从国产细羊毛拍卖会分析我国绵羊毛质量评价体系

2005年国产优质细羊毛拍卖交易会于8月2日在南京羊毛市场进行,科技部国家公益性研究“动物纤维、毛皮产品质量评价技术的研究”项目组对这次拍卖会进行了全程跟踪调研,笔者就这次拍卖会的情况及通过这次拍卖会对我国羊毛质量评价体系现状及发展对策进行分析研究,提出了建立健全国产细羊毛质量评价体系的建议。1拍卖会概况分析参加这次拍卖会的羊毛主要来自我国五大细羊毛主产区新疆、内蒙古、甘肃、青海、吉林。可以说国产细羊毛的精华都集中到了这里。举牌竞拍的商家主要是来自江苏省的一些毛纺企业。拍卖会根据南京羊毛市场交易条款及有关…     

新疆细羊毛开始受宠

在刚刚结束的南京羊毛交易市场拍卖活动中 ,新疆优质细羊毛创出 10年来国产细羊毛的最高价格。南京羊毛交易市场是我国最大的羊毛拍卖场所。据介绍 ,此次拍卖是国产细羊毛规模最大的一次拍卖 ,总计5 6 0多吨优质细羊毛的成交价平均每千克为 17 7元 ,比低谷时期价格高出近 3倍。欣喜不已的新疆细羊毛生产者协会负责人张济慈说 :“新疆细羊毛被国内毛纺企业看好 ,这使滑入低谷 10年之久的新疆细羊毛业有望复苏”。在细羊毛产区 ,今年收购者也提高了价格 ,羊毛生产者开始摆脱亏本求售的局面。张济慈说 :“新疆各地饲养细毛羊的热情开始回升”。…     

提高细羊毛商品价值的几项管理措施

随着人们生活水平的提高,高档羊毛制品向着轻薄、柔软、挺括方向发展,且需求不断增加,价格涨幅也较大,并逐步稳定在较高的水平.从目前南京羊毛市场拍卖情况看,66～80支细羊毛价格是60支细羊毛价格的几倍.而60支细羊毛的产量却是66～80支细羊毛产量的数十倍.毛纺工业所需大量的细型和超细型羊毛却寥寥无几,毛纺企业只有用大量的外币进口国外细型、超细型羊毛来满足毛纺工业的需求.……     

“澳毛”欲压顶 “国毛”何所为

我国是澳大利亚细羊毛最大的进口国，据预测，未来５年，澳毛涌入量将进一步加大，价格将进一步降低。国产细羊毛品质如果不能明显提高，势将失去更多的市场。因此，专家认为，用优良品种更换现有品种细毛羊，发展优质细羊毛是我国羊毛业当务之急。“国毛”的现状可用两句话描述：一是没有好羊毛，二是屈指可数的好羊毛卖不出好价钱。“国毛”的年产量一直在８万吨上下，其中优质羊毛指达到中高档毛纺需要，细度在２１微米以下，可纺６４～７０支的产量不足１／１０，只有６０００多吨。与此同时，粗糙的管理使仅有的好羊毛不能按较高的…     

新疆细羊毛产业形势分析

新疆细羊毛生产历史悠久,品种培育全国领先,毛纺业曾经兴旺繁荣,但由于生产方式粗放,在进口羊毛的冲击下,羊毛价格低迷,导致新疆细羊毛生产滑坡厉害;由于远离终端消费市场,新疆毛纺加工业不断萎缩。文章提出发展新疆细羊毛产业的必要性和可行性,建议加强品种培育、改进生产方式、规范流通市场和拓展边贸市场以促进毛纺业发展。     

我国优质细毛羊的选育开发

近十余年来，由于国内外服装市场和全球气候普遍转暖的变化，毛纺织品向轻薄化、凉爽化和高档化发展。毛纺企业对21微米以下（即66支纱以上）的细毛型羊毛需求量迅速增加，而22微米以上（即64支纱以下）的强毛型细羊毛市场已明显萎缩。我国培育的十几个细毛羊品种，都是以60－64支纱（即25－22微米）为主体细度的强毛型种群。我国毛纺企业所需要的细毛型优质细羊毛几乎全部依赖进口。鉴于这种情况，农业部于1994年组建了"优质细毛羊选育开发协作组"（下分三个协作小组）和专家组，在新疆、吉林两省、自治区和新疆生产建设兵团所属若干种羊场和改良基地联合开展了细毛型细毛羊即优质细毛羊的选育和开发改良工作。     

优质细羊毛生产技术

我国已成为世界毛纺工业大国,但在相当程度上依赖外毛和外汇支撑。毛纺工业的进步时刻受制于羊毛质量的影响,也就是说没有我国自己的优质羊毛生产就难于维持我国毛纺工业稳定的发展。所以发展我国自己的优质羊毛生产的唯一出路就是建立符合我国国情的现代化优质羊毛生产技术体系。     

江苏沿海滩涂发展优质细羊毛的研究

我国毛纺工业现有200多万毛纺锭,需净毛约25万多吨,而目前国产羊毛只能满足需要量的四分之一。江苏省毛纺工业有40多万毛纺锭,但本省的羊毛产量少,不足需要量的百分之一,且羊毛质量差,很不受欢迎。羊毛供需矛盾十分突出。 江苏沿海滩涂辽阔,饲草资源丰富,长期以来,当地农民就有饲养绵羊的习惯。解放以后曾先后进行绵羊改良,取得了一定的成绩,产生了许多羊毛已同质的高代杂种羊,但因长期未有组织有计划地进行改良,因而羊群还很不一致,羊毛品质比较差。 为了加速沿海滩涂的经济发展,积极探索发展优质细羊毛的途径,1989～1992年江苏省纺织原料物资公司和江苏农学院共同协作在启东市种羊场开展了本研究,经各方努力,已按原计划完成任务,现将有关情况报告如下:     

加入WTO--黑龙江省毛、绒、皮产业面临的机遇、挑战与应对措施

面对入世带来的机遇与挑战 ,对毛、绒、皮国内外市场、生产与贸易情况及竞争力进行分析 ,并提出应对措施。1　生产与贸易现状1.1　羊毛我国是羊毛生产大国之一 ,在世界排名第三 ,生产羊毛 (洗净毛 ) 1.5 5亿ｋｇ。主要产区为新疆、内蒙、宁夏、甘肃等牧区。其总产量中有 4 0 %的细羊毛 ,2 1%的中细羊毛和 39%的粗羊毛 ,虽然我国是一个羊毛生产大国 ,但总体水平不能自给 ,目前已成为世界上头号进口羊毛大国。我国每年毛纺、轻工等行业需羊毛 (折净毛 )约 2 5～ 36万ｔ;其中国产羊毛仅能满足毛纺工业用的 1/ 3,其余 2 / 3羊毛依赖进口。 2 0 0…     

我国细羊毛生产现状及健康发展途径

本文对国外细羊毛产业现状及趋势进行了阐述,对我国细羊毛生产的发展现状进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,并提出加强品种选育与推广、推行先进实用技术,加快科技转化力度、实现羊毛生产科学管理、合理谋划育种方向、加大草原保护力度等发展途径。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.