鸡副粘病毒毒力特性研究

按照新城疫病毒毒力判定的标准方法进行了鸡副粘病毒分离株ＣＮ９８Ｆ８,Ｔ９９Ｆ４,Ｙ９８Ｆ９致病性试验,结果３株病毒的最小致死量致死鸡胚的平均死亡时间（ＭＤＴ）分别为７０．８,６１．４,６４．８,１日龄雏鸡脑内按种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）分别为１．８９,１．８１和１．８１,６周龄非免疫雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）分别为２．６２,２．６２和２．６０,表明这３株鸡副粘病毒均具有与新城疫病毒速发型相类似的     

鹅副粘病毒的分类地位初探

对从病鹅体分离的禽副粘病毒（ＧＶＰ）ＹＧ９７株，经红细胞凝集（ＨＡ）和红细胞凝集抑制（ＨＩ）试验证明，与新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）存在着极大的相关性。参考ＮＤＶ的３个毒力指标－最小致死量致病鸡胚平均死亡时间（ＭＤＴ）、１日龄雏鸡内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）和６周龄非免疫雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）对ＹＧ９７株进行测定，表明其有与ＮＤＶ速发型类似的毒力，属强毒力的毒株。应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ技术对Ｆ基因重要功能区片段扩增后进行序列测定，并与多株已报道的ＮＤＶ相应片段进行序列比较，经遗传进化树分析后，初步判定其为禽副粘病毒－Ⅰ型，属基因Ⅶ型ＮＤＶ。     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离及其生物学特性测定

用ＳＰＦ鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫（鸽ＮＤ）病鸽群中分离到一株病毒ＱＬ株,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞（ＲＢＣ）,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）阳性血清抑制;用抗ＮＤＶ单抗ＰＥＧ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ测定分离株为阳性。分离株经肌肉注射能使鸽发病和死亡,出现与自然发病鸽一致的症状和病变,但肌注ＳＰＦ鸡只感染,不见临床症状。对该分离株作进一步生物学特性鉴定,按照国际上规定的ＮＤＶ毒力判定标准,测定了该毒株最低致死量致死鸡胚的平均死亡时间（ＭＤＴ）、１日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）和６周龄雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）,结果ＭＤＴ为１０５小时、ＩＣＰＩ为１．３３、ＩＶＰＩ为１．０。试验结果表明本分离株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

蛋鸡非典型新城疫一例及其病原鉴定

１９９７年３月下旬，上海市郊区某蛋鸡场发生以产蛋下降为第一指征的非典型新城疫，通过临诊调查、抗体测定、病毒分离与鉴定进行了确诊。结果：感染鸡群产蛋下降的幅度可高达５０％；新城疫ＨＩ抗体滴度高达１２ｌｏｇ２或以上；用泄殖腔棉拭接种鸡胚的分离物用标准血清鉴定为新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ），初代尿囊液的ＥＬＤ５０为１０－７．５（０．２ｍＬ），１日龄ＳＰＦ鸡胚脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）和６周龄ＳＰＦ鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）分别为１．７２５和２．３２，其毒力接近标准毒株—ＮＤＶ北京株Ｆ４８Ｅ９。     

中国禽流感流行株的分离鉴定

分别从广东、四川、新疆等地禽流感（ＡＩ）血检阳性、发病率高、产蛋率下降的鸡群中采集１８６份病料，先后分离到６株Ａ型流感病毒。这些分离株可在鸡胚中传代，可凝集鸡红细胞，血凝价达１６０～１２８０倍。不被新城疫、减蛋综合症、败血支原体阳性血清所抑制。用这些分离毒株制成琼脂扩散（ＡＧＰ）抗原与禽流感标准阳性血清可出现白色沉淀线。分别将分离毒株与ＡＩ标准分型血清Ｈ１～Ｈ１４、Ｎ１～Ｎ９进行ＨＩ、ＮＩ试验，结果川和川农株均为Ｈ４Ｎ６，西昌１和２株及Ｓｈ株均为Ｈ９Ｎ２，新疆石河子（石）株为Ｈ１４Ｎ５。分离株分别做脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）、静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）测定，结果所有分离株ＩＣＰＩ介于０２４～１４８之间，ＩＶＰＩ介于０１５～０５６之间．通过电镜观察，可见直径为８０～１２０ｎｍ球状或杆状典型的禽流感病毒．经联机检索，从新疆石河子ＡＩ阳性鸡场产蛋下降的鸡群中分离出的Ｈ１４Ｎ５株为国内外首次从鸡中分离出的Ｈ１４亚型禽流感病毒。将某单位送检的禽流感鹅体分离株（Ｇ１株和Ｇ２株）做了血清型和毒力测定，试验结果认定，Ｇ１和Ｇ２株均为Ａ型禽流感病毒Ｈ５Ｎ１亚型，Ｇ１、Ｇ２株对鸡均达到高致病力毒株标准。     

