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1.
Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO2 concentrations (700 μL·L−1, 500 μL·L−1) and ambient CO2 concentrations (350 μL·L−1) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the
three species seedlings increased at elevated CO2 concentrations. The elevated CO2 concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L−1 CO2 concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L−1 CO2, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L−1 and 500 μL·L−1 CO2. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO2 concentrations.
Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of
Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang
110016. P.R. China.
Responsible editor: Song Funan 相似文献
2.
外源糖溶液和高浓度CO2处理对白桦叶片糖和蛋白质含量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
3年生白桦同时接受3种外源糖溶液(蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖)和3种高浓度CO2(700、1400、2100μL·μL-1CO2)处理.处理1个月后,测定了叶片的总糖、蔗糖、果糖和蛋白质含量.结果表明:在700μL·L-1和1400μL·L-1 CO2下,外源糖溶液增加了叶片的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,其中外源蔗糖的效果最好:外源糖溶液与2100μL·L-1CO2结合,会抑制叶片积累总糖和蛋白质:在700μL·L-1和1400μL·L-1CO2下,喷施葡萄糖、果糖的叶片在蛋白质含量上没有明显差别:同700、1400μL·L-1CO2相比,除喷施果糖植株外,2100μL·L-1 CO2明显增加了叶片的总糖、蔗糖、果糖和蛋白质含量:在喷施同种外源糖溶液的情况下,叶片的糖含量与CO2浓度呈正相关性.图6参7. 相似文献
3.
Ephestia kuehniella adults were stored at 10°C for 1–10 weeks. Reproductive ability and number of living adults decreased depending on the length
of the storage period. Long-term exposure to cold lengthened the life of the adults and 50% mortality was reached after 6 weeks.
To obtain complete mortality and sterility 10 weeks of storage was needed. The larvae reared on corn flour diet developed
to the adult stage more rapidly than that of the other treatments. The adults reared on oat flour produced significantly more
eggs than the other diets. There was no difference among diets with regard to emergence rate, longevity or sex ration of E. kuehniella adults. Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate among hosts from different food sources with respect to parasitization, adult emergence and sex ratio.
The suitability of the eggs from cold-exposed adults with respect to parasitization was found to be the same as the control
during the first 3 weeks. 相似文献
4.
This paper discusses a plantation management approach involving a combination of “short” and “long” rotations designed to
allow farmers to receive income from trees as soon as possible after establishment. We present results from two plots that
represent extreme conditions: (a) a seasonally waterlogged, non-saline site (Nahalal), and (b) a saline site (Ginnegar) located
in the Yizre’el Valley, Israel. Six improved seed sources, four of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and two of E. occidentalis, were examined. The local Israeli seed source of E. camaldulensis (HA) performed best at both sites. In Nahalal, the short rotation thinning of the slower growing (50%) plantation trees could
provide economic returns approximately five years after establishment. The calculated mean annual increment (MAI) of these
trees reached 12.2 t ha−1 year−1. The long rotation, or better performing half of the plantation trees, could be used as a source of sawn timber, providing
higher-value products. By nine years after establishment, the average DBH of the various seed sources reached 25.8 ± 1.9 cm.
The calculated MAI of the combined cutting rotations reached 48.3 t ha−1 year−1. Eucalyptus grown under the combined (short- and long-term) management approach at Nahalal was more profitable than many other non-irrigated
local crops. Eucalyptus production in Ginnegar would be less profitable than in Nahalal. However, an additional ecological benefit was provided by
the crop’s ability to lower the water table. When this contribution to regional drainage is taken into account, trees become
economically competitive with other non-irrigated field crops under saline conditions.
Jim Morris–Deceased. 相似文献
5.
