不同规模化猪场饲料和粪便中锌含量调查分析

对某地区19个规模化猪场的育肥猪、保育猪及断奶仔猪的饲料和粪便进行随机抽样,检测其锌含量,并对两者锌含量的相关性进行分析。结果表明:(1)饲料中锌浓度超标率为71.9%,粪便的锌含量超标率为29.8%;(2)除3号、12号和14号猪场的育肥猪以及1号、2号、4号、5号、12号和14号猪场的保育猪之外,其他猪场的各个生长阶段猪粪便锌含量显著高于对应饲料的锌含量(P0.05);除4号和15号猪场外,其余猪场断奶仔猪饲料的锌含量显著高于育肥猪和保育猪饲料的锌含量(P0.05);(3)猪粪便中锌含量与其饲料中锌含量具有显著的正相关关系,相关系数为0.9594;育肥猪、保育猪和断奶仔猪的饲料与对应粪便中锌含量的线性回归方程的相关系数分别为0.5342、0.1761和0.8488;所有猪饲料与对应粪便中锌含量的线性回归方程的斜率为1.806,育肥猪、保育猪和断奶仔猪的饲料与对应粪便中锌含量线性回归方程的斜率分别为1.220、0.7219和1.494。上述研究结果表明,所调研地区规模化猪场饲料和粪便的平均锌含量均超出国家标准,且粪便中锌含量与饲料锌含量呈正相关。     

规模化猪场结肠小袋纤毛虫感染情况调查及分析

用粪便检查法对伊川县有代表性的8个规模化猪场的母猪及不同阶段猪群的粪便586份进行结肠小袋纤毛虫感染情况调查。结果发现,各猪场的感染率在33.8%～56.6%之间,其中母猪感染率为41.1%,保育猪为51.2%,生长猪为46.9%,育肥猪为43.2%,总感染率为45.9%。有断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征的猪群感染率为53.2%,而无断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征的猪群感染率为38.5%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

河南省规模化猪场饲料及粪便中氮磷、重金属元素及抗生素含量调查与分析

本研究对河南省12家规模化猪场饲料及粪便中氮磷、重金属及抗生素含量进行调查,采集断奶仔猪、保育猪和育肥猪3个阶段的饲料和粪便样品,测定样品中粗蛋白、总磷、部分重金属元素(锌、铜、砷)和抗生素(金霉素和喹乙醇)的含量,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:规模化猪场断奶仔猪饲料中粗蛋白、磷、铜、锌、砷、金霉素和喹乙醇平均含量分别为19.49%、0.60%、184.25 mg/kg、1853.33 mg/kg、4.79 mg/kg、3.50 mg/kg、22.95 mg/kg,保育猪饲料中上述各指标平均含量为18.26%、0.56%、174.00 mg/kg、719.17 mg/kg、7.55 mg/kg、7.00 mg/kg、24.04 mg/kg,肥育猪饲料中各指标平均含量为16.63%、0.47%、133.50 mg/kg、192.17 mg/kg、5.88 mg/kg、2.62 mg/kg、4.98 mg/kg;断奶仔猪粪便中粗蛋白、磷、铜、锌和砷平均含量分别为26.15%、2.57%、816.67 mg/kg、4 853.33 mg/kg、13.07 mg/kg,保育猪粪便中上述各指标平均含量分别为25.99%、2.89%、1 475.00 mg/kg、4 798.33 mg/kg、22.72 mg/kg,肥育猪粪便中各指标平均含量分别为21.64%、2.83%、948.33 mg/kg、1 730.00 mg/kg、41.21 mg/kg,所有猪粪便中均未检测出金霉素和喹乙醇。断奶仔猪和保育猪饲料中总磷含量与粪便中总磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),饲料中铜含量粪便中铜含量在断奶阶段呈显著正相关(P0.05)、在育肥阶段呈极显著正相关(P0.01);饲料中锌含量与粪便中锌含量在保育阶段达到了显著正相关(P0.05);饲料中砷含量与粪便中砷含量均呈正相关,但相关性均未达显著水平(P0.05)。     

猪场低碳环保发酵饲料养殖技术的应用研究

为了研究有效微生物发酵饲料对猪场低碳环保养殖的应用效果,将断奶仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪三个不同生长阶段猪以及母猪分为试验组和对照组,研究不同生长阶段猪的生长性能和母猪生产性能,并对仔猪黄白痢的预防效果以及除蝇除臭效果进行比较试验。结果表明,断奶仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪三个阶段的试验组猪日增重、饲料利用率均高于对照组,其中饲料利用率提高5%以上;母猪仔猪产活率试验组高于对照组,达90%以上;试验组仔猪黄白痢发病率、死亡率显著低于对照组;除蝇除臭效果试验组显著。研究结果表明,有效微生物发酵饲料的使用对于猪低碳环保养殖有显著效果。     

仔猪不同生长阶段粪便微生物多样性分析

旨在利用高通量测序技术分析晋汾白猪和马身猪生长早期粪便微生物的多样性特征及其可能的成因。本研究以马身猪和晋汾白猪为研究对象,采用16SrRNA高通量测序技术,对仔猪初生(1日龄)、断奶(28日龄)和保育后期(70日龄)三个关键的生长发育阶段的粪便微生物多样性进行研究。结果表明:本次测序所得的操作分类单元分属25个门、43个纲、91个目、163个科和470个属的微生物。多样性分析表明,生长在相同环境之下的晋汾白猪和马身猪在不同的生长阶段粪便微生物的组成具有相似之处,初生(1日龄)时容易受到母体及周围环境的影响,假单胞菌和志贺菌属等有害菌属的细菌含量较高,乳酸杆菌的数量随着仔猪年龄的增长而逐渐增加,在断奶(28日龄)和保育末期(70日龄)时粪便微生物菌群的多样性更为相似;在保育末期,两个猪种的仔猪肠道中普雷沃氏菌和毛螺菌科NK4A136等有助于动物消化代谢的细菌更为丰富。本研究的结果可为仔猪肠道微生物定植以及演替的变化规律提供理论参考。     

葡萄籽原花青素对不同生长阶段猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加葡萄籽原花青素对不同阶段猪生长性能的影响。试验选取48头体重相近的“杜×长×大”三元杂交猪,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头猪。试验分3个生长阶段进行,对照组始终饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在第Ⅰ阶段(断奶仔猪阶段)的基础饲粮中分别添加50、100、150 mg/kg的GSPs,第Ⅱ阶段(生长猪阶段)分别添加100、150、200 mg/kg的GSPs,第Ⅲ阶段(育肥猪)分别添加150、200、250 mg/kg的GSPs进行饲喂。结果发现,在断奶仔猪阶段,饲料中添加100 mg/kg的GSPs显著提高了ADG和ADFI (P<0.05);在生长猪阶段,饲料中添加150 mg/kg的GSPs显著提高了ADG和ADFI,显著降低了F/G (P<0.05);在育肥猪阶段添加GSPs没有显著的促进作用,添加250 mg/kg的GSPs反而降低了育肥猪的生长性能。试验表明不同生长阶段猪饲料中添加适量的GSPs对断奶仔猪和生长猪的生长性能有一定的促进作用。     

日粮添加屎肠球菌替代抗生素引起猪肠道末端的微生物的变化

肠道微生物群在宿主健康和动物营养消化中发挥重要作用。益生菌可通过调节肠道微生态改善动物健康和生长性能,已成为抗生素的有效替代品之一。本课题组前期研究结果表明,用粪肠球菌UC-100替代抗生素,能改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和健康。为探明饲喂粪肠球菌UC-100替代抗生素对猪肠道末端微生物菌群的影响,本研究应用16S rRNA测序检测了不同日粮处理(基础日粮组、粪肠球菌组和抗生素组)的猪第0、14和28天粪便微生物群。结果表明,21个门和137个属的细菌为所有猪共有,但有12个属的细菌为粪肠球菌组在14和28天粪便中特有。与基础日粮组相比,粪肠球菌组第28天粪便中的细菌丰度和多样性、抗生素组的细菌多样性均显著降低,尤其是纤维杆菌门和12属细菌的丰度。这些结果表明,日粮添加粪肠球菌引起的猪肠道末端的微生物菌群变化与日粮添加抗生素的反应类似。     

猪肠道螺旋体病的临床症状与防治措施

猪肠道螺旋体病是一种由结肠菌毛样螺旋体引起的结肠炎,主要发生于断奶仔猪和保育猪。育肥猪的临床症状为粪便稀软,逐步发展为粥样粪便,保育猪和断奶仔猪则出现绿色或棕色水样腹泻。目前,常规抗生素治疗和加强饲养管理能减少发病率,维持猪的生产性能。     

山东省猪饲料和粪便中Mn含量的测定

研究探讨猪饲料Mn含量对粪便Mn含量的影响。采集山东省不同地区大型猪场30份饲料及150个粪便样品,分析测定其中的Mn含量。结果表明:山东省大型养猪场饲料和粪便中Mn含量差异很大,断奶仔猪、生长育肥猪及哺乳母猪3个阶段的饲料中Mn含量分别为44~128、44~181和37~158 mg/kg,相应粪便Mn含量分别为332~688、351~811和308~914 mg/kg。猪粪便中Mn含量与其饲料中Mn含量间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),断奶仔猪、生长育肥猪和哺乳母猪粪便中Mn的平均含量分别是其饲料的6.54、5.76和5.99倍,表现出一定的"浓缩"效应,其中哺乳母猪饲料和粪便中Mn的平均含量最高,分别为99.2和594.3 mg/kg,"浓缩系数"高达5.29。总之,猪粪便Mn含量远远高于饲料中Mn含量,高Mn含量的猪粪便在土地利用时可能会带来土壤污染风险。     

猪常见疾病治疗方法探讨

<正>生猪产业是我国经济发展的基础性产业,我国既是世界上最大的猪肉生产国,也是猪肉消费大国。为保证猪病防控有效性,需要科学把握生猪生长发育阶段的不同特点。生猪繁育过程中大致可分成哺乳期、保育期和生长育肥期3个阶段。哺乳期为仔猪出生至断乳阶段,一般为3～5周。保育期为仔猪断奶至保育结束这一阶段,通常为5周。育肥期为仔猪保育结束进入生长舍饲养,     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein