植被生态需水量的保障度分别达到217%、171%、122%、78%和53%。(2)在丰水年、平水年、枯水年,设定促进天然植被"恢复"及实现"基本保护"和"重点保护"3个生态目标,以3~5 a为周期、轮灌时段7—9月、持续时间15~20 d的生态水调控方案。具体而言,丰水年在重点保护区、生态敏感区和生态脆弱区实现2~3次的漫溢,平水年在重点保护区(适当情景下涵盖生态敏感区和生态脆弱区)实现1~2次漫溢,枯水年仅通过河损补给重点保护区的生态用水。以上研究可为塔里木河干流水资源的优化配置与天然植被的生态保护及恢复提供重要的科学依据和技术参考。     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

塔里木河流域水资源配置博弈分析

塔里木河是我国乃至世界最大的内陆河,随着流域人口的急剧膨胀以及人工绿洲面积的不断扩大,过度开发利用流域水资源,造成一系列水环境问题,水资源供需矛盾激化。塔里木河流域水资源短缺问题严重制约着流域社会经济的发展,而水资源矛盾冲突更加剧了水资源危机。日益严重的水资源问题,从根本上来说是流域各利益主体从个体理性的角度博弈的结果...     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation net primary productivity and its relationship with meteorological factors in the Tarim River Basin of China from 2001 to 2020 based on the Google Earth Engine

Vegetation growth status is an important indicator of ecological security. The Tarim River Basin is located in the inland arid region of Northwest China and has a highly fragile ecological environment. Assessing the vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) of the Tarim River Basin can provide insights into the vegetation growth variations in the region. Therefore, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform, we studied the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin (except for the eastern Gobi and Kumutag deserts) from 2001 to 2020 and analyzed the correlations between vegetation NPP and meteorological factors (air temperature and precipitation) using the Sen slope estimation method, coefficient of variation, and rescaled range analysis method. In terms of temporal characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed an overall fluctuating upward trend from 2001 to 2020, with the smallest value of 118.99 g C/(m²?a) in 2001 and the largest value of 155.07 g C/(m²?a) in 2017. Regarding the spatial characteristics, vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin showed a downward trend from northwest to southeast along the outer edge of the study area. The annual average value of vegetation NPP was 133.35 g C/(m²?a), and the area with annual average vegetation NPP values greater than 100.00 g C/(m²?a) was 82,638.75 km², accounting for 57.76% of the basin. The future trend of vegetation NPP was dominated by anti-continuity characteristic; the percentage of the area with anti-continuity characteristic was 63.57%. The area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and air temperature accounted for 53.74% of the regions that passed the significance test, while the area with a significant positive correlation between vegetation NPP and precipitation occupied 98.68% of the regions that passed the significance test. Hence, the effect of precipitation on vegetation NPP was greater than that of air temperature. The results of this study improve the understanding on the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation NPP in the Tarim River Basin and the impact of meteorological factors on vegetation NPP.     

塔里木河干流区的水量消耗和潜力分析计算

本文分析了塔里木河干流区的生态环境及耗水状况,提出了节水措施及塔里木河流域合理用水,改善生态环境的途径。     

塔里木盆地东南缘尼雅河水文水资源特性

干旱区河流洪水暴涨暴落现象突出,含沙量大。以灌溉为主的旱作农业在用水量不断增加的情况下,水资源短缺极大地制约着区域经济的发展。随着汛期洪水的引用,大量泥沙进入绿洲,造成渠系不同程度的泥沙淤积及田地沙化等诸多问题,直接影响到当地民生,分析河流水沙关系将有助于区域国民经济的发展。     

塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水量

本文从冲洗定额的构成出发,定义从计划冲洗层的含水量达到最大田间持水量这一时刻起到计划冲洗层的含盐量达到允许含盐量止这段时间所需要的在冲洗定额中起输送冲洗作用的那部分水量为盐碱耕地生态需水定额。通过对塔里木河流域典型灌区的调查分析,初步确定塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水定额约为1500 m3.hm-2,最后得出目前塔里木河干流流域防治耕地盐碱化的生态需水量约为0.97亿m3。