我国淡水育珠蚌类和珍珠研究的若干进展

我国是世界上最早利用蚌(贝)类育珠的国家之一，但与之相关的科研活动起步却较晚，自本世纪60年代初才开始设立有关育珠蚌和珍珠的科研项目，经过众多生物学家、水产养殖专家30多年的努力，现在的理论研究和应用技术研究俱已达到了相当系统的程度，尤其是近十年来，由于电子显微术、原子吸收光谱分析术等现代化观察和分析技术的应用，极大地推动了育珠蚌类和珍珠研究的深层次发展，并取得了较大的进展。     

我国淡水育珠蚌外套膜的组织学研究

<正> 贝类形成珍珠,是贝的外套膜外表皮细胞(即壳侧表皮细胞),进入贝的体内,形成珍珠囊,再由珍珠囊分泌珍珠质而形成珍珠。由于外套膜在形成珍珠和贝壳上具有重要作用,所以研究贝的外套膜,很早就引起了研究者们的高度重视。已从各方面进行了许多的研究。如在组织学方面,日本的小林等(1938)观察到珍珠囊表皮细胞与外套膜表皮细胞在形态上有显著差异;Kawakami,I.K.(1952)作过海产的马氏珠母贝外套膜的组织学观察;Kenny(1964)进行过美国的双壳类心脏组织的培养和细胞增殖的研究;町     

淡水珍珠养殖技术（四）：育珠蚌的养殖管理

１育珠水域环境条件要求育珠蚌生活在水中，水环境不仅决定育珠蚌能否生存和生长，而且直接影响到养殖珍珠的产量和质量。因此对水域环境的选择十分重要。１．１水面大小水面不能太小要求６０００米２以上。尤其是封闭式静水体的水面，如果水面太小，水质环境变化大、不稳定，影响育珠蚌的生长。１．２水深水深１．５～４．０米的水面可育珠，最好２～３米，低于１米或高于５米均不宜养殖。水过浅，水温变化大，影响水质的稳定性。水过深，则下层水温低，影响营养物质循环，饵料生物难于满足育珠蚌的要求，对育珠蚌生长不利。１．３水源水源…     

三种淡水育珠蚌的组织蛋白电泳分析

目前,生产上常用的淡水育珠蚌有三角帆蚌Hyriopsis cumingii(Lea)、褶纹冠蚌Cristaria plicata(Leach)、背角无齿蚌Anodonta woodiana(Lea)。为进一步了解这三种蚌在组织蛋白成分上的差异,我们采用7.5%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳方法,对三种蚌的闭壳肌、肝脏、晶杆体、边缘膜组织蛋白以及不同地区、不同年龄、不同颜色、不同性别的三角帆蚌肝脏组织的蛋白分子进行了比较。现将结果报导如下:     

淡水育珠蚌的RNA提取与RT-PCR分析

介绍了一种适用于淡水育珠蚌的高质量RNA提取方法,并进行RT-PCR分析,具有简便快速、适用性广等特点。     

试论育珠手术作业与淡水无核珍珠质量的关系

分析研究珍珠质量的制片、植片手术工艺 ,消毒防疫以及劳动管理等因素 ,探索在手术作业环节中如何提高淡水无核珍珠质量。     

育珠蚌最适植片数的初步研究

淡水育珠插片手术中，每只育珠蚌插植组织小片的数量与珍珠的产量和质量密切相关，最适植片数是育珠生产的关键技术之一，本文对57只不同植片数（28－37）的珍珠蚌进行了统计分析，结果表明：植片数以31－32为最适，植片数在31－37时，珍珠的绝对产量没有显著差异，但随着植片数的增加，珍珠的月增重量反而呈下降趋势，植片数小于30时，珍珠产量潜力未得到充分发挥。     

