Application of PDA forest fire monitoring based on web service technology

The difficulty in information communication and sharing are major problems for forest fire monitoring and early warning in China. As authors, we applied web service technology to a personal digital assistant (PDA) forest fire monitoring system and propose the framework of a monitoring system based on service-oriented architecture (SOA). At the same time, we describe the composition and function of web services from a server side and a client side. The method for developing a web service invocation engine on the PDA is introduced in detail. Finally, an example of a fire danger rating and fire weather services system are established, based on the Beijing Forest Fire Control System. The results show that the PDA forest fire monitoring system based on web services can effectively take advantage of the existing fire protection decision information services, realize real-time information interaction and sharing, and improve the level of forest fire monitoring. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(3): 91–95 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

基于无线传感器网络的森林火灾监测系统火焰探测模块设计

以基于无线传感器网络的森林火灾监测系统的火焰探测模块为研究对象,在对火灾发生时热辐射的光学特性进行分析的基础上,对基于无线传感器网络的森林火灾监测系统火焰探测模块的设计进行阐述。该火焰探测模块硬件主要包括光学系统、红外传感器、放大系统及滤波系统,实现对火灾信号的采集及处理;软件上主要实现数字滤波以及火灾识别的功能。     

ZigBee无线传感与卫星定位技术在森林火灾预警中的应用

应用Zigbee CC2530模块、温湿传感器模块、北斗V-03模块以及自行设计的无线网关．采用网状网络拓扑方法、无线多跳以及卡尔曼滤波算法,设计出可实现长时间无人监守的森林防火预警系统。该系统能全天候将被测林区的温度、湿度以及地理位置等技术参数传回至森林防火部门,便于救灾人员及时发现火点具体位置与火势情况,提高森林的防火、灭火的效率。     

Hydrological characteristics of litter in different forest succession stages at Liuxihe Watershed, southern China

The hydrological characteristics of litter in four different forest succession stages, i.e., a Pinus massoniana forest, a mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest with conifer being the dominant species, a mixed conifer and broad-leaved forest with deciduous trees as dominant species, and an evergreen broad-leaved forest, have been studied by means of substituting space for time. The results show that while a community is developing to a zonal climax, the amount of litter becomes larger and its decomposition intensity becomes stronger; there is a positive relation between its water-holding capacity and velocity and its community maturity for the half-decomposed litter layer. __________ Translated from Journal of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 2007, 27(6): 38–43 [译自: 中南林业科技大学学报]     

Hydrological effects of forest litter and soil in the Simianshan Mountains in Chonging, China

A preliminary study of the hydrological effects of forest litter and soils in the Simianshan Mountains was carried out. Results indicate that the annual accumulation of different forest litters is about 6.80–20.21 t/hm² and the maximum water carrying capacity ranges from 1.8 to 4.6 mm. Among them the water carrying abilities of the litter of Lithocarpus glabra and natural deciduous forests are larger than that of Pinus massoniana. A power function relationship exists between the accumulated water-carrying volume and time. An investigation of the physical properties shows that forest soils, to a depth of 1 m, have a powerful water-carrying ability, varying from 7.84 to 18.87 mm. Non-linear regression analysis shows that the soil infiltration rate is significantly correlated with time. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(1): 33–37 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Natural forest conservation hierarchical program with neural network

In this paper, the implementing steps of a natural forest protection program grading (NFPPG) with neural network (NN) were summarized and the concepts of program illustration, patch sign unification and regression, and inclining factor were set forth. Employing Arc/Info GIS, the tree species diversity and rarity, disturbance degree, protection of channel system, and classification management in the Maoershan National Forest Park were described, and used as the input factors of NN. The relationships between NFPPG and above factors were also analyzed. By artificially determining training samples, the NFPPG of Moershan National Forest Park was created. Tested with all patches in the park, the generalization of NFPPG was satisfied. NFPPG took both the classification management and the protection of forest community types into account, as well as the ecological environment. The excitation function of NFPPG was not seriously saturated, indicating the leading effect of the inclining factor on the network optimization. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(6): 1,002-1,006 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(6): 1,002–1,006]     