Weiqiang Zhang Yunqi Wang Kangning He Yi Zhou Xianhua Gan 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2008,3(2):194-199
The effects of soil water and meteorological factors affecting transpiration of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied under different levels of soil water content to offer a scientific basis for increasing efforts in afforestation
survival and management of soil water in forested land. Under artificial control methods for soil water and potting experiments,
the transpiration rate (T
r) of P. tabulaeformis and environmental factors were measured using a portable steady porometer (Li-1600) and a speedy weight method (BP-3400)
during a representative fine day in the growing season of 2004. The results indicated that the diurnal course of T
r and R
st of P. tabulaeformis displayed a double-peaked curve and a “W” curve under different levels of soil water content. Given a representative fine
day, the T
r could be represented as a cubic relation with soil water content (SWC). The SWC which caused maximum T
r values of P. tabulaeformis was 17.7%, 19.8%, and 17.5% in July, August and October respectively. T
r was affected not only by physiological characteristics, but also by SWC and meteorological factors. T
r was significantly correlated with meteorological factors when the soil water was sufficient, but this correlation would decrease
under conditions of serious water stress. Under such stress conditions, air temperature was the primary factor to affect T
r in July and August and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was the primary factor in October. When soil water is sufficient, the main factors affecting T
r were relative humidity (RH), air temperature (T
a) and leaf temperature (T
l) in July, August and October respectively.
__________
Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007, 5(1): 49–54 [译自: 中国水土保持科学] 相似文献
6.
M. S. Islam M. Mahbub Hasan W. Xiong S. C. Zhang C. L. Lei 《Journal of pest science》2009,82(2):171-177
The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against eggs, larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed vapour
toxicity and strong repellency on filter paper arena test towards all the stages used. Responses varied significantly (P < 0.001) within insect stages, dosages and exposures. At 12.0 μg/ml dosage, mortality of adults reached 95%, but for 12-,
14- and 16-days larvae, mortalities were 65, 74 and 82%, respectively. On the developmental inhibition, individuals fumigated
at the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching to pupal stage and pupae to adult stage, decreased significantly
(P < 0.001) with increasing dosage concentration. The oil fumigation yielded 100% mortality for T. castaneum larvae, pupae and adults at 0.08 μg/ml dosage. The oil had fumigant activity against eggs and the toxicity progressively
increased with increased exposure times and concentrations. One hundred per cent T. castaneum egg mortalities were obtained with oil fumigation at 20 μg/ml and 96 h exposure period. C. sativum oil also showed highly repellent activity to the adults of T. castaneum, with overall repellency was 90% and at a dosage of 12 μg/ml repellency was 100% in a filter-paper arena test. 相似文献
7.
Nandita Chowdhury Soroj Kumar Chatterjee Subrata Laskar Goutam Chandra 《Journal of pest science》2009,82(1):13-18
Chloroform-methanol extract of mature leaves from Solanum villosum Mill (Solanaceae: Solanales) was investigated to establish its biocontrol potentiality under laboratory condition against
larval forms of Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae), the vector of human malaria. All the graded concentrations (30, 50, 100 and 200 ppm) showed
significant (P < 0.05) larval mortality and results of regression equations revealed that the mortality rates were positively correlated
with the concentrations of the extract (R
2 close to 1). LC50 values for all instars were between 24.20 and 33.73 ppm after 24 h and between 23.47 and 30.63 ppm after 48 h of exposure
period. Significant changes in the larval mortality (F < 0.05) was also recorded between instars during single “ANOVA” analysis. This extract also demonstrated no toxicity to larvae
of Chironomus circumdatus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae) which were found to be present as most common non-target dipteran insect in the habitats
of A. subpictus. Qualitative and chromatographic analysis of the solvent extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, terpenoids,
volatile oil, steroids, phenols and flavonoids as major bioactive phytochemicals. 相似文献
8.
Zethenia rufescentaria Motsch. has outbroken successively in the larch plantation of Jixi region and seriously damaged stands since 1990. Chemical
control was studied for controlling the occurrence of the pest. The results showed as follows: When the third or the forth
instar larvae was controlled with smoke agent of 5% Lindane. the most suitable time was July 10–13. The area controlled was
2000 hm2. The dosage was 7.5 kg/hm2 and the mortality of the pest reached 93.5%. 25% dimilin III (flowable formulation) was used to prevent the third instar
larvae. The best time was about July 5. The dosage was 150g/hm2. The mortality of the pest reached 89.85%. 3% Hexyclan dusting was also used to control adults of the pest. The best time
was before the peak of their emergence (June 3). the dosage was 11.3 kg/hm2. The mortality of the pests reached 89.6%. 相似文献
9.
