Dwarf-twisted: An induced mutation in Triticum durum Desf

Summary A mutant phenotype, mainly characterized by undulated leaf surface, dwarfism and sterility, has been repeatedly induced by physical (X-rays; thermal and fast neutrons) and chemical (diethylsulphate and ethylmethanesulphonate) mutagenic agents in different varieties of durum wheat. This phenotype is easily detectable at the seedling stage. Neutron treatments are the most effective method to induce this phenotype and a maximum of 0.6% mutations per M₁ spike-progeny was induced after the highest dose of thermal neutrons. On the average 0.23 mutations per 100 M₁ spike progenies and 0.55 mutant seedlings per 1000 M₂ plants were found after all treatments.Genetic analysis of different dwarf-twisted phenotypes shows that this character is conditioned by one recessive gene with an average segregation ratio of 22.9%. As the dwarf-twisted phenotypes segregate in highly fertile M₁ spikes and no evident chromosome changes have been detected in this caryotype, the hypothesis of a point mutation has been proposed.Contribution no. 171 from the Laboratorio Applicazioni in Agricoltura del C.N.E.N., C.S.N. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Roma, Italy.     

Genomic DNA fingerprints as a tool for identifying cultivated types of radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) from Veneto, Italy

Red or variegated chicory (Cichorium intybus L., 2n = 2 ×= 18) native to, and very extensively cultivated in north‐eastern Italy as a leafy vegetable, locally called ‘radicchio’, includes different types which represent valuable high‐quality crops. The five major types of radicchio cultivated in the Veneto region were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐derived markers. The experimental material was represented by two outbred populations (one of ‘Variegato di Castel‐franco’ (CF) and one of ‘Rosso di Verona’ (VR)) and by eight inbred lines (three of early ‘Rosso di Treviso’ (TVP), three of late ‘Rosso di Treviso’ (TVT) and two of ‘Rosso di Chioggia’ (CH)). A total of 96 individual plant DNAs and 16 bulked DNAs of six plants each were assayed. The different types were well distinguished from one another if analysed by means of bulks using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers at the population level, while they were not if analysed at the individual level using random amplified polymorphic DNA, inter‐simple sequence repeat and Arbitrarily Primed (AP)‐PCR markers. The genetic variation was shown to be much higher within types than between types. This result suggests that, in each radicchio type, populations produced by breeders through controlled intercrossing (VR and CF) or repeated selfing (TVP, TVT and CH) conserved their well‐separated gene pools over the years. The setting up of a molecular reference system seems to be feasible and suitable both for the precise identification of the single types of radicchio and for the evaluation of the extent of natural hybridization that can occur between different types.     

低气压环境被服系统总热阻计算模型

服装热阻是影响人体热舒适的重要因素之一,夜间睡眠状态下的被服系统总热阻包括人体所穿服装热阻与整个床褥系统热阻。针对低气压环境,目前,尚缺乏被服热阻实验数据,也没有可参考的被服系统总热阻的理论计算模型。以人体睡眠状态被服系统总热阻计算方法为依据,引入气压修正项对相关参数进行修正,建立了适用于低气压环境的被服系统总热阻的修正计算模型,并用模型计算了冬夏典型被服系统总热阻,分析了气压减小对总热阻的影响,发现冬夏季被服系统总热阻均随大气压力降低而升高,增加百分比最大值均为42%,且均出现在被子覆盖率为23.3%的条件下,当海拔低于3 000 m时,由被子覆盖率引起的被服系统总热阻增加系数不超过0.05。     

