普通T形骨板治疗玩具犬桡尺骨远端骨折的手术效果

旨在评估普通T形骨板内固定治疗玩具犬桡尺骨远端骨折的临床效果及并发症。回顾了在中国农业大学动物医院采用开放式复位和普通T形骨板内固定治疗桡尺骨远端骨折的玩具犬的病历记录,并对这些病例进行回访。入选病例满足：体重不超过7 kg;骨折位置位于前臂远端(远端骨段与桡骨长度比值<0.25);回访时间>12个月;病例信息记录完整。结果表明：共纳入29只犬的29例桡尺骨远端骨折,26例(89.7%)术后无跛行,3例(10.3%)术后勉强可见跛行。未发生严重并发症,轻微并发症的发生率是20.7%(n=6)。普通T形骨板内固定能有效治疗玩具犬桡尺骨远端骨折,临床效果良好,无严重并发症。     

Repair of Fractures of the Distal Aspect of the Radius in Two Horses

Fractures of the distal radius in two horses were repaired by open reduction and interfragmentary compression using screws placed in a lag fashion. One horse had a complete oblique fracture of the medial aspect of the epiphysis of the distal radius and was sound for riding 32 months after surgery. The other horse had an open spiral comminuted fracture with medial displacement of the distal radial fragment. Laminitis developed in the contralateral limb and this horse was euthanatized 5 weeks after surgery. © Copyright 1994 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons     

普通骨板内固定治疗玩具犬桡尺骨骨折的回顾性分析

本试验旨在评估普通骨板内固定治疗玩具犬桡尺骨骨折的临床效果及并发症。回顾了中国农业大学动物医院使用普通骨板（圆洞骨板或兽医可剪裁骨板）开放式复位和内固定治疗桡尺骨骨折的玩具犬的病历记录,并对这些病例进行回访。入选病例满足以下条件：体重不超过7 kg;回访时间大于12个月;病例信息记录完整。结果显示：共纳入63只犬的64例桡尺骨骨折,49例（76.6%）术后无跛行,7例（10.9%）术后勉强可见到跛行,6例（9.3%）存在轻度跛行,2例（3.1%）存在中度跛行。严重并发症的发生率是6.3%,轻微并发症的发生率是27%。试验表明,普通骨板内固定能有效治疗玩具犬桡尺骨骨折,该方法临床效果良好,且严重并发症发生率低。     

小型犬桡尺骨骨折的PRCL-S5型锁定骨板固定术诊疗

小型犬尤其是玩具型犬的桡尺骨远端骨折的治疗属于临床上的一大难题。治疗过程中需要考虑的问题有很多,如骨折不愈合、延迟愈合、骨髓腔堵塞、应力遮蔽和应力集中等。使用PRCL-S5型锁定骨板对小型犬桡尺骨远端进行内固定治疗,结合适当的术后护理措施,恢复良好。对常用的内固定方案进行了比较分析。     

En Bloc Resection of Primary Rib Tumors in 40 Dogs

Single or multiple rib resection was performed in 40 dogs for the treatment of primary osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma. The resulting thoracic wall defect was closed with polypropylene (12 dogs), primary muscle flap (16 dogs), diaphragmatic advancement (10 dogs), or a combination (2 dogs). Few immediate (less than 2 weeks) postoperative complications were observed. Twenty dogs with osteosarcoma had a median survival time of 3.3 months (range, 0.5 to 23 months), with a 20% 6-month survival time. Metastases occurred in all the dogs. Fourteen dogs with chondrosarcoma followed up longer than 2 weeks had a median survival time of 10.7 months (range, 0.5 to 36 months) with a 64% 6-month survival time. Eight dogs developed metastases, five died from concurrent disease, and one dog is alive. Dogs with chondrosarcoma survived significantly longer than dogs with osteosarcoma. Survival time was not related to tumor size or number of ribs resected.     

The Intraosseous Blood Supply of the Canine Radius: Implications for Healing of Distal Fractures in Small Dogs

The intraosseous vascular anatomy of the radius was studied in 12 pairs of canine cadaver limbs. Six pairs of specimens were obtained from small-breed dogs (less than 6 kg) and six pairs were obtained from large-breed dogs (18 to 30 kg). All specimens were studied after arterial injection with India ink. Samples were fixed, frozen, then sectioned and processed using a modified Spalteholz technique. In all specimens, the intraosseous blood supply arose from the nutrient artery with its associated branches and the metaphyseal arteries. In small-breed dogs, there was decreased vascular density at the distal diaphyseal-metaphyseal junction compared with large-breed dogs. The reduced vascularity corresponded to the region associated with a poor prognosis for fracture healing in small-breed dogs. This regional association suggests that a decreased vascular supply in the distal radius may contribute to a higher frequency of delayed union and nonunion in smaller dogs.     