多平台林火现场实时监测技术研究

由于林火监测方式多样、信息标准化程度低、林火监测技术自成体系等原因,很难实现各林火监测平台之间的信息共享与协作,尤其是对林火现场的实时监测很难达到理想要求。为解决这一问题,文章基于多智能体系统建设思想,综合卫星遥感监测、无人机监测、无线射频传感器网络监测和自动气象站监测等多种林火监测平台,建立一个松散耦合的森林火灾火情监测的协作运行体系,并进行了一次林火现场点烧试验。结果表明,应用多智能体的思想建立的松散耦合林火协作监测体系可采集丰富的火场数据,实现对火场多方位的描述,为林火现场实时监测提供了新的思路和办法。     

Remote sensing monitoring of a bamboo forest based on BP neural network

The collection of information on bamboo forests plays a crucial role in the calculation of carbon content reserves, and the acquisition of high-precision information will be good for reducing estimation errors. High precision is obtained with the adoption of a back propagation (BP) neural network to extract information on bamboo forests from Enhanced Thematic Mapper + (ETM +) remote sensing images with the assistance of neural network modules provided by Matlab. We obtained a production precision of 84.04% and a user precision of 98.75%. We also conducted a comparison of classification differences of three training functions, i.e., the, Levenberg-Marquardt BP algorithm function (Trainlm), a gradient decreasing function of adaptive learning rate BP (Traingda), and a gradient lowering momentum BP algorithm function (Traingdm). Our analysis suggests that Traingda had the highest precision while Trainlm function required the shortest training time. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College, 2008, 25(4): 417–421 [译自: 浙江林学院学报]     

Genetic diversity of Quercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages

In order to understand the relationship between population succession and its genetic behavior, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Quercu glandulifera var. brevipetiolata populations in three forest communities with different succession stages (coniferous forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest). The results showed that 145 repetitive loci were produced in 60 individuals of Q. glandulifera using 11 primers, among which 120 loci were polymorphic, and the total percentage of polymorphic loci was 82.76% with an average of 64.14%. Estimated by the Shannon information index, the total genetic diversity of the three populations was 0.4747, with an average of 0.3642, while it was 0.3234, with an average of 0.2484, judged from the Nei index. Judged from percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon inform at ion index and Nei index, the genetic diversity followed a decreasing order: coniferous forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 69.73% of the genetic variance existed within populations and 30.27% of the genetic variance existed among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) was 0.2319 and the gene flow (N _m) was 1.6539. The mean of genetic identity among populations of Q. glandulifera was 0.8501 and the mean of genetic distance was 0.1626. The genetic identity between the Q. glandulifera population in the coniferous forest and that in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest was the highest. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance showed that the population in the coniferous forest gathered with that in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest firstly, then with that in the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The genetic structure of Q. glandulifera was not only characteristic of the biological characteristics of this species, but was also influenced by the microenvironment in different communities. __________ Translated from Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2008, 23(1): 18–22 [译自: 西北林学院学报]     

Generation of runoff characteristics over three time periods for four typical forests in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, southwest China

In order to provide a basis for water conservation in the restoration of vegetation for an urban water resource area, we studied the generation of runoff characteristics in four typical forests over three time periods in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, based on the observation data of rainfall and runoff processes during the period 2002–2005. The results show that: 1) Rainfall was distributed evenly during the years 2002–2005. Annual rainfall variability was 4.46% and coefficient of variation was 0.0618. Average monthly rainfall tended towards a normal distribution N (113.8, 4597²). 2) Both precipitation and runoff can be clearly divided into a dry and a wet season. The dry season was from October to March and the wet season from April to September. Most of annual runoff of the four forest stands occurred in the wet season. The surface runoff in the wet season accounted for more than 85% of the annual runoff, and more than 75% of underground runoff. 3) Both peak values of surface runoff and underground runoff occurred in June. The relation between monthly rainfall and surface/underground runoff was fitted by the model W=aP ² + bP + c. The order of annual surface runoff was as follows: Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. The annual underground runoff was evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. 4) Under similar rainstorms events, the order of the surface runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest < mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest < shrub forest < Phyllostachys pubescens forest. The underground runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. The relation between rainstorms and surface runoff was fitted by the linear relationship: Q = mp − n. Both mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest have better flood regulation effects on an annual and monthly basis and per individual rainstorm. The function of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is the worst on all three bases. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(4): 103–108 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

林区生态环境监测的无线传感器网络数据融合技术研究

针对林区生态环境监测系统中的数据高冗余度,提出一种基于LEACH路由协议的无线传感器网络(WSN)数据融合算法。通过林区高密度的反馈数据,验证该算法提高了数据融合的高效性,该算法针对周期性的信息反馈的无线传感器网络特别适用。因为林区的一些生态数据的监测只是周期性的去采集处理,所以该算法适用于林区的高数据周期性的数据采集、融合和处理。     