Petia S. Nikolova Stephan Raspe Christian P. Andersen Raphael Mainiero Helmut Blaschke Rainer Matyssek Karl-Heinz Häberle 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(2):87-98
We present a field study on the drought effects on total soil respiration (SRt) and its components, i.e., “autotrophic” (SRa: by roots/mycorrhizosphere) and “heterotrophic” respiration (SRh: by microorganisms and soil fauna in bulk soil), in a mature European beech/Norway spruce forest. SRa and SRh were distinguished underneath groups of beech and spruce trees using the root exclusion method. Seasonal courses of SRa and SRh were studied from 2002 to 2004, with the summer of 2003 being extraordinarily warm and dry in Central Europe. We (1) analyzed
the soil temperature (T
s) and moisture sensitivity of SRa and SRh underneath both tree species, and (2) examined whether drought caused differential decline of SRa between spruce and beech. Throughout the study period, SRa of beech accounted for 45–55% of SRt, independent of the soil water regime; in contrast, SRa was significantly reduced during drought in spruce, and amounted then to only 25% of SRt. In parallel, fine-root production was decreased during 2003 by a factor of six in spruce (from 750 to 130 mg l−1 a−1), but remained at levels similar to those in 2002 in beech (about 470 mg l−1 a−1). This species-specific root response to drought was related to a stronger decline of SRa in spruce (by about 70%) compared to beech (by about 50%). The sensitivity of SRa and SRh to changing T
s and available soil water was stronger in SRa than SRh in spruce, but not so in beech. It is concluded that SRa determines the effect of prolonged drought on the C efflux from soil to a larger extent in spruce than beech, having potential
implications for respective forest types.
This article belongs to the special issue "Growth and defence of Norway spruce and European beech in pure and mixed stands." 相似文献
10.
The net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground
and belowgroud part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot ofPinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO2 in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions:
on an open site, control chamber, 500 μL·L−1 and 700 μL·L−1 CO2 chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The
physiological responses and growth to 500 μL·L−1 and 700 μL·L−1 CO2 varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL·L−1 CO2 but upward to 500 μL·L−1 CO2. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL·L−1 CO2 were higher than that at 700 μL·L−1 CO2. The concentration 500 μL·L−1 CO2 enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL·L−1 CO2 allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO2 changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown
under 500 μL·L−1 CO2 and 700 μL·L−1 CO2.
Foundation Item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Biography: HAN Shi-jie (1956-), male, Ph. Doctor, Professor in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem,
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
11.
ZHOULi DAILi-min SUBao-ling 《林业研究》2003,14(3):213-216
Embryo of lilacs (Syringa L) culture in vitro and the rapid propagation were studied. The orthogonal experiments, including the selection of basal medium, embryo age and other factors such as sugar, benzyladenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and glutamine (Gln), were carried out. The results indicated that the optimal medium for embryo culture was Monnier medium supplemented with NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1), BA (0.1 mg.L^-1), sugar (50 g.L^-1), and Gin (400 mg.L^-1), with a germination rate of 91.7% at least; the optimal embryo age was 50 d; and Gln had significant effects on the germination rate of embryo.Moreover, the optimal medium for subculture was MS BA (2 mg.L^-1) NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1) Gln (0.5 mg.L^-1), with the propagation coefficient of 3.6 at least. 相似文献
12.
Shirou Nagae Takejiro Takamura Toshiaki Tanabe Akira Murakami Kunichika Murakami Michio Tanaka 《Journal of Forest Research》1996,1(4):227-230
An efficient system for growingin vitro plantlets ofEucalyptus citriodora Hook was developed. In the conventional closed system of culture with 2% sugar-containing gellan gum Murashige and Skoog
(MS) medium supplemented with 0.02 mg/l indole-3-isobutyric acid, a serious defoliation of shoots was observed after three
weeks. In contrast, plantlets grown on the sugar-free MS medium in the aerated bottle under 3,000 ppm CO2 enriched condition did not show any defoliation. A marked enhanced growth of plantlets and no defoliation were observed on
rockwool with the sugar-free liquid MS medium in the “Culture Pack”, made of fluorocarbon polymer film, under CO2 enriched condition. CO2 enrichment for this sugar-free “Culture Pack”-Rockwool system was also found to contribute to an improved growth of the plants
in acclimatization.
A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995). 相似文献
13.
