不同施肥时序滴灌双点源交汇下土壤水氮分布研究

【目的】探究不同施肥时序下滴灌双点源交汇水、氮的运移规律和分布特征,为滴灌系统施肥装置的合理运行提供技术支撑。【方法】通过室内土槽试验,设置3个硝态氮质量浓度(300、600、900 mg/L)和3种施肥时序(1/2N-1/2W、1/4W-1/2N-1/4W、3/8W-1/2N-1/8W),分析了土壤湿润锋的运移以及水分、硝态氮在土体内的分布情况。【结果】交汇前湿润锋在水平和垂直方向上的运移距离与时间t符合幂函数关系,在交汇面垂直方向上的湿润锋运移距离与时间t可用二项式拟合。各处理的水分分布规律基本相同,随深度的增加,土壤含水率降低,从0～10 cm的30%～35%缓慢降低至10～15 cm土层的19%～25%。在交汇面上的土壤含水率不大于相同土层其他位置的含水率,但硝态氮量比相同土层其他位置的大。增加肥液质量浓度,土体内相同位置的硝态氮量增加。不同施肥时序下,硝态氮在点源交汇区域的内部和边缘的量存在差异。【结论】综合考虑硝态氮的分布规律和减少淋失,在点源交汇情况下,采用水-肥-水的施肥时序(即1/4W-1/2N-1/4W、3/8W-1/2N-1/8W)较肥-水的施肥时序(1/2N-1/2W)能减少硝态氮在点源交汇区域的边缘积累,控制氮肥的淋失。     

注肥时间对花椰菜产量、品质和水氮利用效率的影响

针对我国设施蔬菜水肥管理粗放、肥料利用效率低等突出问题,通过温室花椰菜小区试验,设置4种注肥时间处理,即T1(1/5N-4/5W)、T2(1/5W-1/5N-3/5W)、T3(2/5W-1/5N-2/5W)、T4(3/5W-1/5N-1/5W)(1/5W-1/5N-3/5W表示整个灌水过程的前1/5时间灌水,接下来的1/5时间施肥,后3/5时间灌水冲洗管道,其他同),研究了不同注肥时间对温室花椰菜产量、品质、水氮利用效率和土壤剖面氮素迁移规律的影响,探索了滴灌施肥条件下最优注肥时间及其调控阈值。结果表明,花椰菜全生育期耗水量随着注肥时间向后推移而呈先增加后减少趋势,其中T3处理耗水量最高,为135.26 mm。在灌溉施肥过程中向后推移施肥可显著提高花椰菜产量和品质,其中后期施肥处理(T3、T4)的产量较前期施肥处理(T1、T2)增加了1.78%~6.39%。花椰菜的氮肥利用效率和氮肥回收率随着注肥时间的向后推移而呈逐渐增加趋势,且花球部位的氮素累积量明显增加,水分利用效率显著降低。另外,向后推移注肥时间有效地减少了硝态氮的淋失。在试验条件下,综合考虑花椰菜产量、品质和水氮利用效率,灌溉施肥过程中注肥时间应尽量向后推移。     

容重对土壤水氮垂直运移特性影响

为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm³的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好.     

直插式地下滴灌土壤湿润体特征值变化规律及灌溉效果分析

【目的】了解2种典型干旱区土壤(砂土、砂黏土)中直插式地下滴灌的灌水效果。【方法】以实测的土壤湿润锋在垂直向上、向下和水平3个方向的运移距离为基础,建立了土壤湿润锋运移距离与直插式地下滴灌滴头流速和灌水时间之间的函数关系,依据此量化关系结合土壤含水率求得了直插式地下滴灌的微灌技术参数,并评价了直插式地下滴灌在干旱区砂土、砂黏土中的灌水效果。【结果】在2种土质条件下,湿润锋不同方向上的运移距离与滴头流速和灌水时间之间的量化关系式R2>0.95,验证方程R2>0.95,表明模型可行;在砂土中,灌溉水储存系数、灌水均匀系数及土壤湿润比均小于0.6,而在砂黏土中均高于0.8,表明直插式地下滴灌在砂土中灌水效果比砂黏土差。【结论】幂函数可准确描述砂土、砂黏土中直插式地下滴灌湿润峰运移距离、滴头出流速度和灌水时间之间的关系;垂直向上湿润距离与滴头流速负相关,与灌水时间正相关,水平与向下湿润距离与流速、灌水时间均正相关;在本试验条件下,流速为1.25 L/h灌水效果最好。     