Effects of forest on precipitation chemistry and total suspended particles of stem-flow in Jiufeng National Forest Park, Beijing

Precipitation chemistry was monitored in two different types of forests (mixed Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis forest and pure Q. variabilis forest) in Jiufeng National Forest Park, in western Beijing. Results showed that the pH value of precipitation ranged between 6.13 and 6.97 and no acid rain appeared; the mean electrical conductivity (EC) was 0.18 mS/cm and mean total suspended particles (TSP) was 44.02 mg/L, but these values changed significantly with different amounts of stem-flow. Acidification occurred in the stem-flow to different extents: that of P. tabulaeformis > Q. variabilis. The mean EC value of stem-flow in P. tabulaeformis in the mixed forest was 1.00 mS/cm, which was 5.88 times as high as that of precipitation outside the forest. EC values of Q. variabilis in pure and mixed forests show little difference, 0.34 and 0.30 mS/cm, respectively and were 2.00 and 1.76 times higher than that of precipitation. During the summer, EC values of stem-flow of P. tabulaeformis decreased over time and with an increase in the amount of precipitation. The mean TSP of stem-flow in mixed forest was 116.95 mg/L, but 87.14 mg/L in the pure forest, which were 72.93 and 43.12 mg/L higher than that of precipitation. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(1): 88–91 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Effect of conversion of farmland to forest or grassland on soil erosion intensity changes in Yanhe River Basin, Loess Plateau of China

Dynamic changes of soil erosion affected by conversion of farmland to forest or grassland in the Yanhe River Basin were analyzed based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). The RUSLE variables were selected and calculated reasonably using the GIS technique. Results show that: 1) After the conversion of farmland to forest or grassland, soil erosion decreased greatly. Compared with soil erosion in period of 1986 to 1997, the soil erosion amount had been reduced on the average by 30.6% by 2000; 2) Of the different land uses, slope farmland, especially the steep slope land had the greatest impact on soil erosion. The conversion of forest or grassland was the main driving force for the reduction of soil erosion; 3) In the short term, soil erosion was mainly controlled by C-factor, implying that the adjustment of land use structure might be an effective approach to reduce soil erosion. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conversation, 2007, 5(4): 27–33 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Water-holding characteristics of litter in different forests at the Lianxiahe watershed

We surveyed the forest litter amount at the Lianxiahe watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and analyzed some hydrological characteristics such as the maximum water-holding capacity and water absorption rate of litter in six types of forests, i.e. the Cupressus funebris forest, the coniferous mixed forest, the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, the broad-leaved forest, the Pinus massoniana forest, the bush forest. Results showed that the litter amount follows the order of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > the pure C. funebris forest, the P. massoniana forest > the coniferous mixed forest > the broad-leaved forest > the bush forest. The maximal water holding capacity of the undecomposed litter is in the order of the C. funebris forest > the coniferous mixed forest > the bush forest > the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > the broad-leaved forest > the P. massoniana forest. The maximal water-holding capacity of the half-decomposed litter is the P. massoniana forest > the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > the C. funebris forest > the coniferous mixed forest > the broad-leaved forest > the bush forest. In this watershed, the water holding capacity of the litter in the C. funebris forest is the highest, followed by the coniferous mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, P. massoniana forest, broad-leaved forest and bush forest. When the soil is covered only by litter, both the maximal rainfall amount and intensity in different forest stands are different if there is no water infiltration and runoff from the ground surface. __________ Translated from Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2005, 27(2): 207–212 [译自: 华中农业大学学报, 2005, 24(2): 207–212]     

Adjustment approach to boundary effect on aggregation index and its application

Calculating aggregation index by the sample-plot data used to lead to computing error due to the existence of a boundary effect. Here, we suggest a method for adjusting boundary effect in the analysis of spatial patterns at different stages of development of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This method is good for the reasonable management and biological control of the forests. The total station was used to sample the relative coordinates data at four corners of the temporary sample plot and of each tree in the field. Based on the sampling data, a correct approach to the boundary effect on aggregation index was put forward to the spatial pattern analysis of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its different stages of development. The results showed that the forest trees grew in a clumped pattern in the stage dominated by the pioneer trees, and that the trees were distributed in a random pattern in the stage dominated by the companion trees or in the mature stage. The spatial pattern of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest changing from clumped to random distribution is influenced by biological characteristic, the adaptive strategy of tree species and the natural disturbance in its entire development. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2005, 29(3): 57–60 [译自: 南京林业大学学报, 2005, 29(3): 57–60]     

Risk management: A probe and study on forest fires

The subject of risk management is attracting more and more attention around the world. The risk of forest fire disasters should be faced and dealt with for forest fires cannot be avoided. Treating forest fire disasters as a risk management issue promotes important measures and methods for fire fighters to prevent, reduce and control the risks of forest fires. In this paper, the risk concept and risk connotation as well as the management risks for forest fire suppression are discussed clearly. Issues such as risk judgments, risk analysis, risk control and the assessment of risk, including their contents and corresponding methods are clarified. Translated from Forest Resources Management, 2006, 2: 24–27 [译自: 林业资源맜理]     

Impact of forest harvesting on river runoff in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains of China

Using the runoff experiment method in a large basin combined with the contrast experiment in a small watershed, and based on the runoff and forest resources data for the past 35 years, this paper studied the serial changes of river runoff in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains after forest harvesting. The results showed that the river flow increased in the initial ten years after forest harvesting, but decreased gradually with the growth and crown closure of the Larix gmelini plantations. The river flow tended to be the same or even lower than the level before harvesting. The river runoff had a close correlation with annual rainfall, the size of forest harvesting and regeneration. A significant positive correlation was observed between the annual flow and the size of forest harvesting, which resulted in the increase of river runoff after forest harvesting. Forest harvesting could also significantly increase the peak flood and snowmelt runoff. There was a negative correlation between the regenerated forest area and annual flow, and thus, forest regeneration would decrease annual flow. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(12): 2,259–2,262 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Forest biomass at Xiaolong Mountain in Gansu Province, China

In order to accurately estimate the size of the carbon pool and the capacity of the carbon sink in the forested areas of Xiaolong Mountain in Gansu Province, we have established regression equations of organ biomass of eight tree species. We measured and investigated the biomass of different forest stand types based on data from 1259 standard sample plots and 836 standard sample trees. The results show that stand biomass, expressed in t·hm⁻² for eight types of forest stands on Xiaolong Mountain, are as follows: Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata 84.05, Pinus tabulaeformis 62.44, Quercus variabilis 81.77, Populus sp. and Betula sp. combined 77.44, Larix sp. 69.00, Pinus armandii 70.07, Picea sp. 96.49 and Abies sp. 98.72. We also looked at other broad-leaved mixed forests. Our study shows that the biomass of a single tree of each tree species is closely related to the diameter at breast height (DBH) and to tree height. The biomass of single trees as well as stand volumes is closely related to average DBH, average tree height and to stand density. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 31–36 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Effects of reforestation on the hydrological function of a small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

For vegetation communities with hydrological function in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the storm event distributed hydrological model Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS)-Storm was built based on modular modeling system developed by the US Geological Survey, and was employed to study the effects of forests on peak flows in the Xiangshuixi forest watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The results showed that: 1) this simulation study suggested that PRMS-Storm can meet the second level national flood prediction standards of China for simulating storm events of small forest watersheds, and can issue flood forecasting; 2) hydrological functions of different vegetation communities were evaluated, and three simulation scenarios were arranged: mixed conifer-broadleaf forests (scenario 1), broad-leaved forests (scenario 2), and general forests arrangement (scenario 3); 3) the well-arranged forest scenarios can reduce over 20% of surface runoff, result in an increase of over 16% in subsurface flow, and decrease peak flow by 20.8%, 9.6%, and 18.9%, respectively. The reduction of peak flow rates was significant when rainfall peak was higher than 0.8 mm/min, especially for short-term rainfall events. In general, we found that scenarios 1 and 3 were preferable for reducing peak flow rates and volumes in the reforestation practices in the study region, and scenario 1 was better than scenario 3, so the mixed conifer-broadleaf forests had the best hydrological function. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(5): 42–51 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

无线传感器网络在森林监测中的应用

在对森林监测无线传感器网络的网络体系结构、管理平台结构、研究热点,以及在森林监测中的应用研究现状进行阐述的同时,针对森林环境监测、森林防火等领域提出了无线传感器网络应用的方案与思路。