ACCUMULATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON WIND-BLOWN SAND IN NEW ZEALAND

A study was made of the amounts and distribution of C, N, S, and organic P accumulated over a period of 10 000 years of soil development on wind-blown sand. After initial rapid rates of accumulation of C, N, and organic P during the first 1000 years, subsequent rates of gain were slower, but steady states for C, N, and S had still not been reached after 10 000 years. Sulphur declined during the first 50 years of soil development but then increased in a parallel fashion to organic C. During 10 000 years, gains of organic C, total N, total S, and organic P were 204 000, 9800, 1180, and 1170 kg/ha m profile, respectively. Gains in total N and S in the older soils are readily accounted for by returns in precipitation. Pronounced changes in soil organic matter composition during 10 000 years are reflected in the widening of the C/N ratio (8 to 20) and the C/organic P ratio (39 to 159).     

PHOSPHORUS TRANSFORMATIONS IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON WIND-BLOWN SAND IN NEW ZEALAND

The rate of loss of total P and accumulation of organic P were investigated in a chronosequence of weakly weathered soils developed on wind-blown sand. The net loss of total P during 10 000 years of soil development was 1910 kg/ha m profile. This calculation assumes a constancy in the total P content of the parent material. An approximately straight-line plot was obtained for the loss of total P between 500 and 10 000 years. The organic P content of the beach sands was very low but increased rapidly in the early stages of soil development. With increasing time, the rate of accumulation of organic P decreased. The net accumulation of organic P during 10 000 years was 1050 kg/ha m profile. A slow rate of formation of organic P, coupled with a rapid mineralization, has probably limited organic P build-up. It is suggested that loss of phosphorus by leaching is a consequence of the low phosphate retention capacity of these weakly weathered soils.     

PHOSPHORUS TRANSFORMATIONS IN A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON WIND-BLOWN SAND IN NEW ZEALAND

The rate of transformation of inorganic phosphorus fractions and forms was investigated in a chronosequence of weakly weathered soils developed on windblown sand. The net decline of acid-extractable Ca-P during 10⁴ years of soil development was approximately 2600 kg/ha m profile. This fraction was progressively removed from surface horizons and had virtually disappeared from the oldest soil. Residual inorganic P, considered to be included apatite which is not extracted by 0·5 and 1N HC1, was relatively constant in profiles of the chronosequence but decreased in the oldest soil. In the younger soils, the NH₄F-P fraction was low but, with increasing time, the weight of this fraction increased, initially in surface horizons. The net accumulation of non-occluded secondary inorganic P during 10⁴ years was 360 kg/ha m profile and this was largely due to an increase in the NH₄F-P, rather than the 1st NaOH-P fraction. There was no net shift from non-occluded to occluded secondary inorganic P. Although apatite is initially present as inclusions within primary minerals in the wind-blown sand, an extensive loss of P has occurred during 10⁴ years.     

潮土中有机物质的分解与腐殖质积累

本文采用＾１４Ｃ标记示踪法研究我国北方潮土中有机物质的分解速率及其影响因素。潮土中有机物质的分解,除受气候条件影响外,还受土壤ＣａＣＯ３含量,水分及盐碱含量等因素的影响,并讨论了潮土有机质积累及提高潮土有机质含量的途径。     

黄土区几种土壤培养过程中可溶性有机碳、氮含量及特性的变化

对不同地域农田和林地土壤进行35 d好气培养研究,结果表明:不同土壤培养过程中可溶性有机碳(SOC)含量呈明显下降,而可溶性有机氮(SON)含量却呈明显增加趋势。不同农田土壤相比,在培养起始时和培养过程中红油土SOC和SON的平均含量均高于黑垆土和淋溶褐土;同为黑垆土,林地土壤SOC和SON含量均明显高于相应农田土壤。与起始值相比,土壤培养后提取的可溶性有机物的UV280和HIXem(Hu-mification index)值均明显增加,其中HIXem值在培养的第8天和第35天时呈显著增加趋势。随着培养过程的持续,SOC/SON比值逐渐下降。相关分析发现,培养第35天时SOC的减少幅度与UV 280增加比例呈显著正相关;培养第8天时SOC的减少比例与起始HIXem值呈显著负相关。说明UV280和HIXem值可以在一定程度上反映可溶性有机物种类和结构特性的变化。     

水分状况对紫色母岩发育的水稻土团聚体及有机碳分布影响

在紫色丘陵区采集了因水分状况影响而形成的4种类型紫色水稻土土样,利用湿筛法获得不同粒径的团聚体,分析了其有机碳和不同土壤发生层中易氧化碳、微生物生物量碳和水溶性碳含量。结果表明,A层土壤中>2 mm的团聚体以潜育型水稻土和渗育型水稻土最高,分别占76.65%和75.92%,其次是潴育型水稻土占43.86%,淹育型水稻土只有13.10%;不同土壤发生层间土壤团聚体的组成也存在较大的差异;除潴育型水稻土的P层外,其余各层土壤的有机碳53.7%~96.2%均分布在>0.25 mm团聚体中;潜育型水稻土的微生物生物量碳和易氧化碳含量在4种水稻土中最高,分别为282.5 mg kg-1和6.59 g kg-1,水溶性有机碳则以渗育型水稻土最高;有机碳含量与>2 mm团聚体含量呈极显著正相关关系,与<0.25 mm微团聚体数量呈显著负相关关系。     

我国土壤有机质和有机肥料研究现状

本文简要的回顾了四十年来我国在土壤有机质的组成、性质、转化，有机肥对植物生长的直接作用和间接作用等方面的一些研究工作，讨论了有机质的组成、性质与成土因子的关系，指出了我国应坚持有机肥与无机肥配合的这一施肥制度。     

百花山山地土壤中有机质的垂直分布规律

本文测定了北京百花山山地典型土壤剖面各发生层的有机质含量、腐殖酸组分、可见光谱,利用相关分析方法计算了有机质与海拔高度之间的相关系数。结果表明:有机质与海拔高度的相关系数为0.94,,呈显著相关水平;各剖面土壤腐殖质分析结果表明,该山地土壤的HA/FA值、E4/E6值随着海拔高度的升高而呈现上升趋势。     

红壤稻田土壤有机质的积累过程特征分析

通过田间采样分析 ,研究了不同利用年限红壤稻田土壤有机质含量的变化及其过程和机理 ,确定达到平衡状态时红壤稻田土壤的有机碳含量水平。结果表明 ,在水耕条件下 ,土壤有机碳和全氮的积累过程可大致分为快速增长和趋于稳定阶段 ,水耕利用 30年 ,0～ 2 0cm土壤有机碳含量达到 2 0gkg- 1,全氮含量 1 6gkg- 1,随后 ,即使利用年限长达 80年 ,土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化趋于稳定 ,没有显著提高。 2 0天的培养期内 ,不同利用年限红壤稻田 0～ 1 0cm土层有机碳和有机氮的矿化率分别为 2 2 %～3 3%和 2 8%～ 6 7% ;总体来说 ,有机碳、氮的矿化率随红壤水稻土的熟化过程而升高。随着利用年限的增加 ,微生物生物量碳一直保持增加的趋势 ,而微生物生物量氮在利用 30年后其增加趋势明显趋缓 ;利用30年的红壤稻田 ,0～ 1 0cm土壤微生物生物量C、N为 332 8mgkg- 1和 2 3 85mgkg- 1,比利用 3年分别高1 1 1 %和 4 7%。与利用 3年的红壤稻田相比 ,利用 30年后细菌数量增加了 1 1倍 ( 0～ 1 0cm)和 3 8倍 ( 1 0～2 0cm) ,利用 80年后更显著地增加了 1 9倍 ( 0～ 1 0cm)和 1 2倍 ( 1 0～ 2 0cm) ;真菌的数量也呈上升的趋势 ,但在 30年利用后基本趋于稳定 ;此外 ,细菌的群落从荒草地的 4个种到 30～ 80年水田     