负水头环境土壤水分湿润锋运移三维模拟

【目的】更加有效地控制土壤含水率,指导节水灌溉。【方法】采用负水头土壤水分湿润锋运移试验和Hydrus-3D三维土壤水分运移数值模型,研究了山西榆次砂土、壤土在负水头高度(0、-0.5、-1.0m)时的土壤水分湿润锋运移规律和模型的有效性。【结果】水分累积入渗量随着时间的增加逐渐增大,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系;湿润锋随着时间的增加逐渐向水平、垂直方向扩大,曲线呈1/4椭囿状,最大湿润距离与时间的平方根呈良好的线性关系;湿润锋入渗速度随着负水头高度的增加逐渐减小,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系。实测湿润锋包络面积与模型计算值的偏差,砂土为0.51%~7.21%,壤土为0.22%~16.03%。【结论】所建三维模型可以用于描述负水头环境下土壤水分湿润锋的运移特征,并用于预测各种条件改变下的湿润锋运移和含水率分布。     

水肥互作对大豆产量及氮肥利用的影响

【目的】改善呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗地区"雨养农业"及过量施肥造成的单产低、产量不稳、肥料利用率低、氮素残留量过高的现状。【方法】试验设置3种灌水水平,分别为低水(W1:600 m~3/hm~2)、中水(W2:1 000 m3/hm~2)、高水(W3:1 400 m~3/hm~2),并设置3种施肥水平分别为低氮(N1:70 kg/hm~2)、中氮(N2:95 kg/hm~2)、高氮(N3:120 kg/hm~2),同时设置当地常规处理(W0N3)与空白处理(W0N0),研究了水氮互作对大豆产量、肥料利用效率及氮素残留的影响。【结果】水氮互作对产量影响较大,高水中氮(W3N2)处理增产59.2%。施氮量较小时,植株吸氮量表现为协同促进作用,施氮量过多则产生拮抗作用,其中与W0N3处理相比,高水中氮(W3N2)处理植株吸氮量增加3.92 g/kg。大豆氮肥利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率随着施氮量的升高逐渐降低,增加灌水量促进植株对氮素的吸收利用。W1N1处理氮肥贡献率最小,仅为12.23%,W3N2处理氮肥贡献率最大为43.24%。氮肥生理利用率随着灌水量的增加而增大,W3N2处理相对于W0N3处理增加了51.9%。W3N2处理相比W0N3处理减少10.32 kg/hm~2的硝态氮残留。【结论】在呼伦贝尔市阿荣旗地区推荐灌水量为1 400 m3/hm~2,施氮量为95 kg/hm~2。     

灌水器埋深对红壤区涌泉根灌双点源入渗水氮运移的影响

【目的】研究红壤区涌泉根灌双点源入渗土壤水氮运移分布规律,为提高涌泉根灌水氮利用效率和灌水器合理埋深提供理论依据。【方法】在大田通过灌水器埋深分别为30、45、60cm的硝酸铵钙溶液入渗试验,研究了灌水器埋深对涌泉根灌双点源交汇入渗土壤的入渗能力、湿润锋运移距离、土壤水分以及铵态氮和硝态氮运移特性的影响,并建立了红壤涌泉根灌土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋运移距离与入渗历时的关系模型。【结果】灌水器埋深分别为30、45和60 cm时,红壤累计入渗量和稳定入渗率分别为18.84 L和0.035 cm/min、17.09 L和0.031 cm/min以及14.37 L和0.024 cm/min,即灌水器埋深越大,土壤的累计入渗量和稳渗率就越小,且累计入渗量与入渗历时之间均符合幂函数关系;灌水器埋深分别为30、45和60 cm时,交汇入渗发生的时间分别为168、187和197 min,交汇发生时间增幅依次为10.16%和5.56%,湿润锋运移距离随埋深的增大而减小,运移距离与入渗历时之间均符合对数函数关系,且竖直向下的运移距离均大于竖直向上;土壤含水率均随着土层深度的增加而先增加后减小,对于同一土层,灌水器处土壤含水率最大,其次为交汇面处,而距离灌水器12.5cm处土壤含水率最小;土壤铵态氮和硝态氮均随土层深度的增加而先增加后减小,在水平方向,距离灌水器越近,铵态氮的质量浓度越大,对于硝态氮而言,灌水器埋深不同,硝态氮的分布存在明显差异。【结论】灌水器埋深对涌泉根灌双点源交汇入渗红壤的水氮运移分布均有显著影响,且埋深超过60 cm时,氮肥淋失风险较大,且对作物吸收不利。     