Kana Yamashita Yasuhiko Hirakawa Hiroshi Nakatani Motoyoshi Ikeda 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(3):161-168
The transverse shrinkage variation within trees was examined for five sugi cultivars. The within-tree trends of tangential
shrinkage (α
T) were different by cultivar, whereas radial shrinkage (α
R) increased from pith to bark in most cultivars. The tangential/radial shrinkage ratio (α
T/α
R) decreased from pith to bark in most cultivars, because the radial variation of α
R was larger than that of α
T. The cultivars showed significant differences among cultivars in α
T, α
R, and α
T/α
R, but the difference among cultivars for α
T/α
R was smaller. The relationships between transverse shrinkage and microfi bril angle (MFA), basic density (BD), tree ring parameters,
and modulus of elasticity were examined. The α
T and α
R showed positive relationships with BD, latewood percentage, latewood density, and modulus of elasticity, and negative relationships
with MFA and ring width. The relationships with earlywood density were weak. Sugi exhibited variation in transverse shrinkage
within stem and among cultivars, with the variation affected by MFA, density, and tree ring parameters.
Part of this article was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, Japan, August 2006,
and the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, Japan, August 2007 相似文献
14.
The biomass and ratio of root-shoot ofPinus sylvestriformis seedlings at CO2 concentration of 700 μL·L−1 and 500 μL·L−1 were measured using open-top chambers (OTCs) in Changbai Mountain during Jun. to Oct. in 1999. The results showed that doubling
CO2 concentration was benefit to seedling growth of the species (500 μL·L−1 was better than 700 μL·L−1) and the biomass production was increased in both above-ground and underground parts of seedlings. Carbon transformation
to roots was evident as rising of CO2 concentration.
This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
15.
Effect of priming on the germination of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Peltophorum dubium</Emphasis> seeds under water stress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHANGWan-li LILe-ihong ZUYuan-gangt SoniaPerez 《林业研究》2004,15(4):287-290
Peltophorum dubium seeds provided by Anhembi, SP were scarified in 98% H2SO4 for 15 rain to overcome mechanical dormancy. Seeds were primed in solutions of 0.2% Captan at 10℃ and 27℃, PEG 6000 -1.0 MPa at 10℃ and 27℃, 0.5 mol KNO3, 0.75 Mol KNO3, 1.0 Mol KNO3. Eight treatments including the primed seeds and nonprimed seeds, five replicates with 100 seeds for each treatment, were set to 15-cm-Petri dish with double filter paper moistened with testing solution PEG in refrigerator at 27℃. For the experiments of all the groups, osmotic potential were 0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0, -1.2, and -1.4 MPa. P. dubium seeds were also set to water stress experiment in rolled paper with PEG solutions from 0.0 to -1.0 MPa.Germination percentage decreased with the increase of PEG concentration. Control group had a better germination percentage than other groups. Germination hardly occurred in PEG -1.4 MPa. 相似文献
16.
Yutaka Yoshino 《Journal of Forest Research》2000,5(2):67-70
Birch (Betula) trees produce a large amount of pollen, which is a cause of serious pollinosis. To control the pollen scattering, we examined
the inhibitory effect of gibberellin (GA3) on flower bud formation of birch. Field-grown trees ofBetula pendula, nine years of age, were treated with a foliar spray of GA3 (1, 10, and 100 mg L−1),Betula platyphylla trees, 17–23 years of age, were treated with a stem injection of GA3 (5, 50, and 500 mg per plant) in June or July, 1998. Male flower buds were not observed at the top of new shoots in June,
but were observed in July. The number of inflorescence that emerged from randomly sampled branches was counted the next spring.
The foliar spray of GA3 in June at the dose of 10 or 100 mg L−1 decreased the number of inflorescence. Stem injection in June at a dose higher than 50 mg per plant completely inhibited
flower bud formation, although it increased bud mortality in some trees. The most effective dose of GA3 for stem injection to inhibit flower bud formation was between 0.04 and 0.44 mg per cm2 of stem cross-section area at breast height. These results indicate that GA3 applied during the period of floral differentiation markedly inhibits flower bud formation in birch. 相似文献
17.