黑土坡耕地侵蚀和沉积对物理性组分有机碳积累与损耗的影响

以侵蚀和沉积过程明显的黑土坡耕地为研究对象,通过测定不同地形部位表层和典型剖面土壤不同粒级的水稳性团聚体、颗粒态有机碳（POC）以及团聚体结合态有机碳含量,探讨土壤侵蚀和沉积对土壤有机碳（SOC）损失、迁移和累积过程的影响。研究结果表明：上坡三个侵蚀部位表层土壤大团聚体、矿质结合态有机碳（MOC）以及团聚体结合态有机碳含量随侵蚀速率增加而减小;沉积部位（尤其是坡脚）POC含量和POC/SOC较低,而MOC含量和MOC/SOC较高。始终处于沉积状态的坡脚部位,各粒级有机碳组分的深度分布均表现出土壤累积和埋藏特征,并随着粒级的减小累积现象趋于明显。上述结果反映了土壤侵蚀优先使与细颗粒和微团聚体结合的SOC迁移流失,并在低洼的沉积区累积;埋藏层中的侵蚀物质（如微团聚体、颗粒态有机质）通过深埋作用和重新团聚作用形成稳定的大团聚体,最终促进SOC的固定。     

土壤中溶解性有机质及其对污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响

溶解性有机质（DOM）已成为环境科学、生态学和土壤科学等学科的研究热点。DOM对重金属、养分和有机污染物的环境化学行为有很大影响,因此开展DOM与污染物（或养分）之间相互作用的研究,具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文系统地评述了DOM的来源、组成、分级及其对土壤中污染物吸附一解吸行为的影响。尽管关于土壤中DOM的研究还不完善,许多工作也只是刚刚开始,至今对土壤中DOM的性质、组成和分类方法等问题都不是很清楚,但现有的结果已经表明,DOM是土壤圈中一种十分活跃的重要化学组分,它对土壤中化学物质的溶解、吸附、解吸、吸收、迁移和生物毒性等行为均有显著的影响。     

红壤旱地有机质的积累规律及其影响因素

长期(13年)定位试验表明:3种类型有机肥(厩肥、绿肥和秸秆)都能增加红壤旱地有机质的积累,但速度不同。在当地习惯用量的条件下,有机质的年增长量以厩肥最快、其次是绿肥、再次是秸秆。土壤有机质的积累和肥料用量间的关系服从规律:Y(有机质的积累量)=AebX (X为有机肥用量)。影响土壤有机质积累速度的主要因素是有机肥用量和它们的C/N。而有机肥的C/N则影响不同有机肥的有机质积累系数(单位肥料用量的有机质积累量)。 在生产实践上通过施用有机肥提高红壤(特别是红壤丘陵区)有机质水平要解决两个问题:肥源和运输,否则难以实行。本试验结果表明:本田秸秆就地还田也能增加红壤有机质的积累,但是速度较慢。秸秆就地还田不仅使作物吸收的大部分(>60%)K素重新还回土壤,而且解决了红壤旱地有机肥施用的肥源和运输问题,从而使这一措施在生产上实际可行。     

南极半岛海洋气候区的土壤Ⅱ.有机质积累过程

南极海洋性气候土壤形成过程中具有明显的有机质积累作用,有机质对成土过程和土壤性状产生重要影响,如土壤酸化、有机-金属螯合物的形成和生物成矿现象。受地表生物活动强弱影响,不同土壤有机C、N含量差异明显。冻扰作用、灰化作用以及物理性裂隙渗漏是有机质在剖面的迁移和重新分配的主要途径。     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．3～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第2次土壤普查结果相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳（C)含量占到有机质C量的53％～70％，平均6l％，腐殖酸C量只占39％。     

THE ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT OF THE SAVANNA SOILS OF WEST AFRICA

Published and unpublished data on the amounts of organic matter and nitrogen in the surface soils of the West African savanna are reviewed. In general, amounts are small; the mean carbon content of soils from 605 well-drained sites was 0.68 per cent. Two important factors governing amounts of organic matter in well-drained soils appear to be the clay content and a moisture factor related to the length of the wet season and represented here by mean annual rainfall. Multiple linear regression on soil clay content and rainfall accounted for 46.5 per cent and 57.2 per cent, respectively, of the observed variability of soil carbon and nitrogen contents. These findings suggest that the low levels of organic matter in savanna soils arise from their predominantly sandy nature and from the relatively low rainfall. In poorly drained soils organic matter levels are higher but are less significantly related to clay content and rainfall. The influence of human interference and of parent material and altitude on organic matter is demonstrated in the context of geographically limited areas within the savanna for which more detailed information was available.     