温室滴灌施肥条件下土壤硝态氮的运移及分布特征

为了揭示不同滴灌施肥方式对日光温室土壤硝态氮运移及分布的影响,以番茄为供试作物,选择漫灌为对照（CK）,研究在3种施肥处理和4种灌水量条件下硝态氮的运移及在各土层的分布情况。结果表明,土壤硝态氮量随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增加,随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少。土壤硝态氮主要分布在0～40 cm土层,占试验土层总量的 82%～92%。与大水高肥（W1F3）处理相比,节水节肥（W4F1）处理下土壤剖面硝态氮累积量减少了36.65%。与 CK 相比,节水节肥（W4F1）处理下40～60 cm土层硝态氮累积量减少了53.42%;与大水高肥（W1F3）处理相比,W4F1处理下40～60 cm土层硝态氮累积量减少了62.18%。在本试验条件下,较习惯施肥量减30%、灌水量减50%的处理是可行的,能够有效地提高氮肥利用率和产投比、降低土壤硝态氮的深层累积。     

水氮施量对膜下滴灌棉花生长及水氮分布的影响

【目的】探究北疆地区膜下滴灌棉花最优水氮施量及土壤水氮分布特征。【方法】采用二因素完全随机试验,设置灌水量4个水平(W1:5 250 m~3/hm~2、W2:4 500 m~3/hm~2、W3:3 750 m~3/hm~2和W4:3 000 m~3/hm~2)和施氮量3个水平(N1:300 kg/hm~2、N2:262.5 kg/hm~2和N3:225 kg/hm~2),研究了不同水氮施量对植株形态、土壤含水率分布及土壤氮素分布的影响。【结果】施氮量对植株形态指标的影响程度低于灌水量,但植株形态指标不能反映产量;棉花盛蕾期,表层土壤含水率较低,直至盛花期,表层土壤含水率稳定在20%左右。且灌水量为3 750 m~3/hm~2时,更有利于土壤保持湿润,并且向深层流失的水分较少;0～20 cm土层内硝态氮和铵态氮量相对较高,随着灌水量和施氮量的增加,氮素向深层土壤的淋移程度不断增加,当施氮量为262.5 kg/hm~2时,根系层内的硝态氮含量相对较高,尿素转化的铵态氮也更多;当施氮量为262.5 kg/hm~2,灌水量为3 750 m~3/hm~2时,棉花产量达到最大,为6 460.5 kg/hm~2。【结论】施氮量为262.5 kg/hm~2,灌水量为3 750 m~3/hm~2,可作为该地区最优水氮施量组合。     

土壤容重对涌泉根灌土壤水氮运移特性的影响

在室内通过人工配置不同水平土壤容重(1.35、1.40、1.45、1.50 g/cm~3),用土箱进行水肥入渗模拟试验,研究土壤容重对累积入渗量、湿润锋运移、土壤水分以及铵态氮和硝态氮运移的影响,建立以土壤容重和入渗时间为自变量,累积入渗量和各向湿润锋运移距离为因变量的经验模型。结果表明:土壤容重对累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布、转化均具有较为显著的影响。随着土壤容重的减小,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离、湿润体内水分、铵态氮及硝态氮含量均呈增大趋势。入渗系数K随着土壤容重的增大而减小,入渗指数α随着土壤容重的增大而增大;在同一时刻,湿润体内铵态氮和硝态氮含量的平均值、变化量及转化率均随着土壤容重的增大而增大。距离灌水器越近,铵态氮、硝态氮含量越高;湿润体内铵态氮分布主要集中在灌水器附近,随着再分布进行,湿润体内铵态氮含量、转化率逐渐减小,转化量逐渐增加。灌水结束、再分布3、5、10、15、20 d条件下,以灌水结束时刻为基准,铵态氮含量降幅依次为2.34%、11.41%、34.22%、59.06%和73.75%。湿润体内硝态氮分布区域与水分分布相似,随着再分布进行,湿润体内硝态氮含量、转化量逐渐增大,再分布15 d达到最大值;而转化率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,再分布10 d转化率达到最大值。灌水结束、再分布3、5、10、15、20 d条件下,以灌水结束时刻为基准,湿润体内硝态氮含量依次增加0.76%、60.12%、156.95%、204.68%和180.51%。土壤容重对涌泉根灌土壤水分和氮素运移、分布及其转化的影响均较为显著。     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

Fate and transport of atrazine in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures

Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics.     

北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。