Phenotypic characterization and nuclear microsatellite analysis reveal genomic changes and rearrangements underlying androgenesis in tetraploid potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Two (di)haploids (2n = 2x = 24) and nine tetraploids (2n = 4x = 48) obtained from Solanum tuberosum through anther culture were characterized for nDNA variation, phenotypic variation and nuclear microsatellite polymorphism. Androgenic (di)haploids were also characterized for late blight resistance. The (di)haploid C-13 was derived from Indian tetraploid potato cv. Kufri Chipsona-2, while D4 from TPS (true potato seed) parental line JTH/C-107, which is an interspecific hybrid between Indian tetraploid cv. Kufri Jyoti and diploid (2n = 2x = 24) cultivated species S. phureja Juz. & Buk. IVP-35. C-13 and D4 (both male-fertile) could be distinguished from their corresponding tetraploid anther donors based on plant height, shoot number, terminal leaflet length and width, leaf ratio, anther length, pollen diameter and corolla width and radius. A complete reversal of flower color occurred in D4, and C-13 was highly resistant to late blight. Most interestingly, about 3–7% increase in nDNA content occurred in most of the anther-derived tetraploids. Both the androgenic (di)haploids and their anther donors had unique genotypes at the microsatellite loci POTM1-2, STM0015 and STM0019b. However, the nine anther-derived tetraploids shared the same allelic profiles with their anther donor JTH/C-107 at all the microsatellite loci, except at STM0019a where they were characterized by the absence of a standard donor allele (186-bp). A typical (di)haploid-specific allele was detected for the locus STWAX-2 where the standard donor alleles were replaced by a 230-bp allele in both C-13 and D4. The over-expression of microsatellite variation in D4 that also shows triallelic profiles at the microsatellite loci POTM1-2 and STM0015 can perhaps be attributed to its chimeric structure, which might have been formed through incomplete fusion of two different pro-embryos during the first steps of microspore division.     

Research on Classroom Thermal Environment during the Summer in Chongqing

In this paper, the university teaching buildings in Chongqing are taken as study object, and the indoor thermal environment of classroom is studied with the ways of investigation and testing, in which the indoor thermal environment of classroom is characterized by two aspects: personal and impersonal. The accepted thermal environment range of the classroom in summer is obtained. The difference between predicted thermal sensation and measured one as well as the influence of air velocity on thermal sensation are analyzed. Some measures to improve indoor thermal quality are proposed.     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗,保证室内热环境质量,确定最适宜的热工特性,是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析,研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系,以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下,将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标,从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题,提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

应用多元统计分析玉米农艺性状

在作物遗传育种研究中,产量及其相关性状多属于数量性状范畴,这类性状由多基因控制,易受环境影响使其遗传极为复杂,并且性状间常存在复杂相关关系.产量及其相关性状间的复杂关系使得育种中对以产量为目标的选择极为困难.多元统计分析是研究客观事物中多个变量之间相互依赖的统计规律性综合分析方法.合理利用多元统计分析可以加深对性状间相互关系的遗传规律及各相关性状对产量影响的主次和依存关系认识,为新品种选育和改良提供理论依据.对35个玉米品种(组合)的20个农艺性状应用GGE双标图、因子分析和聚类分析研究,结果表明,平均日产量、千粒重、穗长与产量呈显著正相关;20个农艺性状可综合为6个公因子;以6个公因子为综合指标对35个品种(组合)聚类结果聚成17个类群,其中G8、G14、G12、G10和G17为综合性状优良品种(组合).     

养分投入和作物根系对土壤微生物氮转化的影响

土壤氮转化的主体是微生物,土壤有机质与根系分泌物是微生物氮转化的驱动力。综述了养分投入和作物根系通过微生物对土壤氮转化的影响。指出化肥或有机肥的投入,通过改变光合产物向根系的分配和土壤难/易有机质的数量,或直接提供微生物底物方式,改变微生物生物量、群落结构、氮转化功能基因的数量或相关酶的产生,从而影响土壤氮的转化;还指出根系通过根系分泌物或根茬还田影响土壤微生物的数量和活性,土壤有机质含量也显著影响微生物氮转化过程。总之,养分投入通过直接或间接方式影响土壤微生物,进而影响土壤养分的存在状态,最终影响作物对养分的吸收。     

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of Human Thermal Comfort

The human thermal comfort is influenced by many factors, and it is fuzzy, so it is a kind of stochastic fuzzy variable. So the evaluation of human thermal comfort is fuzzy also. and the method assessing the human thermal comfort with fuzzy mathematics is reliable. The factor affecting the human thermal comfort is analysed and predigested. Based on the analysis above,the methodology of assessing the thermal comfort is presented. The methodology resolves the decision_making continuum, so it lightens uncertainty of traditional method. The simulation results are compared with the Predicted Mean Vote index, and they are in good agreement. The study shows that the methodology of assessing the thermal comfort is reliable,and it presents a new approach for studying the human thermal.     

