对草原越界放牧问题的探讨

正少数民族自治县多以天然草原放牧为主,同时坚持但草原越界放牧引起的纠纷却时有发生。为了正确处理草原越界放牧引起的纠纷,现就草原越界放牧问题进行探讨。一、草原越界放牧的成因草原放牧界线是行政界线的具体体现,行政界线不仅是地方政府依法管理辖区政治、经济和社会事务的依据,也是当地牧民依法保     

关于乐都县草原管理问题的探讨

本文针对乐都县人均占有草原面积小,草原承包难度大,草原超载放牧、鼠害和毒草问题突出的现状,提出了成立草原管理委员会、落实乡镇草原使用范围、建立放牧申报制度、规定放牧家畜数量等草原管理对策     

浅谈高海拔地区草原放牧养鸡

<正>在草原放牧养鸡一直是贵南县畜牧业经济收入的重要组成部分,为了尽快适应草原放牧养鸡养殖业的新形势,近年来贵南县一直致力于做大做强草原生态放牧养鸡产业,以发展草原放牧养鸡基地为基础,充分发挥贵南     

草原放牧系统持续管理试验研究:试验设计及放牧率对草-畜系统影响分析

在内蒙古典型草原区中国科学院草原生态定位站研究不同放牧率、放牧方式和放牧季节对草原植物和家畜生产的影响。结果表明,地上现存量随着放牧率的增加而降低,但达到峰值的日期提前了。地上生物量与放牧率无明显趋向性变化。家畜增重随着放牧率的增大而下降,公顷总增重与放牧率成二次曲线关系。将放牧率对草原生产力的动态确定为可持续放牧率和改良放牧率。     

不同草原类型对乌珠穆沁羔羊生产性能和肉品质的影响

将3～3.5月龄、体重相近的16只乌珠穆沁羔羊随机分为2组,一组在锡林浩特市毛登牧场典型草原放牧,另一组在四子王旗乌兰花镇荒漠草原放牧,放牧99d后屠宰并采集背最长肌测定理化性质和营养品质,分析不同草原类型对放牧羊产肉力和肉品质的影响。结果表明：(1)两种草原类型对放牧羔羊的宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率没有显著影响,但典型草原放牧组干物质采食量和眼肌面积显著高于荒漠草原放牧组(P<0.05),采食行走里程显著减少(P<0.05)。(2)荒漠草原放牧组肉色较浅而剪切力较大(P<0.05),且蒸煮损失显著低于典型草原放牧组(P<0.05)。(3)荒漠草原放牧组粗蛋白含量显著高于典型草原放牧组(P<0.05),而肌内脂肪含量显著低于典型草原放牧组(P<0.05);荒漠草原放牧组氨基酸总量、必需和非必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量及赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、脯氨酸和谷氨酸含量均显著高于典型草原放牧组(P<0.05),其饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量、单不饱和脂肪酸总量及C10∶0、C12∶0、C14∶0、C15∶0、C16∶0、C17∶0、C18∶0、C20∶0、C14∶...     

草原放牧系统的类型与生产力

根据草原综合顺序分类法(Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System,CSCS)划分了高寒、荒漠、半荒漠、亚热带森林灌丛、典型草原、草甸草原、温带森林灌丛、热带森林灌丛8个类型的放牧系统。放牧系统经历了原始游牧、粗放游牧、过度放牧和现代化放牧4个演替阶段,根据3个类型放牧系统生产力长期动态,我国主体仍为过度放牧系统,但开始向现代化放牧系统转变。我国放牧系统生产力平均18.04APU·hm~(-2),总计63.50亿APU,每年可产肉295.9万t。我国放牧系统存在结构性超载,即整体超载,但是部分区域、部分季节存在放牧利用不足。目前,我国草原增产潜力为0.5~2倍,关键途径是实现草原放牧系统的现代化转型。     

禁牧和放牧对祁连山高寒草原秋季大型和中型土壤节肢动物多样性的影响

过度放牧及气候变化引起祁连山高寒草原退化,而禁牧可以恢复退化高寒草原生态系统,但长期禁牧会影响高寒草原地上和地下生态系统结构及其功能。本研究以祁连山西段葫芦沟流域典型高寒草原为研究对象,2021年秋季利用陷阱法和干漏斗法收集了长期围封禁牧和自由放牧区大型和中型土壤节肢动物样品,确定禁牧对高寒草原大型和中型土壤节肢动物多样性的影响。结果表明,禁牧与放牧高寒草原秋季大型和中型土壤节肢动物群落组成明显不同。禁牧与放牧高寒草原相比提高了大型土壤节肢动物的密度、类群丰富度和多样性指数,其中大型土壤动物活动密度在禁牧高寒草原显著高于放牧高寒草原生境;禁牧与放牧高寒草原相比显著降低了高寒草原中型土壤节肢动物的密度、类群丰富度、多样性指数以及螨类和跳虫密度比值（A/C）。不同土壤节肢动物类群对禁牧和放牧的响应模式不同,禁牧与放牧高寒草原相比显著提高了高寒草原蜈蚣、蜘蛛和甲虫的活动密度,降低了蚂蚁的活动密度和跳虫的密度。总之,高寒草原土壤节肢动物群落及主要类群对禁牧和放牧管理的响应十分敏感,其数量及多样性变化可以用于指示高寒草原的放牧管理。     

内蒙古不同草地类型中羊草地上生物量对放牧强度的响应

以内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原为研究对象,设置轻度、中度、重度以及对照样地4个放牧梯度,经过5年连续野外实验,研究在不同草地类型中放牧对羊草地上生物量的影响。研究结果表明:随放牧强度的增加羊草地上生物量显著下降;在草甸草原中羊草地上生物量在重度放牧强度下最低,对照样地和重度放牧样地的羊草地上生物量与降水呈正相关关系;在典型草原中羊草地上生物量在对照样地中最高,中度放牧的羊草地上生物量与降水的负相关性达到显著水平;在荒漠草原中,放牧和年度的交互作用达到显著水平,羊草地上生物量在2005年表现出显著差异,轻度放牧显著高于其他放牧强度,羊草地上生物量在轻度放牧样地中与降水呈极显著负相关关系。     

放牧对草原植物的影响

本文针对放牧对草原植物影响的问题,从放牧强度和放牧制度两方面扼要介绍了国内外各位学者关于放牧对草原植物的影响的研究结果及得出的结论。     

国外草原放牧利用的强度及其测定方法

<正> 一、草原合理利用的重要性对于任何一块放牧的草原,要使其保持原有的生产能力,并使草原生态系统稳定和发展,就必须规定草原放牧利用的适当强度。草原放牧利用的适当强度是指,在维护家畜的生产性能和自然资源(植被、土壤、水)的前提下,规定一块草地上可容许的放牧强度。显然,草原利用的强度关系到植物生长发育的强弱、草原环境的改善与劣化,     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein