Heat transfer through covering materials of greenhouses

Conductive, convective and radiative heat transfers are evaluated through single and double walls for a series of materials used as greenhouse covers. Among others, radiative exchanges explicitly take into account the far-infrared partial transmittance of many synthetic materials. The k-values are proposed for cloudless sky, wind speed = 4 m s⁻¹, outside temperature = −10°C. and inside temperature = 20°C. The influence of the wind speed, overcast sky, rain or condensation and thickness of the wall is investigated.     

两种风向下单栋塑料大棚内自然通风流场模拟

为分析塑料大棚的侧窗和山墙门对单栋塑料大棚内自然通风的影响，该文运用CFX流体动力学分析软件对简易单栋塑料大棚内的自然通风情况进行了三维稳态模拟。外界风向分别取平行于大棚屋脊和与屋脊夹角15°两种情况。模拟结果显示：当风向与屋脊平行时，室内流场在稳定状态时基本上沿屋脊的中心纵截面对称，室外气流从山墙门和两边侧窗的前半部分进入大棚内，从后半部分的侧窗处流出，气流在大棚中心地带的流速较高，而在侧窗附近流速较低。大棚顶部和后部气流变化比较复杂；在风向与屋脊成15°夹角情况下，室外气流从侧窗的迎风处、背风侧窗的前部和山墙门进入，从背风侧窗处流出，室内气流场有一个明显的偏转过程。从侧窗流入的气流和山墙门流入的气流相遇后在大棚内形成了各种程度的涡流，使得大棚内气流分布较为复杂。室外风向对单栋塑料大棚内气流场的形态有明显影响。     

PH—Postharvest Technology: Airflow Resistance of Green Gram

Pressure drops were measured in clean green gram beds at moisture content in a range of 8·36–16·65% d.b. for superficial air velocities which ranged between 0·0104 and 1·0875 m³ s⁻¹ m⁻² at bed depths of 0·2 to 0·6 m with bulk density ranging from 760 to 855 kg m⁻³. The airflow resistance of green gram increased with the increase in airflow rate, bulk density, bed depth and decreased moisture content. Results indicated that 1% increase in moisture content decreased the pressure drop by 2·43% whereas, 1% increase in bulk density increased the pressure drop by 6·6%. Modified Shedd's equation, Hukill and Ives equation and modified Ergun equation all with two parameters were examined. Airflow resistance was accurately described by modified Shedd's equation and an empirical equation, composed of airflow rate, moisture content and bulk density.     

塑料大棚气流场模拟及作物蒸腾量计算

为了分析塑料大棚内气流场的特征和计算与作物蒸腾量有关的通风参数,该文通过计算流体动力学模拟了塑料大棚内自然通风量,建立了华东地区常见塑料大棚内平均风速和外部风速之间的线性关系,根据能量平衡和紊流扩散模型建立了一个计算作物蒸腾量的数学模型,并利用棚外的常规气象资料和棚内的实测温度计算了棚内作物蒸腾量。通过将作物蒸腾量的计算值和实测值进行比较,结果发现作物蒸腾量的计算值与实测值比较一致,逐日蒸腾量间的决定系数为0.7756,累积蒸腾量间的决定系数为0.9983,模拟累计值与实测累计值之间标准误差为1.16 mm,最大绝对误差为4.82 mm;结果表明,所建立的计算方程参数较少,推求的风速参数比较适用于普通塑料大棚。该研究可满足大棚内作物水分管理、温室大棚设计规划和区域水资源管理等方面的需要。     

基于CFD模型的大跨度温室自然通风热环境模拟

大跨度温室作为一种新型南北走向的钢骨架覆膜温室,解决了传统日光温室土地利用率低、空间狭小的问题。为了研究在自然通风条件下大跨度温室的温度和气流场的分布规律,以及不同室外风速条件下通风口开度对大跨度温室温度和气流场的影响,利用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件构建三维稳态大跨度温室模型,模拟自然通风条件下大跨度温室内的温度场和气流场,并采集典型晴天下通风口开启50%时大跨度温室内13个测点的温度,将各测点的测量值与模拟值进行比较,最后利用已验证模型模拟分析通风口开度(25%、50%、75%、100%)在不同室外风速(1、2、3、4 m·s~(-1))条件下的大跨度温室温度和气流场。验证结果表明:模型模拟值与实测值的绝对误差在0.2~2.8℃,均方根误差为1.6℃,最大相对误差为9.9%,平均相对误差为4.1%,表明模拟值与实测值吻合良好。模拟结果显示,温室顶部温度高,底部温度低;室外冷空气从西侧通风口进入,温室内西侧温度低于东侧;温室内平均风速从南到北逐渐减小;温室中部风速明显小于东西两侧。大跨度温室上通风口及侧通风口全开时,温室内温度分布较均匀。温室通风口开度一定时,温室内通风率与室外风速呈显著线性正相关。考虑温室内温度及风速对作物的影响,以降温为主要目的时,建议通风口开度取75%~100%,若室外风速大于3m·s-1且室内温度能满足作物生长,则建议通风口开度75%。     