Seasonal Characteristics of Thermal Environment in Urban Public Space of the Urban in Hot-summer and Cold-winter Region

Thermal environment in urban public space is considered as an important factor affecting thermal comfort of human beings. In the whole year, thermal environment in public space of the city in hot-summer and cold-winter zone changes dramatically, which has an effect on human thermal comfort. In this study, three typical public spaces including street, park and square of Changsha were selected for a long-term experiment of thermal environment. Based on the analysis of four significant thermal environment parameters-air temperature, relative humidity, global temperature and wind speed, seasonal characteristics of thermal environment in urban public space were obtained. The results show that the characteristics of urban thermal environment are determined by natural climate, while the physical structure of a city has essential impact on the changes of local outdoor thermal environment. Affected by plants (trees) and water (Xiangjiang river) air temperature of the street along the street is much lower, relative humidity is higher and solar radiation is weaker in most of the year. Compared to the street along the river, air temperature of the square is higher and solar radiation is stronger.     

Effect of thermal radiation on thermal flow field in inclined tunnel

The thermal radiation is the main factor affecting internal thermal flow field in a tunnel. This paper studies on two open ends of a channel inclined with angles of 10°, 20° and 30° by experiments and numerical simulations. The experimental data agree well with the predicted results by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to solve N-S equations driven by the buoyancy flow. And the influence of thermal radiation on thermal flow field of tunnel with inclination angles from 10° to 30° at same heat source is obtained by comparing the experiment results and numerical resolutions of coupled with radiation model and without radiation model. Thermal radiation makes temperature near the upper wall of tunnel drop, and the influence of thermal radiation on bottom end of tunnel declines with the inclination angle increasing. However, the inclination angle has a little effect on temperature near the ceiling of the top end of tunnel. Simultaneously, the higher temperature zone leaning to the top end due to the thermal radiation is obtained, and the temperature at the bottom of the upper part of the tunnel increases. The findings of the study are important references for theory research of thermal flow field in inclined tunnels.     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.     

近红外光谱技术鉴别猪肉和牛肉的研究

本文以近红外光谱分析技术结合模式判别方法建立一种鉴别猪肉和牛肉的方法为目的。采用近红外漫反射光谱法,通过多元散射校正（MSC）、一阶导数加Norris导数平滑点（5,3）处理光谱,波段范围选取5996.42～5805.84,9058.85～8546.36 cm-1,采用TQ Analyst光谱分析软件中的马氏距离设为1建立判别分析模型。结果表明,模型能够准确的鉴别出猪肉、牛肉。因此,近红外光谱技术用于猪肉、牛肉鉴别分析具有可行性。     

Layout Optimization of Riverside Residential Area Based on Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Nanhua Village,Shenzhen

Based on the previous researches on building layout with thermal comfort, this paper Stud Shenzhen Nanhua Village to explore the way of using building layout to change thermal environment of riverfront residential areas. The results showed that a more comfortable outdoor thermal environment could be obtained by applying proper building layouts favorable for the thermal comfort of the Nanhua Village. It proves again that efficient and feasible building layout, which is suitable for a river microclimate, is important in improving thermal comfort of a riverside residential area. The study also provides a good example for the future architectural designs of a riverside residential area for obtaining thermal comfort.     

A RESEARCH OF THE INFLUNCE OF RARE-EARTH ELEMENT ON THE THERMAL FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF CAST IRON

It is known that cylinder heads, exhaust manifoids, ingot molds, etc. are often failed resulting from thermal fatigue. For this reason, the influence of RE on the thermal fatigue behavior of cast iron was studied by measn of a thermal fatigue test unit with completely constrained strain developed by ourselves. The test results shown that RE can improve the thermal fatigue resistance of cast iron greatly when residual RE contents surpass a critical value. This value is 0.04-0.045% for light Rare-Earth, and 0.045-0.05%; for heavy Rare-Earth. Further more, the relationship between RE and the thermophysical and mechanical properties of cast iron which have influence on thermal fatigue resisteance was also discussed.     

Thermal Inertia of Extensive Green Roof

Thermal performance of the green roof is an important basis for energy-efficient design and evaluation. However, the current studies on the thermal performance of the green roof seldom involve thermal inertia of the green roof. Based on a long-term experiment of an extensive green roof in natural ventilation state and a five-month ongoing measured data in summer, thermal inertia of the extensive green roof was studied by statistical analysis method. The results show that thermal decay to outdoor climate effect through green roof was increased by more than 100% and delay time of thermal response to outdoor climate on internal surface of the green roof was reduced in comparison with that of the bare roof.     

