The effects of R-salbutamol on behavior and physiology of finishing pigs

Salbutamol has potential for use as a repartioning agent in swine. The aims of this experiment were to determine effects of salbutamol on behavior and physiology of finishing pigs. The study used 192 pigs (88.8 +/- 0.9 kg of BW) housed in groups of 6 in 32 pens and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) control-0 mg/kg of salbutamol, 2) 2R--control diet with 2 mg/kg of the pure R-enantiomer of salbutamol, 3) 4R--control diet with 4 mg/kg of pure R-salbutamol, or 4) 8RS--control diet with 8 mg/kg of a 50:50 mixture of the R- and S-enantiomers. All diets were offered ad libitum for 4 wk. Salbutamol diets were replaced with control diets 24 to 48 h before slaughter. Behavioral responses to handling during weighing were recorded immediately before assignment to the treatments (wk 0) and at weekly intervals over the next 4-wk period. Behavioral and heart rate (HR) responses to a 10-min human presence test in the home pen were measured during wk 0, wk 1, and wk 3. Heart rate responses to a 36-min transportation were recorded. One pig from each pen had blood collected 4 times: during wk 0, 2, 4, and at exsanguination. Blood was analyzed for NEFA, creatine kinase, glucose, lactate, blood urea nitrogen, ammonia, insulin, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS, with pen as the experimental unit. Treatment had no effect on time spent lying laterally, overall activity, or time spent alert. Treatment had no effect on handling measures (P > 0.05) or on behavioral responses to human presence (P > 0.05), with all pigs willing to spend similar amounts of time close to and touching the human. However, during the human presence test in wk 1 and wk 3, control pigs had HR around 10 peats per minute less (P < 0.05) than pigs in the other 3 treatments. During transport, overall HR were similar across treatments (P > 0.05). However, at certain 1-min time points, control pigs had greater HR than salbutamol-treated pigs (P < 0.05). There were no treatment differences in lactate, epinephrine, or norepinephrine concentrations at any point. During wk 4, control pigs had less creatine kinase (P < 0.02) and greater blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.005) compared with pigs fed all the salbutamol treatments. The home pen behavior, handling, human presence test, and transport results indicate that salbutamol-treated pigs do not show marked differences in home pen time budgets and behavioral and HR responses to handling and transportation compared with control pigs. Thus, salbutamol did not have a negative effect on finishing pig well-being during this study.     

CREB-H基因在猪不同组织中表达谱及肝脏中的表达规律

本研究旨在分析环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白H（cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like 3，CREB-H）在猪不同组织中的表达谱及其在马身猪和大白猪肝脏中的发育性表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting技术检测1日龄猪12个组织（心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、小肠、小脑、下丘脑、背最长肌、股肌和腰肌）中CREB-H基因的表达谱，以及CREB-H在1、30、60、90、120、150和180日龄马身猪和大白猪肝脏中的表达规律。结果显示，CREB-H基因mRNA在马身猪的12个组织中广泛表达，其中在肝脏和小肠中高表达；CREB-H蛋白在肝脏组织中的表达量显著高于其他组织（P<0.05），在心脏、脾脏和小脑中不表达。猪肝脏CREB-H基因mRNA和蛋白的发育表达受日龄、品种、品种与日龄相互作用的影响（P<0.01）。马身猪和大白猪肝脏中CREB-H基因mRNA和蛋白的表达量均在1日龄时达到最大值。在各发育阶段，马身猪CREB-H蛋白的表达量均极显著高于大白猪（P<0.01），且CREB-H主要在猪肝脏中表达。CREB-H在两猪种肝脏中的表达存在时空差异，可能与猪在不同发育期的脂质代谢能力有关，本试验结果为研究猪的脂质代谢调控机制提供一定的理论依据。     

Risk of zoonotic transmission of swine influenza at the human–pig interface in Guangdong Province,China

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from 2015 to 2018 to assess the risk of zoonotic influenza to humans at the human–pig interface in Guangdong Province, south China. One hundred and fifty‐three pig farmers, 21 pig traders and 16 pig trade workers were recruited using convenience sampling and surveyed at local pig farms, live pig markets and slaughterhouses, respectively. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on the biosecurity and trading practices adopted and their knowledge and beliefs about swine influenza (SI). Most (12 of 16) trade workers said they would enter piggeries to collect pigs and only six of 11 said they were always asked to go through an on‐farm disinfection procedure before entry. Only 33.7% of the interviewees believed that SI could infect humans, although pig farmers were more likely to believe this than traders and trade workers (p < .01). Several unsafe practices were reported by interviewees. ‘Having vaccination against seasonal flu’ (OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 1.19–8.93), ‘Believe that SI can cause death in pigs’ (no/yes: OR = 8.69, 95% CI: 2.71–36.57; not sure/yes: OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.63–14.63) and ‘Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms’ (OR = 3.80, 95% CI: 1.38–11.46) were significantly and positively correlated to ‘lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI’. ‘Lacking awareness of the zoonotic risk of SI’ (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.67–6.21), ‘Keep on working when getting mild flu symptoms’ (OR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.57–8.63) and ‘Don't know SI as a pig disease’ (OR = 3.48, 95% CI: 1.02–16.45) were significantly and positively correlated to ‘not using personal protective equipment when contacting pigs’. The findings of this study would benefit risk mitigation against potential pandemic SI threats in the human–pig interface in China.     