SE—Structures and Environment: Compost Airflow Resistance

Four bulking agents, pine shavings, mixed (long and chopped) grass hay, chopped grass hay and long (whole) wheat straw, were each mixed with pig slurry and tap water to obtain three moisture contents (MC) of 60, 65 and 70%. Quadruplets of each treatment were placed in laboratory composting vessels with a capacity of 105 l and a composting depth of 0·95 m. Using the air plenum at the bottom of each vessel, air was forced at apparent velocities of 0–0·002 m s⁻¹ through each compost mass to measure the air static pressure drop across the compost mass as a function of apparent air velocity. Airflow resistance values were measured for compost depths ranging from 0·55 to 0·85 m. Following this test, all mixtures were aerated for 21 days of composting without overturning. The static pressure measurement procedure was then repeated on all quadruplet mixtures.The air static pressure drop was found with respect to a packed bed under laminar flow, defined using the particle size distribution, porosity, depth and airflow channel characteristics of the compost material. Although MC affected the value of the airflow channel characteristics of the compost material, both the hay and straw demonstrated similar values, while shavings demonstrated values more variable and wider values for MC between 60 and 70%.There was a significant increase in airflow resistance after 21 days of composting, which supports the need for compost overturning to reestablish the material's structure and to restore the airflow channels or pores.     

Simple Indirect Estimation of Ventilation and Crop Transpiration Rates in a Greenhouse

A simple linear model has been developed, based on the greenhouse crop heat and mass balances allowing for the calculation of inside air temperature and humidity together with crop temperature. This model is valid for a mature non-stressed crop with low-temperature difference between inside and outside. It can numerically be inverted in order to identify the greenhouse ventilation function together with the soil heat storage parameter, by fitting measured and calculated data of crop temperature and inside air temperature and humidity, and by deducing crop transpiration rate.This model was tested in summer in a ‘classically ventilated tunnel’ with a small opening surface (6%), and in a ‘largely opened tunnel’ with a large opening surface (18%). Measurements were carried out when the tomato crop was mature. On the basis of the experimental measurements, the coefficients of efficiency for ventilation were determined and used to validate the model with respect to inside air measurements. The identified values for the ventilation coefficients are in agreement with the values reported in the literature. Likewise, calculated inside air speed deduced from ventilation in both tunnels was also in good agreement with the measured values. It is shown that this approach allows for a precise estimation of ventilation and transpiration rates using only simple measurement devices such as temperature and air humidity sensors.     

基于流体力学的湿帘风机温室内气流运动的模拟分析（英）

湿帘风机冷却系统温室内的气流运动和微环境特征的研究对整个冷却系统的冷却效率及温室环境调控方案的确立有着重要的指导意义,该研究通过流体力学商用软件有限元法对温室内横断面的温度,气流,湿度分布进行仿真计算,在温室模型中考虑到作物群体对气流的阻碍作用,将作物群体作为多孔介质进行模型化处理,分析湿帘风机冷却系统不同的工作条件下即（1风机工作,2风机湿帘共同工作）,温室内微环境的时空变化规律,通过实测数据进行验证计算结果表明,气流速度的误差在2.1%到18.3%, 温度误差范围较小在0.1%到2.6%,湿度误差在2.0到12.64%。     

SE—Structures and Environment: Optimal Control Strategies for Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in Greenhouse Tomato Crops—Part 1: Using Pure Carbon Dioxide

Two optimal control strategies for carbon dioxide (CO₂) enrichment in greenhouse tomato crops have been developed. One uses pure CO₂ from a storage tank and the other uses CO₂ contained in the exhaust gases of boilers burning natural gas. The optimal strategies maximize the financial margin between crop value and the combined costs of the CO₂ used for enrichment and the natural gas used for heating. In this paper, the strategy for optimal control using pure CO₂ is presented and compared with strategies used by growers. The optimal strategy for enrichment with exhaust gas derived CO₂ is presented in an accompanying paper. Simulations show that at a cost of £0·09 kg⁻¹ for pure CO₂ and £0·10 m⁻³ for natural gas, the optimal enrichment strategy would increase the annual margin of crop value over CO₂ and heating costs by £4·6 m⁻² (27%) compared to a basic control strategy of enrichment to a concentration of 1000 v.p.m. (parts per million by volume) when ventilators are <5% open, otherwise enrichment to 350 v.p.m. The optimal CO₂ concentration was expressed as an algebraic function of solar radiation, wind speed and ventilator opening angle, and so enabled a quasi-optimal value to be obtained using variables measured by greenhouse environmental controllers. The quasi-optimal equation, with coefficients averaged from simulations over 4 years, gave an increased margin over the basic control strategy of £4·4 m⁻² (26%).     

基于CFD技术的日光温室自然通风热环境模拟

首先利用计算流体力学（CFD）软件,构建自然通风条件下日光温室内温度和气流场的模拟模型;其次,通过测量典型晴天前覆盖下通风口开启时日光温室内各测点的温度,将16个测点的实测值与模型模拟结果进行对比,对模型进行验证;然后,利用通过验证的模型模拟分析3种通风模式下（前覆盖上通风口单独开启、前覆盖下通风口单独开启以及上下通风口同时开启）日光温室内温度和气流场的分布。模拟结果表明：当温室前覆盖上通风口单独开启时,室外冷空气从通风口下端进入并迅速下行,然后通过通风口上端流出,温室内气流主要受热压的影响,空气流速小。当温室前覆盖下通风口单独开启时,温室内0.5m高度以下气流速度较大,室外冷空气从通风口下端进入,与地面、后墙、后坡和覆盖层进行热交换后,从通风口上端流出,温室内温度分布与气流走向一致。当温室前覆盖上、下通风口同时开启时,冷空气从下通风口进入,从上通风口流出,在通风口处气流速度较大。模拟条件下,温室单开上通风口或下通风口时室内平均温度为300.0K,但单开上通风口温室内温度分布更均匀;上、下通风口同时开启时,温室内温度为299.0K,通风降温效果明显优于单开一个通风口。     

An Observational Method for the Assessment of Biogas Production from an Anaerobic Waste Stabilisation Pond treating Farm Dairy Wastewater

A biogas production assessment method based on the visual monitoring of biogas evolution events in an anaerobic waste stabilisation pond was developed and applied to an anaerobic pond treating farm dairy wastewater in New Zealand. Major biogas-induced perturbations at the pond surface were classified as either type 1 or 2 events and other observed biogas activities as small bubble events. Mean counts of types 1 and 2 events varied from 7·3 to 30·0 per hour and 4·3–34·0 per hour, respectively, over the pond surface and the frequency of events decreased as both organic loading and temperature increased. Preliminary estimates of areal gas production rates, obtained using the observational method, ranged from 0·002 to 0·015 m³ m⁻² day⁻¹ for major eruptions and 0·0004–0·024 m³ m⁻² day⁻¹ for small bubble events, giving a total range of 0·002–0·039 m³ m⁻² day⁻¹. Pond temperatures at 2·75 m depth showed relatively minor fluctuations on a diurnal basis and ranged between 13 and 15°C from days 1–60, reaching a maximum of 24°C at day 190. Refinements proposed for future method development include an increased number and range of event categories, the automatic recording of events and the use of an improved cover. Further work is required to assess the general applicability of the method to anaerobic ponds.     