Agronomic and quality characteristics of old,modern and mixture wheat varieties and landraces for organic bread chain in diverse environments of northern Italy

Wheat landraces and old varieties could have an important role for food security not only as source of gene readily available for breeders, but also because they perform well in marginal environments and are more resilient as compared to the modern cultivars. The Italian cereal sector suffers from lack of seed companies that breed specifically adapted varieties for organic and biodynamic farms. Participatory and evolutionary plant breeding (PPB and EPB) have been used in this research to (i) evaluate the agronomic characteristics of old, modern and mixture of varieties and landrace of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum spp.) and their adaptability to organic farming in hilly and mountainous areas; (ii) assess the technological, nutritional and functional properties of grains (rheological characteristic, macro and micro elements contents and antioxidants); (iii) explore the consumers’ preferences for breads obtained by old and modern varieties. Between five and seven old (Sieve, Verna, Gentil Rosso, Andriolo, Gambo di ferro, Frassineto and Abbondanza), two mixtures and four modern (Bolero, Blasco, Arabia and Bologna) varieties were tested for two years in between two and three organic farms (FARM1, FARM2 and FARM3) in hilly areas of Piedmont. Agronomic characteristic were strongly affected by locations and years. On average, Bologna, Abbondanza and Arabia, and the two mixtures were the highest yielding varieties. Flour strength (W) varied greatly ranging from 230 in 2011 for Andriolo to 38 in 2012 for Gambo di ferro. Gluten quality, expressed by GI, was found to be almost within the optimal range but was affected by the year. All six bread samples were acceptable to the 233 consumers who scored them, but the bread produced with old wheat varieties, particularly with Andriolo and Gambo di Ferro, was the preferred one. The old varieties and their mixtures yielded less than the modern varieties but with higher stability as shown by the inability of the modern varieties in FARM1 to survive the winter (they were not harvested) while the old varieties reached maturity showing higher robustness, Therefore, the use of old bread wheat varieties and their mixture, assessed with participatory and evolutionary plant breeding, could represent a strategy for local communities to cope with climate change while improving food security and food quality.     

利用频域有限元法分析内嵌管式辐射地板频域热特性

分析内嵌管式辐射地板的频域热特性,便于进一步了解内嵌管式辐射地板的动态热特征,为辐射地板的系统和控制设计提供重要的参考依据。建立了内嵌管式辐射地板的频域有限元模型,同时采用ANSYS软件建立了内嵌管式辐射地板的时域传热模型,通过2个模型的对比说明了频域有限元模型的准确性。采用频域有限元模型计算并分析了内嵌管式辐射地板的频域热特性。结果表明,在低频区域,地板的频域热响应基本不随频率变化,其传热过程接近于稳态,而在高频区域,地板的频域热响应随频率的变化十分剧烈,地板传热呈现明显的动态特征。当房间内存在较多成分的高频热扰时,关于辐射地板的传热计算应采用动态计算方法。     

大青皮甜石榴果皮香味组分的GC/MS分析

利用带捕集肼的静态顶空和气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测了大青皮甜石榴鲜果皮的香气组分,结果表明：在石榴皮中检测出39种香气组分,石榴香气组分中以醛类和醇类为主,在石榴皮中占各自总峰面积的89.88%、4.70%;含量最高的香气成分为2-已烯醛,占总峰面积的64.15%。石榴果皮香气组分差异主要表现在C6醛和醇含量的差异上。     

盛花期湿害胁迫对芝麻两种种植方式影响的研究

为了阐明盛花期湿害胁迫对不同种植方式芝麻影响的差异,在芝麻盛花期即始花后28天,对垄作和平作2种种植方式的芝麻进行湿害处理,撤水后调查2种种植方式芝麻的萎蔫面积、萎蔫株率、病害发生程度等指标,测定不同生育时期芝麻的干物质积累量,成熟期进行室内考种并测产,计算投入产出比,比较经济效益。结果表明：垄作比平作能有效减轻湿害造成的芝麻萎蔫、倒伏、叶枯病和茎点枯病的发生;盛花期湿害对2种种植方式的芝麻生长都有抑制作用,但对垄作芝麻的影响较小;湿害对2种种植方式芝麻的农艺性状和产量有很大影响,且对平作的影响大于垄作,其差异性大小为单株蒴数 > 单株产量 > 单产 > 有效果轴长度 > 有效果节数 > 株高,显著性差异达极显著水平,蒴果长度的差异达显著水平,对蒴粒数、千粒重的差异影响不显著;垄作、平作的投入产出比分别为1:2.86、1:2.04,垄作芝麻每公顷可增加纯收益5492.7元。