猪H-FABP基因第2内含子SNPs分布及连锁不平衡遗传模式研究

本研究以藏猪、鄂西黑猪、大白猪、莱芜黑猪、北京黑猪、野猪、荣昌猪、八眉猪和里岔黑猪等国内外9个品种16头猪为研究对象,应用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计引物对心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid binding protein,H-FABP）基因第2内含子进行扩增测序后拼接,获得了长2078 bp的第2内含子全序列,发现了14个位点的SNPs;对所有突变进行Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade测验等遗传分布分析结果发现,西南型、高原型猪核酸分布值（π）、Tajima’s D测验值（DT）、Fu和Li’s D测验值（DFu and Li）分别为0.18％、-0.52和-0.30,华北型猪π、DT和DFu and Li分别为0.25％、0.76和0.72,培育和国外品种猪π值为0.29％;对所有类型的猪进行分析,其π、DT和DFu and Li分别为0.25％、-0.60和-0.17,在不同的猪种中各个位点的SNPs变异很大,对其进行构建进化树等一系列分析,得到相似结论,并最终推断出可能会影响肌内脂肪（intra muscular fat,IMF）含量的突变位点,为研究H-FABP与IMF的关系提供了理论基础。     

Study on the Change Trend of Growth Hormone (GH) and Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) in Serum at Different Months in Mashen and Large White Pigs

The purpose of this study was to understand the change trend of growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) in serum of Mashen and Large White pigs during the period from 0 to 6 months of age,and to analyze the influence of GH and GHR on growth rate.The method of ELISA was used to detect the concentration of GH and GHR in serum of Mashen and Large White pigs from 0 to 6 months of age.The results showed that the variation trends of GH in Mashen pig was roughly the same as in Large White pig,the GH concentration was increased with age increasing after birth and reached the peaks at 4 and 5 months of age for Mashen and Large White pigs,respectively,and then decreased gradually.The serum GH concentration in Mashen pig was a little greater than that in Large White pig at 3 and 4 months of age,on the contrary,the serum GH concentration in Large White pig was greater than that in Mashen pig at other months.During the period from 0 to 6 months of age,the difference of GHR concentration in serum was not significant in Mashen pig (P>0.05).In Large White pig,the serum GHR concentration at 1 month of age was lowest,and was significantly lower than that at 4 and 6 months of age (P<0.01;P<0.05).During the period of 0 to 2 months of age,the GHR concentration in Mashen pig was greater than that in Large White pig,but the difference was extremely significant only at 1 month of age (P<0.01).Conversely,the serum GHR concentration in Large White pig was greater than those in Mashen pig during the period from 3 to 6 month of age,there was significant difference at 4 and 6 months of age (P<0.05),and there was extremely significant at 5 months of age(P<0.01).The concentration of GH and GHR in serum was related to the developmental stages and genetic background of pig,and its change trend was in accordance with the trend of growth rate.     

不同月龄马身猪和大白猪血清生长激素及其受体的变化规律

试验旨在探讨马身猪和大白猪血清中生长激素（growth hormone,GH）及其受体（growth hormone receptor,GHR）在生长发育过程中的变化规律,采用ELISA方法检测马身猪和大白猪0~6月龄血清中GH和GHR的浓度。结果表明,马身猪和大白猪在0~6月龄血清中GH浓度变化趋势基本相似,随着日龄的增长,血清中GH浓度呈逐渐上升的趋势,分别在4和5月龄时达到最高值,随后又逐渐降低,但与峰值无显著差异（P>0.05）,在3和4月龄时,马身猪血清中GH浓度略高于大白猪,而在其他月龄,大白猪血清中GH均高于马身猪;0~6月龄,马身猪血清中GHR浓度无显著差异（P>0.05）,大白猪血清中GHR的含量在1月龄时最低,与4月龄差异极显著（P<0.01）,与6月龄差异显著（P<0.05）,其他月龄间差异不显著（P>0.05）,0~2月龄,马身猪血清中GHR含量高于大白猪,但只有在1月龄时差异达极显著水平（P<0.01）;3~6月龄,大白猪血清中GHR含量高于马身猪,且在4和6月龄时差异显著（P<0.05）,5月龄时差异极显著（P<0.01）。血清中GH和GHR浓度与猪的发育阶段和遗传背景有关,其变化规律与猪生长速度的变化趋势相一致。     

梅花猪品种资源的保护与遗传保种研究探讨

大白花猪是一种优良的地方猪种,随着规模化养猪的扩大,有的品系数量锐减,甚至濒临灭绝.作者综述了大白花猪粤北品系的代表——梅花猪的现有养殖状况及其特性,提出以梅花猪为例等地方优质畜禽品种资源保护的重要性,重点阐述了现有的猪种遗传资源的保存方法、猪体细胞克隆技术的发展与应用、猪体细胞克隆操作技术的探索等方向的研究概况,并探讨了梅花猪可开发与利用的方向.     