对新城疫CS2株与4株疫苗毒株有关性能的比较

对鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）中等毒力毒株ＣＳ２株、ＮＤⅠ系、Ｒｏｋｉｎ、Ｋｏｍｅｒｏｖ和低毒力ＬａＳｏｔａ株病毒的脑内致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）、鸡胚的半数感染量（ＥＩＤ５０）等指标进行了测定,结果是ＩＣＰＩ分别为１．２７～１．５２、１．６６～１．７０、１．４６、１．４３和０．２９～０．５;ＥＩＤ５０分别为１０＾７．５、１０＾７．５≥１０＾８．５、１０＾＾７．９和≥１０＾８．５／０．１ｍｌ。用１０倍剂量的ＣＳ２株病毒注射１月龄和１．５月龄ＳＰＥ雏鸡,均安全无不良反应,测定ＣＳ２株病毒保存期,结果在－２０℃保存６年的鸡胚２代（Ｅ２）、鸡胚６代（Ｅ６）、鸡胚１０代（Ｅ１０）毒的ＥＩＤ５０均≥１０＾７．５／０．１ｍｌ。ＮＤＣＳ２株病毒的各项指标均在中等毒力范围内,对鸡胚的半数感染量仍保持原毒（Ⅰ系）的特性,ＩＣＰＩ比原毒有所下     

鸽新城疫野毒株的分离及生物学特性研究

对分离的Ｇ１、Ｇ２、Ｇ３３株鸽新城疫病毒进行了电镜检查、致病性指数测定、血凝试验（ＨＡ）,与鸡新城疫Ｌａｓｏｔａ毒株的交叉血凝抑制试验（ＨＩ）、致病性试验。测得鸡胚半数感染量（ＥＩＤ５０）分别为１０－８．４１,１０－７．５３,１０－７．８３;鸡胚最小致死量（ＬＤ）均为１０－４;鸡胚平均致死时间（ＭＤＴ）分别为８０ｈ,９０ｈ,９６ｈ;１日龄雏鸡脑内致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）分别为１．６０,１．５０,１．５５;分离毒株与Ｌａｓｏｔａ毒株和其相应血清的交叉凝集抑制试验有明显差异。将分离毒株分别接种１月龄鸽各３只,４～１０ｄ全部出现典型神经症状,１５ｄ内死亡。结果表明所分离的３株病毒为鸽新城疫病毒,在抗原性上与鸡新城疫病毒存在一定差异,对鸡也有一定致病力。为制定防制措施,研制鸽新城疫疫苗,控制新城疫流行提供了科学依据。     

企鹅新城疫强毒的分离鉴定

从某动物园送诊的病死小企鹅肝脏分离到一株病毒,经血凝抑制试验（ＨＩ）和电镜观察确定为新城疫病毒。采用ＳＰＦ鸡胚和ＳＰＦ鸡测定其致病指数分别为：ＭＤＴ＝６２．１小时,ＩＣＰＩ＝２．４８,ＩＶＰＩ＝１．６７,属于强毒株。动物病试验表明该毒株经滴鼻／点眼途径可在９６小时内致死６周龄ＳＰＦ鸡,并出现典型的新城疫症状和病变。初步试验表明经静脉注射途径可致死７日龄北京雏鸭。     

鸡新城疫CS2株病毒的筛选鉴定

对新城疫病毒Ｉ系株（Ｍｕｋｔｅｓｗａｒ）按其在ＳＰＦ鸡胚成纤维细胞上的蚀斑大小进行筛选，经４次克隆之后，选出了小蚀斑株ＣＳ２作为目的株，此株ＭＤＴ／ＭＬＤ，ＩＣＰＩ和ＩＶＰＩ分别为５２．４小时，０．６４和０．２３，而其母株Ｉ系的分别为４８小时，１．７和０．３２５。此株比Ｉ系更为安全。     

如何预防和控制鹅副黏病毒病

1997年笔者在江苏省发现一种新的鹅病毒性传染病——鹅副黏病毒病。鹅副黏病毒为禽副黏病毒Ⅰ型,根据国际上规定三项判定新城疫毒力的标准,即最小致死量致死鸡胚平均死亡时间(MDT)、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)和6周龄非免疫雏鸡静脉接种致病指数(IVPI)等加以评价,鹅副黏病毒分离株对鸡均具有与新城疫病毒速发型相似的毒力,属于新城疫强毒力毒株。用鹅胚和雏鹅参照鸡的标准,即最小致死量致死12日龄鹅胚平均死亡时间、1日龄雏鹅脑内接种致病指数和6周龄非免疫雏鹅静脉接种致病指数等加以评价,鹅副黏病毒分离株对鹅均具有与新城疫病…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in