Cooling Fan-ventilated Greenhouses: a Modelling Study

A model for fan-ventilated greenhouse cooling is presented in which the primary heat transfer surfaces (cover/structure, canopy and floor) are represented as three parallel planes. Validation of the model was accomplished using data collected over 14 days. Agreement was good, with canopy temperatures over-predicted by only 0·1%, air temperatures in the canopy under-predicted by 0·5%, humidity of the canopy air under-predicted by 1·6% and transpiration rates under-predicted by 1·4%. Simulation runs suggest that when evaporative pad cooling is not used, little advantage is derived from increasing airflow rates beyond about 0·05 m³ m⁻² s⁻¹. When evaporative pad cooling is used, however, both air and canopy temperatures decline with increasing airflow rates up to 0·13 m³ m⁻² s⁻¹, the highest level considered. Increasing canopy size is predicted to be more influential in reducing air temperatures when evaporative pad cooling is used than when it is not, but its effect on canopy temperature is expected to be approximately the same whether or not evaporative pad cooling is used. With no evaporative pad cooling, the evapotranspiration coefficient (i.e., the ratio of energy used for transpiration to incoming solar energy) is predicted to range from 1·75 for an outside temperature of 36·8°C and an outside humidity ratios of 3·3 g kg⁻¹ to 0·8 for an outside humidity ratio of 29·9 g kg⁻¹ at the same temperature. With evaporative pad cooling, the coefficient is predicted to range from 0·6 to 0·8 at the same outside temperature and the same range of outside humidity ratios.     

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Water Hyacinth Chopper cum Crusher

A water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) chopper cum crusher was developed at College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, India to solve the problem of the bulk of freshly harvested water hyacinth during transportation. The performance of the chopper cum crusher was evaluated on the basis of its ability to reduce volume and weight of fresh water hyacinth. Two variables namely feed rate and knife speeds were studied. Relationships were developed between changes in specific volume, knife speed; percent weight loss and feed rates. Weight reduction studies showed that, with the increase in feed rate and knife speed, there was a decrease in weight loss. Maximum weight loss of 33·77% was achieved with the minimum feed rate of 1·0 t h⁻¹ and knife speed of 3·14 m s⁻¹. Regression models were developed to fit the data. The developed machine reduced the specific volume and weight of fresh water hyacinth by up to 64 and 31·54%, respectively, at the recommended feed rate of 1·0 t h⁻¹ and knife speed of 4·71 m s⁻¹.     

Assessing the protective effect of vertically heterogeneous canopies against radiative frost: The case of quinoa on the Andean Altiplano

Night radiative frost is a highly limiting factor for agriculture in Andean highlands. Nevertheless, a diversity of crop species have been domesticated there, commonly showing high heterogeneity in plant growth at the field level. The possible protective effect of crop canopy heterogeneity against nocturnal radiative frost is examined using a dual approach, combining a field experiment and a simplified energy balance model at the leaf level. Leaf and air temperatures were registered over an entire quinoa crop cycle in the Andean highlands of Bolivia, comparing two cultivars: Blanca de Yanamuyu, a traditional landrace with high plant height heterogeneity, and Surumi, a more homogeneous selected variety. In both cultivars, inverted air density profiles during calm and clear nights result in air temperature changes up to 3 °C over 0.5 m height, with minimum air temperature concentrated at the upper part of the canopy. In these conditions, leaf temperature gradients of up to 2.6 °C m⁻¹ develop within the canopy of the traditional landrace, with minimum leaf temperature significantly higher (P < 0.001) in shaded plants of the landrace than in the selected cultivar. A dynamic model of leaf temperature based on canopy parameters and climatic records at screen level adequately simulates leaf temperature differences in the case of a vertically heterogeneous quinoa canopy. A sensitivity analysis of the model reveals that canopy height, leaf area index, and sky cloudiness have the most important influences on the development of the sheltering effect, while air temperature and air humidity play a minor role under typical radiative frost conditions. As for wind speed, its actual influence remains unclear due to experimental and modelling limitations at low wind speeds. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the trade-off between stress adaptation and biomass productivity.     

Physical Properties of Vetch Seed

The physical properties of vetch seed were evaluated as a function of moisture content. The average length, width and thickness were 5·19, 4·33 and 3·63 mm, respectively, at 10·57% dry basis (d.b.) moisture content. In the moisture range from 10·57 to 20·63% d.b., studies on rewetted vetch seed showed that the thousand seed mass increased from 55·47 to 59·03 g, the projected area from 23·52 to 29·05 mm², the sphericity from 0·837 to 0·859, the true density from 1286·2 to 1369·9 kg m⁻³, the porosity from 33·08% to 39·68% and the terminal velocity from 9·94 to 10·33 m s⁻¹. The static coefficient of friction of vetch seed increased the linearly against surfaces of four structural materials, namely, rubber (0·350–0·387), aluminium (0·319–0·367), stainless steel (0·202–0·328) and galvanised iron (0·312–0·361) as the moisture content increased from 10·57 to 20·63% d.b. The bulk density and the shelling resistance decreased from 860·8 to 826·2 kg m⁻³ and from 148·73 to 62·68 N, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 10·57 to 20·63% d.b.     