论育珠手术作业与淡水无核珍珠质量的关系

在大陆，规模化人工育珠生产已有３０年历史。由于生产的迅猛发展，国内淡水珍珠产量有了大幅度增长，在数量上已大大地满足了国内外市场对珍珠的需求，从而对珍珠质量的要求也越来越高。近年来，虽然人工育珠手术工艺的理论基础尚无新的突破，但是在操作技术上仍有许多革新。育珠蚌养殖期限从３～４年，已经延长到了７～８年。大颗粒、光亮圆润的优质珍珠越来越多，使得工艺珠的等级标准也有所提高。珍珠生产不再是生产多少买多少、以量取胜的年代，优质高产和降低死亡率成了生产的关键。本文就珍珠质量相关的育珠手术操作技术问题谈一看法…     

我国淡水珍珠生产现状及其发展对策的探讨

1 我国淡水珍珠生产现状及存在问题 淡水无核珍珠的育成,是我国水产科技在20世纪60年代的一大突破,它开创了一个新兴产业,填补了我国淡水养殖上的一项空白。1989年,全国的珍珠产量达到200t,成为世界第一。1995年,全国的珍珠产量猛增至1500t。其后虽经多次大的调整,到2000年,全国的珍珠产量仍保持在1200t左右,占世界珍珠总产量的95％。淡水珍珠生产的发展,已成为我国淡水养殖业的一个重要生产项目,在立体开发利用我国内陆水域资源、引导农民发家致富上起了重要作用。 随着我国淡水珍珠生产的发展,珍珠的培育技术也在不断进步。小蚌、小片、小工具“三小”育珠技术的创立与推广,为提高我国淡水珍珠质量开辟了新的途径;     

淡水有核珍珠养殖技术

淡水有核珍珠生产具有周期短、见效快的特点,江西省上高县从90年代末期开始养殖有核珍珠,目前养殖规模已发展到上万亩,现将有关养殖技术总结如下:一、养殖水面池塘面积一般在5亩以上,山塘小水库面积一般在20亩以上,水深要求在1.5m以上,水质无污染,水源充沛,进排水方便。二、亲蚌的选择1.选择自繁自养的三角帆蚌亲种,蚌龄2龄~4龄;外购天然三角帆蚌作亲种,一定要到现场进行观察了解,疫区蚌坚决不要,以免传染疫病。2.手术蚌的要求 一是制片蚌一般2龄,要求体质健壮,外套膜、边缘膜色白细嫩,闭壳肌强劲有力。二是插片蚌一般3龄~4龄,规格为壳长1…     

Fish and mussels: Importance of fish for freshwater mussel conservation

Co‐extinctions are increasingly recognized as one of the major processes leading to the global biodiversity crisis, but there is still limited scientific evidence on the magnitude of potential impacts and causal mechanisms responsible for the decline of affiliate (dependent) species. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida), one of the most threatened faunal groups on Earth, need to pass through a parasitic larval (glochidia) phase using fishes as hosts to complete their life cycle. Here, we provide a synthesis of published evidence on the fish–mussel relationship to explore possible patterns in co‐extinction risk and discuss the main threats affecting this interaction. We retrieved 205 publications until December 2015, most of which were performed in North America, completed under laboratory conditions and were aimed at characterizing the life cycle and/or determining the suitable fish hosts for freshwater mussels. Mussel species were reported to infest between one and 53 fish species, with some fish families (e.g., Cyprinidae and Percidae) being used more often as hosts than others. No relationship was found between the breadth of host use and the extinction risk of freshwater mussels. Very few studies focused on threats affecting the fish–mussel relationship, a knowledge gap that may impair the application of future conservation measures. Here, we identify a variety of threats that may negatively affect fish species, document and discuss the concomitant impacts on freshwater mussels, and suggest directions for future studies.     