We analyzed the composition and studied the bioactivity of secretion from the poplar sawfly, Stauronematus compressicornis (Fabricius). A leaf-sandwich method was applied to test the bioactivity of the secretion. Coomassie brilliant blue, gas chroma-tography (GC) and other methods were used to analyze and carry out protein assays, amino acid analyses, fatty acid and cholesterol detection of the secretion. Results show that the secretion had a significant antifeeding effect on 4th instar larvae of the armyworm (Pseudaletia separata Walker). Dissolved in 0.27 mol·L–1 HCl, 0.1 mol·L–1 NaOH and 0.05 mol·L–1 Na2HPO4 separately, the secre-tions had antifeeding rates ranging from 22.7% to 49.6%. Meanwhile, the weights of the secretion-treated insects were significantly lower than those of the control. Biochemical detection showed that the proteins contained in the secretion were composed of 16 amino acids. The secretion also contained small amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids, which included lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, seventeen carbonic acids and oleic acid. 相似文献
18.
Michael Dannenmann Rainer Gasche Astrid Ledebuhr Thomas Holst Helmut Mayer Hans Papen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2007,126(2):331-346
The effect of forest management (thinning) on in situ carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) trace gas exchange between soil and atmosphere was studied in three consecutive years at three beech forest sites, which
differ in aspect [southwest (SW), northeast (NE), northwest (NW)]. At all sites adjacent thinning plots (“T”) and untreated
control plots (“C”) were established. Measurements at the SW and NE sites covered the years 4–6 after thinning while at the
NW site measurements covered the year before and the first 2 years after thinning. Mean N2O fluxes were <3 μg N2O–N m−2 h−1 at all plots except for the newly thinned NWT plot. CH4 uptake was rather low, too. Very low CH4 oxidation rates during dry periods are explained by physiological drought stress for CH4 oxidizers. Heterotrophic litter decomposition constitutes the largest part of total soil respiration. On the whole, no significant
positive or negative effects of the silvicultural treatment on the magnitude of CO2-, CH4- and N2O-trace gas exchange could be observed at the SW site 4–6 years after thinning. Also at the NE site, no effects of thinning
on CO2 and N2O fluxes could be demonstrated. However, at this site a significant moisture-induced lower CH4 uptake could be shown. At the NW site forest management led to a dramatic increase in N2O emissions in the first two summers after thinning and to distinct effects on CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake in the first year after the felling. The unambiguous effects of thinning at the NW site are mainly related to higher
C input by dead residues leading to enhanced mineralization activity, to a shift in the competition for nutrients favoring
microorganisms as compared to trees and to changes in the soil water availability at the thinned plot. Considering the data
obtained from the NE and SW site we expect that with the development of an understorey vegetation at the NW site the observed
effects on the magnitude of trace gas exchange due to thinning will continue to decline in the following years. Our results
implicate that it is indispensable to take account of the effects of forest management in order to accurately calculate trace
gas emission inventories for the investigated forest ecosystem in case thinning took place immediately before. 相似文献
19.
BYUNBong-Kyu YANShan-chun LICheng-de 《林业研究》2003,14(3):210-212
Genus Eurydoxa Filipjev in China is reviewed and noted for the first time. Based on the present study, two species are recognized, including rhodopa Diakonoff and advena Filipjev. All available information for the species is reviewed and provided. 相似文献
20.
António M. Jordão Jorge M. Ricardo-da-Silva Olga Laureano An Adams Jan Demyttenaere Roland Verhé Norbert De Kimpe 《Journal of Wood Science》2006,52(6):514-521
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sorption of selected volatile substances from oak wood-chip samples (Quercus pyrenaica Willd. and Quercus petraea L.) subjected to different toasting levels, namely, without toasting, with medium toasting, and with strong toasting, through
the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The main volatile compounds identified as a function of the toasting level
and botanical species were furfural, hexanal, α-pinene, d-limonene, decanal, vitispirane, ethyl hexanoate, cis-3-methyl-γ-octalactone (“oak lactone” or “whisky lactone”), α-terpineol, p-xylene, and nonanal. Considering the data obtained from the toasted woods (medium and strong intensity) in comparison with
those of nontoasted woods, it can be pointed out that the average peak area and the number of compounds identified in the
gas chromatogram decreased during the toasting process. In general, regarding the compounds analyzed, quantitative differences
were found between the two oak wood species under study. High values of volatile compounds were found in Quercus pyrenaica oak wood chips. In addition, for the number of compounds identified in oak wood extracts and directly extracted from solid
oak wood chips by SPME, it is concluded that the best extraction process for volatile compounds from oak wood is the use of
oak wood-chip liquid extracts. 相似文献