校正温度和盐度对单电容传感器的影响

Several newly developed capacitance sensors have simplified real-time determination of soil water content.Previous work has shown that salinity and temperature can affect these sensors,but relatively little has been done to correct these effects.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of media temperature and salinity on the apparent water content measured with a single capacitance sensor (SCS),and to mitigate this effect using a temperature dependent scaled voltage technique under laboratory conditions.A column study was conducted containing two media:pure deionized water and quartz sand under varying water contents (0.05 to 0.30 cm³ cm^-3) and salinity (0 to 80 mmol L^-1).Media temperature was varied between 5 and 45℃ using an incubator.The SCS probes and thermocouples were placed in the middle of the columns and were logged at an interval of 1 minute.There was strong negative correlation between sensor reading and temperature of deionized water with a rate of -0.779 mV ℃^-1.Rates of SCS apparent output were 0.454 and 0.535 mV ℃^-1 for air in heating and cooling cycles,respectively.A similar positive correlation with temperature was observed in sand at different water contents.The SCS probe was less sensitive to temperature as salinity and water content increased.Using a temperature-corrected voltage calibration model,the effect of temperature was reduced by 98%.An analytical model for salinity correction was able to minimize the error as low as ± 2% over the salinity level tested.     

Mathematical Modelling of Vacuum Pressure on a Precision Seeder

The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum vacuum pressure of a precision vacuum seeder and to develop mathematical models by using some physical properties of seeds such as one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density. Maize, cotton, soya bean, watermelon, melon, cucumber, sugarbeet and onion seeds were used in laboratory tests. One thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds varied from 4·3 to 372·5 g, 5–77 mm², 38·4–85·8% and 440–1310 kg m⁻³, respectively. The optimum vacuum pressure was determined as 4·0 kPa for maize I and II; 3·0 kPa for cotton, soya bean and watermelon I; 2·5 kPa for watermelon II, melon and cucumber; 2·0 kPa for sugarbeet; and 1·5 kPa for onion seeds.The vacuum pressure was predicted by mathematical models. According to the results, the final model could satisfactorily describe the vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder with a chi-square of 2·51×10⁻³, root mean square error of 2·74×10⁻² and modelling efficiency of 0·99.     

SE—Structures and Environment: Diurnal Variation in Ammonia,Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour Emission from an Uninsulated,Deep Litter Building for Growing/Finishing Pigs

In an uninsulated livestock building with natural ventilation, the air temperature and airflow show a large variation according to the daily variations in weather and season. The objective of this investigation was to determine the diurnal variation in the emission of NH₃, CO₂ and moisture from an uninsulated building with a deep litter system for growing/finishing pigs and to investigate the influence of air temperature and airflow rate on the NH₃ emission. The investigations were carried out in an uninsulated experimental building with 125 growing/finishing pigs in deep litter pens. The building was 12 m wide and 20 m long (240 m²), naturally ventilated but also equipped with exhaust fans. The NH₃ concentration, the CO₂ concentration, the outside and inside air temperature, the outside and inside relative humidity and the animal activity were measured continuously during 6 days at a constant airflow rate of 146 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹. During six nights the effect of airflow rate on the NH₃ emission was investigated by changing the airflow rate in steps from 26 to 165 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹. The measurements were carried out between day 16 and day 46 from the beginning of the growing period. The NH₃ emission from an uninsulated, deep litter building for growing/finishing pigs showed a clear diurnal variation. During the 6 days with constant airflow rate the emission varied from 6 to 247% of the mean, with the minimum around 6.00 a.m. and the maximum around 5.00 p.m. The daily mean of NH₃ emission increased from 0·23 to 0·65 gh⁻ per pig (day 16–day 43). The diurnal variation of NH₃ emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (correlation coefficient r_s=0·86–0·91) and the animal activity (r_s=0·69–0·83). The increase of NH₃ emission with the air temperature followed an exponential pattern. The relative NH₃ emission flux increased from 0·2 to 2·0 between the air temperatures −2 to 14°C inside the building. An increase in airflow rate through the building from 26 to 165 m³ m⁻²h⁻¹ increased the relative NH₃ emission flux from 0·4 to 1·4. The CO₂ emission during the 6 days at constant airflow rate had a daily mean between 81 and 120 gh⁻¹ per pig with a diurnal variation from 61 to 249% of the mean. The CO₂ emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (r_s=0·42–0·83) and animal activity (r_s=0·67–0·85). The daily mean of water vapour emission increased during the same days between 146 and 408 gh⁻¹ per pig and varied from 18 to 269% of the mean. The water vapour emission was correlated to the inside air temperature (r_s=0·53–0·97), animal activity (r_s=0·57–0·85) and the water absorption capacity of the inlet air (r_s=0·27–0·94). The diurnal variations in NH₃, CO₂ and water vapour emission were correlated to each other.     

