猪的福利与动物福利产品差异化经营

动物福利（animal?welfare）起源于欧洲,是随着人们生活水平提高、道德观念提升应运而生的。目前全球已有一百多个国家设立了动物福利的相关法律,动物福利意识在欧美发达国家已深入人心。近年来,中国虽已逐步开展动物福利的宣传与教育工作,畜牧行业从业人员和消费者对“动物福利”一词都已并不陌生,但对动物福利的意义和内涵还并不算清楚,因此,总会造成很多的误解。笔者根据多年来动物福利推广工作的感悟,利用本文对动物福利、福利养猪和动物福利产品经济效益等方面作以介绍和分析,以期抛砖引玉,与有志者共同探讨我国动物福利发展大计。     

关于福利养猪理念与实践若干问题的浅析

<正>福利养猪是动物福利理念的延伸与实践。"动物福利"一词近年来已成为畜牧业界乃至部分民众使用率较高的时尚用语。然而,令人困惑的是,由于"福利"长期以来几乎是与人的待遇改善与物质享受紧密相连的专用名词,现在却和动物(特指食用农场动物如猪、牛、鸡等,下同)联系在一起(其本质内涵其实是截然不同的);更由于到目前为止还没有公认的对"动物福利"的精准定义,于是造成了动物福利理念传播上的困难与人们认知上的疑惑与混沌。以     

对市场导向的生猪福利重要性认识与责任(综述)

正自20世纪60年代中期以来,动物福利一直是许多欧洲国家的公共议题,90%的欧盟公民认为保护动物福利很重要,超过50%的欧洲人表示愿意为福利友好型畜禽生产系统支付更多的费用。对这个议题的兴趣和辩论越来越多地引发了采取政策行动的呼声。为此在国家层面以及国际/区域层面立法保护动物福利,比如欧盟理事会指令2008/120/EC规定了猪舍的最低标准。不过通过立法保护福利的方法也有一些     

福利养殖企业应与餐饮企业实现良好对接

在2014年10月11日召开的2014中国动物福利与畜禽产品质量安全论坛上,动物福利国际合作委员会执行会长席春玲发布了"2014中国公众动物福利社会调查报告"。报告显示,超过80%的调查对象愿意购买在良好福利状况下养殖、运输和屠宰的畜禽产品,其中70%的人表示可以接受高于市场价格10%的福利养殖畜禽产品,可见福利养殖畜禽产品存在着巨大的消费空间。但是,目前大部分养殖企业与餐饮企业并未很好对接,优质福利养殖畜禽产品也未在餐桌上体现出其应有的地位,针对这一问     

动物园的动物福利管理

在现代社会中,动物福利越来越受到人们的关注。这种现象一方面体现了人类文明程度、道德水平的进步,另一方面也是落实科学发展观和维持可持续发展的要求。笔者从增强全民动物福利意识、加快动物福利立法进程、提高从业人员业务素质这三方面探讨了如何加强动物福利,以期为动物园动物福利管理提供参考。     

动物福利在养羊生产中的应用简述

近年来,动物福利受到越来越多国家、组织的关注和重视,部分领域还严重影响了动物产品的国内外贸易,逐渐成为重要的国际公共政策问题,成为一种新型的贸易壁垒。国内外动物福利问题在猪、鸡、牛生产中研究比较多,在羊生产中研究相对较少。为了提高从业人员对动物福利的认识,普及动物福利知识,笔者结合在工作中的学习、思考与实践,对动物福利在养羊生产中的应用作一简述。     

笼养蛋鸡福利浅析

迄今为止,传统笼养模式仍是世界上最普遍的蛋鸡饲养模式。蛋鸡的笼养和相关技术的应用极大地提高了劳动效率和经济效益,但很少从蛋鸡自身感受出发,满足其五大自由权利,使得传统蛋鸡笼养模式存在的问题日渐暴露,如饲养密度过大,过度拥挤,不能表达天性,蛋鸡表现行为刻板、骨骼脆弱等一系列问题,生产中采取的强制换羽、断喙因给鸡带来巨大的痛苦而违背动物福利。因此,研究笼养蛋鸡福利问题并有效实施,对养禽业稳定快速     

如何提高动物福利

1动物福利的概念及善待动物应具备的条件1.1动物福利的概念动物福利是指善待活着的动物,减少动物死亡时的痛苦,动物与其所处环境相协调一致的完全的精神健康和生理健康的状态。福利分为生理福利和精神福利。生理福利包括诸如良好的健康(无疾病和寄生虫病)、合理的饲养(无营养缺乏并保持良好的体况),以及良好的房舍。精神福利不仅包括对动物提供不引起损伤(由圈栏、笼等装置或其它动物不必要的干扰而造成)的环境,还包括提供使躯体感到舒适的条件,如地面、温度和风速等等。我们不但要注重动物的生理福利,还要注意动物的精神福利,要把二者紧密…     

漫谈动物福利

在我们生活中，动物和我们关系是密不可分的。但我们对动物福利的认识还很欠缺，近几年，报纸、电视媒体上接二连三地报道过如“生吃猴脑”、“活实验动物剖腹切割”、“硫酸伤熊”等令人毛骨悚然的虐待动物事件，这引起人们的高度重视。我们究竟如何保障动物应享受的福利?善待动物、保护动物不仅是     

待宰生猪的福利问题

随着人们追求高效畜牧业经济和优质安全畜产品的要求,人们日益感受到保护动物福利对实现人们需要的重要性和迫切性.国外许多国家尤其是经济发达国家（如美国、日本、西欧等）不仅成立有动物福利协会组织,而且建立了动物福利的法律制度.而我国的动物福利问题相当突出,动物福利工作相当落后.本人长期从事生猪定点屠宰厂检疫与监督工作,曾目睹许多漠视动物福利的种种残酷行为,现将屠宰厂存在的侵犯动物福利的现象作一叙述,对如何加强待宰生猪的动物福利谈几点体会,并提出具体改进措施,与同行们商榷.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -