英德跳(虫脩)生物学特性和防治研究

英德跳ｘｉｕ是我国森林昆虫竹节虫目的一新虫种。在广东省英德县效益发现危害黎蒴栲林成灾得名。若虫和成虫危害黎朔栲为主的壳斗科树叶，以成虫危害最烈。该虫在英德县１ａ发生２－３代，世代重叠。以第１、２代成虫产的卵在枯枝落叶层下越冬，翌年２月下旬开始化，５月中、下旬为越冬代成虫高峰期。在５月下、中旬使用３％６６６烟剂１５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２防治，效果达８５％以上；使用绿僵菌１．５×１０＾３个／ｍｈ＾２孢子防治，     

花椒跳甲生物学特性及防治初步研究

花椒跳甲Ｐｏｄａｇｒｉｃｏｍｅｌａｓｈｉｒａｈａｔａｉ（Ｃｈａｊｏ）在河南林州一年发生２代，以成虫在土壤内越冬，翌年４月上旬开始出土，５月下旬产卵，６月上旬第１代幼虫开始危害，危害期１３一２０天。９月中旬出现第２代幼虫，１０月上旬第２代成虫羽化，取食１０一１５天，于１０月中下旬开始入土越冬。化学防治在成虫产卵盛期进行，用溴氰菊酯、杀灭菊酯、水胺硫磷喷雾效果可达９０％以上。     

紫薇绒蚧的发生规律与防治

紫薇绒蚧又名石榴绒蚧，主要危害紫薇、石榴，是城市园林观赏树木的主要害虫之一，以雌成虫及若虫危害紫薇的嫩枝，受害轻者树势衰弱，严重时枝条上布满虫体刺吸植物汁液，并导致煤污病，造成紫薇黄叶、落叶，枝条干枯。近几年，紫薇绒蚧在我区紫薇树上发生严重。据调查，一般株害率在６０％～７０％，严重的株害率达１００％，极大的影响了紫薇树的生长及观赏价值。一、发生规律紫薇绒蚧在本地１年发生２代，以第２代的２龄幼虫在紫薇枝条皮缝皮下或空蜡囊中越冬。次年３月中下旬越冬若虫开始取食发育，４月中旬雌雄明显分化，４月底５月初雄虫羽化，交尾后死亡，５月中旬雌虫开始产卵，５月下旬进入产卵盛期，卵期５～７天，６月上旬为卵孵盛期。若虫孵化后，在枝干树皮缝隙及不光滑的部位定居，７～８天后进入２龄期，２龄若虫在枝干上寻找幼嫩部位定居。７月中旬出现第１代成虫，８月上中旬进入２代若虫孵化盛期，１０月下旬以２龄若虫越冬。二、防治措施紫薇绒蚧成虫有蜡质分泌物，药剂防治效果差。因此，必须根据其生物学特征和发生规律，抓住关键时间，进行综合防治。一是加强检疫，调运苗木时要严格检疫，防止紫薇绒蚧蔓延。二是结合冬季修剪，彻底剪除带虫枝条，消灭越冬虫源。三是在紫薇树发芽...     

榆少锤角叶蜂的研究

榆少锤角叶蜂是严重危害榔榆、白榆叶片的新害虫。该虫１ａ发生１代，老熟幼虫钻入杂灌草丛根际或疏松浅土层中结茧，以预蛹越冬。翌年３月下旬化蛹，４月上旬羽化交尾交卵，幼虫期为３２．７８±２．２７ｄ，每头幼虫平均取食量为２５９０３．８３±６７７８．５５ｍｍ２，５月下旬相继老熟下树结茧过夏越冬。成虫产卵主要在低矮小树或大树下层枝条叶片上。该虫体表光滑裸露，抗药性弱，只要防治时机恰当，一般农药均可取得良好效果。以５％氯氰菊脂、２．５％敌杀死１∶３０００或８０％敌敌畏、９０％晶体积敌百虫１∶８００为佳。     

东方绛蚧生物学及防治研究

东方绛蚧ＫｅｒｍｅｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓＳｈｉｅｔＬｉｕ一年１代，１０月中、下旬以２龄若虫在芽基、枝干裂缝等部位越冬。第二年３月下旬开始为害，雌若虫在原处脱皮２次进入成虫期，雄若虫转移到枝干或地面杂草处作茧，经预蛹和蛹期，５月上旬羽化为成虫，５月下旬是雌成虫产卵和卵孵化高峰。１龄若虫初期是化学药剂防治的有利时机     

云杉线小卷蛾生物学特性及防治初报

云杉线小卷蛾系中国新纪录种。在甘肃渭源县１年发生１代，以卵在２～３年生枝条针叶上越冬；翌年５月上旬开始活动，孵化盛期为６月上、中旬，羽化盛期为７月下旬至８月上旬，其为害与环境条件密切相关。用２５％增效氧化乐果乳剂１０００倍液喷雾，防治幼虫效果达８５％；用１０％敌对或敌马烟剂防治成虫的效果达９８％。     

诱发桃形李煤污病的主导因子和防治方法

诱发桃形李煤污的主导因子是梨园蚧危害，该虫在浙江浦江１年３代，以受精雌成虫越冬。防治方法：２月中下旬，用３￣５度石硫合剂全面喷洒；４月中下旬，５０％杀螟松８００￣１０００倍液喷洒；６月中下旬，５０％甲基托布津０００倍液喷洒；１１月份，５０％久效膦６￣１０倍涂干。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌防治湿地松粉蚧的技术研究

蜡蚧轮枝菌用湿地松粉蚧连续复壮２～３次后，用其防治湿地松粉蚧，杀虫效果可提高１２．３％以上，筛选出轮枝菌复合剂的最优配方为轮枝菌０．３亿／ｍｌ加机油乳剂１：２８．６（机油乳剂：水）及适量增效剂、悬浮剂及轮枝菌０．２５亿／ｍｌ加机油乳剂１：８０及增效剂。悬浮剂，它们室内杀虫效果分别为９２．８％和８３．５％。林间采用轮枝菌１５１亿／ｈｍ２加机油乳剂０．７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和轮枝菌１５万亿／ｈｍ２加机油乳剂３．７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，喷洒量为１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，越冬代粉蚧（成虫）的死亡率分别为４８．５％和７１．２％，第一代粉蚧（若虫、成虫）的死亡率分别为９９．３％和９２．７％。越冬后期喷菌，第一代的虫口密度比未喷菌区下降５２．７％；采用液、固双相发酵工艺生产的轮枝菌含孢量达５５亿／ｇ，比前人用高梁、小米作培养基密封培养的产孢量（４．１亿／ｇ）提高了１２．４倍，成本为３．３８元／ｋｇ，此工艺流程可以推广应用。     

东北大黑鳃金龟生物学习性及防治技术

东北大黑鳃金龟（Ｈｏｌｏｔｒｉｃｈｉａ ｄｉｏｍ－ｐｈａｌｉａ Ｂａｔｅｓ）是黑龙江省农业和林业的重要害虫,近年来对苗圃育苗造成很大威胁,严重影响了林业生产。１　生活史 东北大黑鳃金龟在黑龙江省东部２～３年１代,以成虫、２龄幼虫、３龄幼虫在土内越冬。越冬成虫在５月下旬开始出土活动,在６月中旬开始产卵,６月下旬卵开始孵化。６月下旬以前产出的卵当年可以发育进入３龄,７月中旬以前产出的卵当年只能进入２龄,７月下旬以后产出的卵当年只能进入１龄。８月中旬以后孵化的１龄幼虫因不能正常越冬而死亡。９月下旬,２、…     

特效生物杀虫剂——“苏力精”林间防治马尾松毛虫研究

使用不同剂型、不同用量（浓度）的苏力精防治１、２代马尾松毛虫幼虫试验结果表明，１２００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２悬浮剂防治效果９０．１％～９０．４％；７５０ｇ／ｈｍ２可湿性粉剂防治效果９５．０％～９６．４％，１８７５ｇ／ｈｍ２粉剂喷粉防治效果７９．２％～８６．５％，而且残存害虫化蛹后继续死亡，成虫产卵量显著减少，对松毛虫天敌无显著不良影响。使用７５０ｇ／ｈｍ２可湿性粉剂在松毛虫卵期防治，防治效果８１．５％～８３．２％。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.