Results of Partial Mandibulectomy for the Treatment of Oral Tumors in 142 Dogs

Partial mandibulectomy was performed for the treatment of benign or malignant oral tumors in 142 dogs. Forty-two dogs with a benign tumor (ameloblastoma) had a 22.5 month (range, 6 to 74 months) median disease-free interval, with a 97% 1-year survival rate; there was local recurrence in one dog. Twenty-four dogs with squamous cell carcinoma had a disease-free interval of 26 months (range, 6 to 84 months), with a 91% 1-year survival rate; recurrence and metastasis developed in two dogs and metastatic disease in one dog. Based on survival curves, 37 dogs with a melanoma had a median survival time of 9.9 months (range, 1 to 36 months), with a 21% 1-year survival rate; 20 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Twenty dogs with osteosarcoma had a median survival time of 13.6 months (range, 3 to 28 months), with a 35% 1-year survival rate; nine dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Nineteen dogs with fibrosarcoma had median survival time of 10.6 months (range, 3 to 32 months), with a 50% 1-year survival rate; 12 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Results of this and previous studies demonstrated that partial mandibulectomy was effective in prolonging survival and decreasing recurrence for squamous cell carcinoma and ameloblastoma. Progressive disease and corresponding low survival times were common in dogs with melanoma, osteosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. There were no differences in survival times or the progression of disease among five partial hemimandibulectomy procedures. The high rates of recurrence and metastasis in dogs with these tumors suggest a need for evaluation of ancillary chemotherapy and local radiation therapy to decrease the prevalence of progressive disease.     

Use of the Cobra Head Bone Plate for Distal Long Bone Fractures in Large Animals A Report of Four Cases

Four long bone fractures with a short distal fragment were repaired with a cobra head bone plate alone (2 cattle) or in combination with a straight, broad dynamic compression plate (2 horses). Three fractures were of the distal femur (1 horse, 2 cattle) and one was of the distal radius (1 horse). The long-term outcome of the three femoral fractures was soundness in one case and mild lameness in two. Although satisfactory bone healing progressed in the horse with the radial fracture, laminitis in the contralateral forelimb necessitated euthanasia at week 6.     

Controlled Tissue Expansion in the Distal Extremities of Dogs

Controlled tissue expansion using a 100 cc rectangular silicone elastomer expander was performed in the mid-antebrachium and mid-crus of eight adult mixed-breed dogs. Two expander inflation schedules were followed. Group 1 dogs (n = 4) underwent expander inflation using 10 cc sterile saline every other day, and group 2 dogs (n = 4) underwent expander inflation using 15 cc sterile saline every other day until the nominal volume (100 cc) was attained. Significant mean postexpansion increases in skin surface area of 94.1 cm² (35.9%) and 108.9 cm² (37.3%) were measured in the antebrachium and crus, respectively (p < .05). In a second procedure, the expanders were removed and skin flaps were developed from the redundant tissue generated during the expansion process. Single pedicle advancement flaps and transposition flaps were used to cover surgically created defects measuring 5 times 10 cm in the antebrachium and cms. Single pedicle advancement flaps consistently measured 10 × 10 cm and could be advanced to cover defects involving one third of the mid-antebrachial or mid-crural circumference. Transposition flaps were rotated up to 170 and the donor site defects were easily closed under minimal or no tension. Complications included an abscess in one dog and seroma formation in four dogs. Differences in success or complication rates between group 1 dogs and group 2 dogs were not observed; an accelerated inflation schedule using 15 cc sterile saline every other day was recommended.     

Evaluation of a Midhumeral Block of the Radial,Ulnar, Musculocutaneous and Median (RUMM Block) Nerves for Analgesia of the Distal Aspect of the Thoracic Limb in Dogs

Objective: To evaluate a technique for midhumeral peripheral nerve blockade in the dog. Study Design: Cadaveric technique development; in vivo placebo‐controlled, prospective crossover study. Animals: Canine cadavers (n=38) and 8 clinically healthy, adult hound dogs. Methods: A technique for peripheral block of the radial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and median nerves (RUMM block) was evaluated using cadaver limbs. Eight purpose‐bred, research dogs were anesthetized; a RUMM block was performed on each thoracic limb. One limb from each dog randomly received 0.5% bupivacaine and the opposite limb was assigned to receive sterile saline solution as a control. After recovery from anesthesia, skin sensation at selected dermatomes was evaluated for 24 hours using a mechanical stimulus. Weight‐bearing, conscious proprioception, and withdrawal reflex were also evaluated. One month after initial testing, each dog was reanesthetized and each limb received the opposite treatment. Results: Sensory thresholds were significantly increased over baseline measurements when compared with control limbs for all nerves. Complete sensory block was achieved in radial (15/16), ulnar (3/16), musculocutaneous (8/16), and median (11/16) nerves, using a mechanical stimulus of analgesia. Complete simultaneous block of all nerves was only obtained in 1 of 16 limbs. Conclusion: RUMM block resulted in desensitization of the skin in the associated dermatomes for 4–10 hours. Complete sensory block of the dermatomes supplied by the radial nerve was most consistent. Clinical Relevance: RUMM block may be an effective technique to provide adjunctive analgesia for dogs undergoing surgery of the distal aspect of the thoracic limb.     

Excision of Tumors in the Nasal Vestibule of Two Dogs

Two dogs with tumors in the left nasal vestibule were treated by surgical excision of the affected part of the nose. Radiation and chemopotentiation were used in one dog, which remained tumor-free after 12 months. When recovering from anesthesia, the second dog developed respiratory distress associated with upper airway obstruction and failure to mouth breathe. The dog was successfully treated by temporary tracheostomy and remained tumor-free after 3 months. Surgery preserved the function of the right nostril and gave an acceptable cosmetic result in both cases.     

Fibrotic Myopathy of the Semitendinosus Muscle in Four Dogs

Fibrosis of the semitendinosus muscle resulted in a characteristic gait abnormality in four male German shepherd dogs. Blood chemistry, electrophoresis, and electromyographic studies were performed. Surgery was undertaken in each case to relieve the restricting fibrous tissue. The lameness returned with reappearance of the fibrous band within six months. The etiology of fibrotic myopathy is unknown, but electromyographic studies and electrophoresis results suggest a myopathy due to chronic inflammation. Histopathologic exam reveals replacement of degenerating muscle fibers with connective tissue.     

A Prospective Study of Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Grade 2 Mast Cell Tumors in 32 Dogs

Surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation have been used singly or in combination to treat dogs with cutaneous grade-2 mast cell tumors (MCT). However, optimal treatment has not been established. At The Animal Medical Center, 32 dogs with grade 2, stage 0 MCT received cobalt radiation treatment to a dose of 54 Gy; 94% had a disease-free interval of 1 year. The 2–,3–,4–, and 5–year disease-free intervals were 86%. Survival rates were 100% for 1 year and 96% for 2 to 5 years, with only 1 death caused by MCT. Primary site was not a prognostic factor for survival in this study. Minimal toxicity was observed and was limited to acute cutaneous reactions. Late-term reactions to radiation therapy were mild and considered acceptable in all cases. No deaths occurred due to treatment, and no dog was eliminated from the study because of radiation therapy toxicity. Radiation therapy appears to be an effective treatment for dogs with grade 2, stage 0 MCT.     

Periosteum and the Healing of Partial Ulnar Osteotomy in Radius Curvus of Dogs

A 2 cm partial ulnectomy was performed in twelve 4-month-old mongrel dogs with experimentally induced radius curvus. In four dogs, the periosteum was left intact; in four dogs, all of the periosteum was excised from the ulnectomy site; and in the remaining four dogs, the periosteum was sewn over the ends of the ostectomized bone. The unoperated limbs of all 12 dogs served as controls. Progress was determined monthly from radiographs until the dogs were 9 months of age. The ulnectomies performed when the periosteum was left in situ at the ulnectomy site healed quickly, resulting in progressive deformity of the foreleg. When the periosteum was excised or sewn over the ends of the bone, the ulnectomy sites did not heal and correction of the radius curvus resulted. Histopathologic examination confirmed the absence of bony healing.     

Clinical Signs of Tumors Affecting the Rostral Cerebrum in 43 Dogs

The clinical and pathologic features of 43 dogs with neoplasia of the rostral cerebrum were reviewed. Primary brain tumors included meningioma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. Other tumors that secondarily affected these areas included solitary hemangiosarcoma, nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma, nasal cell adenocarcinoma, nasal squamous cell carcinoma, and nasal neurofibrosarcoma. Older dogs were usually affected (mean, 10 years), and meningioma was the most frequent tumor type. Thirty-one dogs (72% of total) had a late-onset (greater than 5 years of age) of either generalized seizures or behavior abnormalities, or both, with an initially normal neurologic examination. In these 31 dogs, a mean time of 78 days (range, 2 to 400 days) elapsed from the onset of seizures or behavior change to the detection of a persistently abnormal neurologic examination. In all 43 dogs, the time from the detection of neurologic deficits to death or euthanasia and necropsy ranged from 1 to 63 days (mean, 13 days). On the basis of this review, it appears that dogs with late-onset seizures or behavior change, or both, should be suspected of having tumors involving the rostral cerebrum, despite the absence of persistent neurologic deficits commonly associated with cerebral tumors. Further, the onset of abnormalities in the neurologic examination and the time of death seem to occur within predictable time periods.