苜蓿切叶蜂繁育及对苜蓿种子产量影响的初报

苜蓿 (Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｓａｔｉｖａ)是一种高蛋白的豆科牧草 ,在种子生产中 ,由于其花器的特殊性 ,一般的授粉昆虫 ,包括家蜂都难以打开苜蓿的花器 ,很难起到传粉作用 ,致使靠异花授粉的苜蓿种子产量低、品质差。在本世纪 70年代 ,美国、加拿大等国家发现苜蓿切叶蜂(ＭｅｇａｃｈｉｌｅｒｏｔｕｎｄａｔａＦａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ)可以为苜蓿授粉并使苜蓿种子产量大幅度增加 ,现已应用于生产中 ,成为苜蓿种子生产中不可缺少的重要措施。我国目前应用苜蓿切叶蜂对苜蓿授粉制种在种子生产中还是一项空白。中国农业大学 1 989年首先从加拿大引进苜…     

切叶蜂为苜蓿种子授粉的试验

苜蓿切叶蜂 (ＭｅｇａｃｈｉｌｅｒｏｔｕｎｄａｔａＦ)属蜜蜂总科切叶蜂科 ,原产西亚和欧洲 ,现已分布于世界各大洲的许多国家和地区。苜蓿切叶蜂是为苜蓿授粉最有效的昆虫 ,在畜牧业发达的国家 ,应用切叶蜂为苜蓿授粉已成为苜蓿种子生产过程中不可缺少的措施之一。我们于 1998年初从林甸县引入苜蓿切叶蜂 ,并在大庆市草原饲料试验基地进行了为期三年的切叶蜂为苜蓿种子授粉试验。1　材料和方法1.1　材料试验地为沙壤土 ,面积为 5ｈｍ2 ,地势平坦 ,具灌溉条件。试验材料为种植第 2年的黑龙江省畜牧研究所培育的龙牧80 1、80 3号苜蓿 ,行距 …     

苜蓿授粉昆虫的初步调查与观察

通过对酒泉市肃州区赛特紫花苜蓿良种繁育基地授粉昆虫的初步调查与观察,发现:其授粉昆虫有2科7属1 8种,其中切叶蜂、地蜂、熊蜂、木蜂、蜜蜂和食蚜蝇是制种苜蓿主要的访花者,切叶蜂、地蜂和蜜蜂是其授粉的优势蜂种;不同蜂种有多种采集植物对象与特点;苜蓿属典型的异花授粉植物,虽为雌雄同花,却自交不育或自交亲合力很低,其种子繁育生产主要借助传粉昆虫完成授粉;尤其是在授粉昆虫觅巢繁育期间禁用杀虫剂、除草剂等农药,切实保护和人工饲养切叶蜂、地蜂等地产野生蜂种和引进蜜蜂授粉是提高苜蓿种子产量的主要措施。     

苜蓿切叶蜂在呼和和浩特市地区为苜蓿授粉的研究

苜蓿切叶蜂是为苜蓿授粉量有效的昆虫。１９９７年,我们对黑龙江省林甸县引进苜蓿切叶蜂在呼和浩特市地区于苜蓿花期进行了授粉研究。结果表明,苜蓿切叶蜂在２９￣３０℃、相对湿度６０％￣７０％和通风良好的条件下孵化最为适宜;放蜂后第７ｄ出现封孔现象,封孔高峰出现在开始封孔的第８ｄ,雌蜂做巢集中在放蜂后的１５ｄ内;放蜂田种子产量比对照田增产５７．２％,种子产量与苜蓿至蜂箱的距离呈负相关性。异花授粉在种子结实率     

苜蓿切叶蜂在呼和浩特市地区为苜蓿授粉的研究

苜蓿切叶蜂是为苜蓿授粉最有效的昆虫.1997年,我们从黑龙江省林甸县引进苜蓿切叶蜂在呼和浩特市地区于苜蓿花期进行了授粉研究.结果表明,苜蓿切叶蜂在29～30℃、相对湿度60%～70%和通风良好的条件下孵化最为适宜;放蜂后第7d出现封孔现象,封孔高峰出现在开始封孔的第8d,雌蜂做巢集中在放蜂后的15d内;放蜂田种子产量比对照田增产57.2%,种子产量与苜蓿至蜂箱的距离呈负相关性.异花授粉在种子结实率、千粒重、每荚籽粒数、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等方面均高于自花授粉.     

苜蓿切叶蜂及其对紫花苜蓿种子生产的影响

<正> 紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)被誉为“牧草之王”,在农牧业生产中具有重要作用。然而紫花苜蓿的种子生产却受到自身花器结构的限制,导致种子产量低、品质差,无法满足日趋增加的市场需求。苜蓿切叶蜂(Melitte leporina panzer)在采集花粉的同时能够打开苜蓿的花器,完成异花授粉过程,明显提高苜蓿种子的产量和品质。这一现象自被发现之日起便被广泛研究利用。目前,利用苜蓿切叶蜂授粉已成为许多国家生产苜蓿种子不可缺少的重要环节。黑龙江省牧草种子基地经过几年的试验及生产实践,在利用苜蓿切叶蜂为紫花苜蓿授粉进行种子生产方面收到了良好的效果,同时掌握了苜蓿切叶蜂的养殖技术及其对紫花苜蓿种子生产的影响。     

苜蓿切叶蜂在我省落户

在林甸县进行的黑龙江省与加拿大阿尔伯塔省《建设草原合作项目》中,采用了加拿大专家的建议,引进了苜蓿切叶蜂,并在放养和繁殖上取得成功。苜蓿切叶蜂专门用于紫花苜蓿、大豆等植物的授粉使用使苜蓿种子产量成倍增长,增长幅度在2～8倍之间。     

用苜蓿切叶蜂授粉的增产效果

用苜蓿切叶蜂授粉的增产效果陈合明，李瑞军（中国农业大学昆虫系１０００９４）苜蓿切叶蜂（ＭｅｇａｃｈｉｌｅｒｏｔｕｎｄａｔａＦ．）是蜜蜂大家族的重要成员，是少数能够大量家养的昆虫之一。它具有许多突出的特点，如授粉的专一性强；访花速度快，每分钟可采访１１...     

苜蓿切叶蜂一年异地两次为苜蓿授粉的研究

苜蓿切叶蜂是为苜蓿授粉最有效的昆虫。利用我国幅员辽阔，南北气候差异大、苜蓿开花期不同的特点，每年5月中下旬至6月下旬在北京苜蓿开花期间放第一次蜂，回收后立即运往吉林白城地区于6月下旬至7月初放第二次蜂，为当地苜蓿授粉，8月中下旬收回。经过三年共六次的释放试验表明，这种一年异地两次放蜂的方法是可行的，取得了蜂产量增长2～3倍，苜蓿种子增产2～4倍的良好结果。评价了蜂茧的产量、质量及苜蓿种子增产的效益。还对该蜂的羽化、筑巢的动态以及一些生态要求等进行观察与分析。为在我国开发和利用苜蓿切叶蜂提供了理论依据。     

苜蓿切叶蜂繁育及对苜蓿种子产量影响情况初报

苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｓａｔｉｖａ）是一种高蛋白的豆科牧草。由于其花器的特殊性,一般的授粉昆虫,包括家蜂都难以打开苜蓿的花器,很难起到传粉作用,致使靠异花授粉的苜蓿种子产量低、品质差。在本世纪７０年代,美国、加拿大等国家发现苜蓿切叶蜂（Ｍｅｇａｃｈｉ...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.