A protocol for stocking hatchery reared freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera

• 1. Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) populations are under serious threat of extinction throughout their geographical range and only a few remnant populations are recruiting to adulthood. Consequently, M. margaritifera is classified as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List.
• 2. Several institutions across many countries have set up Ark sites at hatcheries to culture and rear young M. margaritifera from population remnants, with the intention of stocking these juveniles into rivers. The release location must fulfill the habitat requirements for the full life‐cycle of the species, so they can contribute to the next generation and thus the long‐term recovery of the species. However, little research or advice exists about how to decide if river environments are suitable for stocking.
• 3. A protocol is presented for determining whether a M. margaritifera population will benefit from stocking hatchery reared juveniles and how to identify suitable areas. Stocking locations are considered from catchment scale to microscale using water quality (reach), macrohabitat (site) and microhabitat, including physicochemical properties of the substratum (spots).
• 4. A case study of the River Esk in north‐east England, is incorporated to exemplify the myriad of considerations surrounding attempts to conserve M. margaritifera, and describes how implementation of the protocol can structure and assist stocking programmes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

底质和饵料对不同生长阶段橄榄蛏蚌稚蚌成活和生长的影响

为提高橄榄蛏蚌(Solenaia oleivira)稚蚌成活率,在稚蚌生长3个阶段设置不同的饵料和底质组合,探究饵料和底质对稚蚌成活和生长的影响.结果表明:前期稚蚌投喂破壁微拟球藻组的成活率、壳长和壳高生长均显著高于投喂未破壁微拟球藻组;3.4×105个/mL和6.8×105个/mL饵料浓度对前期稚蚌成活率、壳长和壳高...     

淡水蚌类繁殖生物学研究进展

淡水蚌类指瓣鳃纠（双先纠）蚌科[Unionidae（Bivalvia）]的贝类，全世界现有168个属，1000多种，其中珠蚌属（Margaritifera）是亚洲、欧洲和美洲大陆都有分布的淡水珍珠贝。我国已经发现的蚌科也有15属140余种。它们分布于江河、湖泊、沟渠、池塘中。其中作为培育珍珠和制作珠核用的帆蚌、丽蚌等淡水贝类具有较高的经济价值。     

The role of adaptive resistance in a widespread freshwater mussel species

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Reproductive ecology of the threatened and endemic freshwater mussel Lampsilis bracteata

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Fish hosts of the freshwater mussel Unio foucauldianus Pallary, 1936

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氨氮浓度对不同体重河蚌(Anodonta woodiana)耗氧率的影响

在静水水温和水体悬浮颗粒物浓度保持相对恒定的条件下,研究了不同体重(以软组织干重计算)的河蚌(Anodonta woodiana)在3个氨氮水平下的耗氧率。结果显示:在固定的氨氮水平下,单位体重耗氧率(Or)随体重(w)增加而下降,耗氧率和体重间呈负相幂函数关系;在实验体重和氨氮浓度(n)范围内,氨氮浓度对河蚌耗氧均具有主效应,氨氮浓度和体重、耗氧率的自然对数y(以lnOr表示)可以表述为y=3.5968±0.24+0.0119±0.00n-1.0237±0.15lnw。结果表明,在试验范围内,氨氮浓度对河蚌耗氧产生增益效应,即随氨氮浓度升高,耗氧率增加,而随体重的增加,耗氧率下降。本试验中,氨氮未对河蚌产生抑制效应。     

Estimation of gut contents of freshwater mussel, Lamellidens marginalis L.

This study examined the food organisms found in the gut of freshwater mussels, Lamellidens marginalis L. A total of 34 taxa of food organisms were recorded, out of which 30 taxa belonged to phytoplankton and four taxa to zooplankton. Both the groups comprised three families each: Cyanophyceae (blue‐green algae), Chlorophycea (green algae) and Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) constituted phytoplankton, whereas Euglenaceae, Chlamydodontidae and Brachionidae belonged to zooplankton. The total number of frequencies of phytoplankton (n=537) were almost nine times more than that of zooplankton (n=60). When blue‐green algae, green algae, diatoms and zooplankton (all the three families together) were tested for significant difference (P<0.05) following Duncan's multiple range test, the result showed only two groups. Blue‐green algae, green algae and zooplankton were not significantly different (P<0.05), forming group A, whereas diatoms were significantly different from others, forming group B. The present study showed that the maximum number of organisms that mussels feed upon belong to green algae, followed by diatoms, blue‐green algae and few taxa of zooplankton.