Real-time Measures of Canopy Size as a Basis for Spatially Varying Nitrogen Applications to Winter Wheat sown at Different Seed Rates

Experiments at two sites growing winter wheat show that in order to manage a wheat canopy more effectively, the use of specific remote sensing techniques both to monitor crop canopy expansion, and to determine variable nitrogen applications at key timings is required. Variations in seed rate were used to achieve a range of initial crop structures, and treatments were compared to standard farm practice. In the first year, the effect of varying seed rate (250, 350 and 450 seeds m⁻²) on crop structure, yield components and grain yield, was compared to the effects of underlying spatial variation. Plant populations increased up to the highest rate, but shoot and ear populations peaked at 350 seeds m⁻². Compensation through an increased number of grains per ear and thousand grain weight resulted in the highest yield and gross margin at the lowest seed rate. In later experiments, the range of seed rates was extended to include 150 seeds m⁻², each sown in 24 m wide strips split into 12 m wide halves. One half received a standard nitrogen dose of 200 kg [N] ha⁻¹, the other a variable treatment based on near ‘real-time’ maps of crop growth. Both were split into three applications, targeted at mid-late tillering (early March), growth stages GS30-31 (mid April) and GS33 (mid May). At each timing, calibrated aerial digital photography was used to assess crop growth in terms of shoot population at tillering, and canopy green area index at GS30-31 and GS33. These were compared to current agronomic guidelines. Application rates were then varied below or above the planned amount where growth was above- or below-target, respectively. In the first field, total nitrogen doses in the variable treatments ranged from 188 to 243 kg [N] ha⁻¹, which gave higher yields than the standards at all seed rates in the range 0·36–0·78 t ha⁻¹ and gross margins of £17 to £60 ha⁻¹. In the second field, variable treatments ranged from 135 to 197 kg [N] ha⁻¹ that resulted in lower yields of −0·32 to +0·30 t ha⁻¹. However, in three out of the four seed rates, variable treatments produced higher gross margins than the standard, which ranged from £2 to £20 ha⁻¹. In both fields, the greatest benefits were obtained where the total amount of applied nitrogen was similar to the standard, but was applied variably rather than uniformly along the strips. Simple nitrogen balance calculations have shown that variable application of nitrogen can have an overall effect on reducing the nitrogen surplus by one-third.     

日光温室热压风压耦合自然通风流量的模拟

通风是温室环境调节的重要手段,通风流量计算涉及流量系数与风压体型系数,因此有必要定量分析不同通风模式下的通风流量及对应的系数,为通风调节提供理论依据。本文分析了热压风压耦合作用对通风流量的影响机理,构建了通风流量与热压风压作用关系的数理模型;采用CO₂气体示踪法测试日光温室模型(按1:5的比例缩小)在不同通风口宽度条件下的通风流量,将试验测得的通风流量、空气温度、风速和通风口宽度等参数代入模型,对模拟值与实测值进行多元线性拟合,得出拟合度最高的流量系数与风压体型系数。结果表明：当温室模型通风口宽度为3、5和7cm（相当于实际温室通风口宽度为15、25、35cm）时,热压风压耦合作用的通风流量可按G=0.81S•（H•?T/T)^0.5 +0.078S•u、G=0.63S•（H•?T/T)^0.5 +0.067S•u 和G=0.46S•（H•?T/T)^0.5 +0.058S•u分别计算,式中S、H、?T、T、u分别为通风口面积、宽度、室内外温差、室外温度和风速;相应的流量系数分别为0.78、0.60和0.44,风压体型系数分别为0.04、0.05和0.07;在总通风流量中,当室外风速高于1.5m·s^-1时,风压通风流量所占总通风流量的比例均高于50%,风压通风占主导作用;当室外风速大于2.5m·s^-1时,风压形成的通风流量所占比例均大于70%,说明此条件下可忽略温度即热压的影响。