土壤有机质含量对土壤水动力学参数的影响

通过测定并分析不同有机质含量的壤质土样的饱和导水率,水分特征曲线,水分扩散率及几个水分常数,阐明了土壤有机质含量与水动力学参数的关系,从动力学角度探讨了有机质影响水分运动的机理。     

EFFECT OF SOIL pH AND ORGANIC MATTER ON LABILE ALUMINIUM IN SOILS UNDER PERMANENT GRASS

The rates of extraction of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Al with 1M NH₄ NO₃ from the mineral-and organic-rich layers of some Park Grass (Rothamsted) soils were measured at the pH of the soil. Below pH 3.7 exchangeable Al, derived from the kinetics curve, increases with decreasing soil pH and is less in the organic-rich layer. The sum of the basic exchangeable cations, ∑(Na + K + Mg + Ca), increases with increasing soil pH and is more in the organic-rich layer. The extraction of exchangeable Al obeys first order kinetics, the rate constant being similar for all the soils (mean value 36 ± 7 × 10^?6|s^?1), which implies that exchangeable Al is released from surfaces with similar properties for the adsorption of Al, and that the rate is not affected by soil pH and organic matter. The rate of extraction of non-exchangeable Al is the same in the mineral-and organic-rich layers of each soil, and is maximal at about pH 3.7, decreasing sharply at more and less acid pH values.     

贵州喀斯特地区棕色石灰土与黄壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成差异

贵州位于全球最大的喀斯特生态系统一中国西南喀斯特生态系统的中心，由于受到亚热带季风气候的冲击和人类不合理社会经济活动的破坏，其喀斯特生态系统已出现不同程度的石漠化，尤以乌江流域最为严重。现已认识到石漠化是一种与脆弱生态地质背景和人类活动相关联的土地退化过程，而土壤退化是土地退化的核心部分。在土壤侵蚀与退化及全球碳循环的过程中，作为土壤重要组成部分和代表一个主要碳库的土壤有机质在生态系统中扮演了一个十分重要的角色，开展对喀斯特地区不同土壤有机质剖面分布及稳定碳同位素组成的研究，将有利于提高对流域土壤侵蚀与退化过程中有机质的生物地球化学循环的认识。本研究选择乌江流域喀斯特地区二种主要土壤类型石灰土和黄壤，根据土壤有机质含量和稳定碳同位素组成，结合土壤pH值、粘粒含量等分析结果，探讨了喀斯特山区石灰土和黄壤有机质的剖面分布和稳定碳同位素组成差异，旨在为喀斯特生态系统土壤有机质的生物地球化学循环研究提供基础资料。     

THE EFFECTS OF GRINDING ON MICROBIAL AND NON-MICROBIAL ORGANIC MATTER IN SOIL

Grinding more than doubled the respiration rate of two silt loam soils, one arable and one grassland. The increases were smaller when the grinding treatment was given to portions of soils that had previously been fumigated with CHCI₃and incubated, a treatment that greatly decreased microbial biomass. The results indicate that the flush of decomposition caused by grinding was in part derived from killed organisms and in part from enhanced decomposition of non-biomass sections of the soil organic matter. Grinding killed about a quarter of the biomass in both soils. Carbon from killed organisms accounted for a quarter of the extra CO₂–C evolved after grinding in the arable soil and almost half in the grassland soil. The extra non-biomass organic matter decomposing after grinding amounted to about 0.5% of the soil organic carbon in both soils. This non-biomass material rendered decomposable by grinding had a higher C/N ratio than the organic matter decomposing in unground soil.