A case of spontaneous venous embolism with carbon dioxide during laparoscopic surgery in a pig

BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide (CO2) embolism is a possible complication of capnoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery. Experimentally induced venous CO2 embolism has been studied in pigs. In this paper we report a case of spontaneous CO2 embolism. OBSERVATIONS: A 4-month-old Large White pig weighing 20 kg underwent experimental laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. Monitoring consisted of pulse oximetry, capnography, airway pressure, electrocardiography, invasive arterial and central venous blood pressures, and arterial blood-gas analysis. Shortly after the start of laparoscopy and onset of CO2 insufflation, sudden decreases in end-tidal CO2 (Pe'CO2), haemoglobin saturation of oxygen (SpO2), systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate were observed. Airway pressure increased and pulmonary compliance decreased simultaneously. Insufflation was immediately discontinued and epinephrine (2 mg IV), atropine (0.5 mg IV) and a 50 mL bolus of a polygeline solution were administered without effect. At this time arterial blood-gas analysis revealed a pH of 7.29 and a PaCO2 of 6.8 kPa (51.2 mmHg); PaO2 was 26.6 kPa (199.5 mmHg). After 4 minutes asystole occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The sudden decrease of Pe'CO2 and lung compliance combined with the sudden decrease in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and a poor response to resuscitation suggest a case of fatal gaseous venous embolism.     

Pax7基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在背最长肌中的发育性表达规律研究

本试验旨在探究Pax7(paired box 7)基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在背最长肌中的发育性表达规律.采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术和Western blotting技术检测了Pax7基因在1日龄马身猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、小肠、下丘脑、小脑、背最长肌、腰大肌、股二头肌12种组织中的mRNA和蛋白质表达谱,以及马身猪和大白猪从出生1日龄到180日龄7个发育阶段(1、30、60、90、120、150、180日龄)背最长肌中的发育性表达规律.结果表明,Pax7基因mRNA在背最长肌、腰大肌、股二头肌、下丘脑和小脑组织中表达,而Pax7蛋白仅在背最长肌、腰大肌和股二头肌中表达.背最长肌中Pax7基因mRNA和蛋白质的发育性表达趋势在马身猪和大白猪中基本一致.在mRNA水平上,30日龄的表达量最高,极显著高于其他日龄(P <0.01);1日龄的表达量次之;其他日龄维持低表达的稳定状态.Pax7蛋白表达量在1日龄时最高,极显著高于其他日龄(P <0.01);30日龄次之;其他日龄维持低表达的稳定状态.从出生1日龄到180日龄,马身猪背最长肌中Pax7蛋白的表达量均显著或极显著地高于大白猪(P <0.05;P <0.01).Pax7 基因的表达与组织、日龄及品种的遗传背景有关.     

STC-1基因在大、小体型猪中表达与分布的差异分析

试验分别采集40日龄小体型猪（巴马猪）和大体型猪（大白猪）的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、头骨、骨骼肌组织,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测斯钙素-1（stanniocalcin 1,STC-1）基因mRNA在各个组织中的表达水平,并通过Western blotting检测STC-1蛋白在各个组织中的分布。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,STC-1基因mRNA在巴马猪和大白猪肺脏、肾脏中相对表达水平较高,在骨骼肌中的表达水平最低;除心脏和骨骼肌外,巴马猪其余各组织中STC-1基因mRNA表达水平均显著高于大白猪（P < 0.05）。Western blotting检测结果表明,巴马猪肝脏中STC-1蛋白的表达量最高,而大白猪脾脏中STC-1蛋白表达量最高,两者差异显著（P < 0.05）;巴马猪肺脏、肝脏、骨骼肌及心脏组织中STC-1蛋白表达量均极显著高于大白猪（P < 0.01）;而巴马猪肾脏、脾脏中STC-1蛋白表达量极显著低于大白猪（P < 0.01）。本研究首次对大、小体型猪不同组织的STC-1基因mRNA表达水平及其STC-1蛋白分布进行检测,导致该基因表达与分布差异的原因可能与两种猪受外界环境应激及生长发育差异有关。     

Expression and Distribution Difference Analysis of STC-1 Gene in Big and Small Body Shape Pigs

The heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,skull,skeletal muscle were collected from 40-day-old Bama Mini pig and Large White pig,stanniocalcin 1(STC-1) gene mRNA and STC-1 protein were detected with Real-time PCR and Western blotting methods, respectively. The Real-time PCR results showed that the expression level of STC-1 gene mRNA was higher in lung and kidney, but was the lowest in skeletal muscle of Bama Mini pig and Large White pig. Except for heart and skeletal muscle tissues, the expression level of STC-1 gene mRNA in other tissues of Bama Mini pig was significantly higher than Large White pig (P < 0.05).The Western blotting results showed that the STC-1 protein distribution were the highest in liver and spleen of Bama Mini pig and Large White pig, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The STC-1 protein expression in lung, liver, skeletal muscle and heart of Bama Mini pig were extremely significantly higher than Large White pig (P < 0.01),and the STC-1 protein expression in kidney and spleen of Bama Mini pig were extremely significantly lower than Large White pig (P < 0.01). STC-1 gene mRNA and protein were firstly detected in different tissues from big and small body shape pigs,this might have a relationship with various external environments stress and development.     

Study on the Expression Profile of Pax7 Gene and its Developmental Expression in Longissimus Dorsi of Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of Pax7 (paired box 7) gene in different tissues and its developmental expression in longissimus dorsi of pigs.The expression profiles of Pax7 gene at the levels of mRNA and protein in 12 different tissues including heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach,small intestine,hypothalamus,cerebellum,longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,psoas major of Mashen pigs at birth and the developmental expression patterns in longissimus dorsi at seven stages (1,30,60,90,120,150,and 180-day old) of Mashen and Large White pigs were studied by quantitative Real-time PCR and Western blotting.The results showed that the Pax7 mRNA was expressed in longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,psoas major,hypothalamus,and cerebellum,wherease the Pax7 protein was only expressed in skeletal muscles of longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,and psoas major.The developmental expression patterns of Pax7 mRNA and protein in Mashen pig was basically in accordance with those in Large White pig.The mRNA expression amount of Pax7 gene in longissimus dorsi was the greatest at 30-day old (P <0.01),followed by the expression at 1-day old,and kept lower stable levels at other stages both in Mashen and Large White pigs.At the stages of 30-day,90-day,and 180-day old,Pax7 mRNA expression amounts in Mashen pig were significantly higher than those in Large White pig (P <0.01).The Pax7 protein expression at 1-day old was the greatest (P <0.01),followed by it at 30-day old,which were significantly greater than those at other stages,at which Pax7 expression was in lower stable levels.The Pax7 protein expression from one-day old to 180-day old in Mashen pig was significantly greater than those in Large White pig (P <0.05;P <0.01).The expression of Pax7 gene could associated with tissue,age,and background of pig breed.     

Genetic analysis of Ankamali pigs of India using microsatellite markers and their comparison with other domesticated Indian pig types

Ankamali pigs, the domesticated native pigs of Kerala province of India were genetically characterized using 23 FAO recommended microsatellite markers and were compared with other native Indian pig types and Large White pigs. Twenty‐six blood samples were collected from genetically unrelated animals from their breeding tract and DNA was isolated by standard procedure of phenol/chloroform. The genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at these 23 microsatellite loci, which were also used earlier to characterize Desi (North Indian) and Gahuri (North‐East Indian) pigs, the other two native domesticated pig types of India. The PCR products were resolved by denaturing urea‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and alleles were visualized after silver nitrate staining. The data were analysed for allele size range, number of alleles, allelic frequencies, heterozygosity and polymorphism information content for each locus. The allele size range varied between 92–108 bp at locus S0026 and 280–296 bp at locus IGF‐1. The total number of alleles varied between five (S0178 and S0386) and 11 (S0355). The mean observed and expected heterozygosities were found to be 0.74 ± 0.09 and 0.83 ± 0.03 respectively. In the neighbour‐joining dendrogram based on D_A genetic distances developed after 1000 bootstraps, the Ankamali pigs did not show genetic closeness either with other native Indian pig types or exotic Large White pigs with high bootstrap values indicating genetic distinctness of Ankamali pigs.     

松辽黑猪、大白猪免疫指标和生产性能的比较研究

以松辽黑猪和大白猪为研究对象,在70日龄时采集血液测定白细胞总数、血清IgG、IL-12、IFN-γ含量及中性粒细胞NBT还原力等免疫指标,并测定了猪初生重、断奶重、下网重及180日龄重、180日龄背膘厚、眼肌面积等生产性能指标。结果表明,白细胞总数、中性粒细胞NBT还原力、外周血单个核细胞培养上清IL-12含量和单个核细胞培养上清IFN-γ含量在松辽黑猪和大白猪间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;松辽黑猪血清IgG含量显著高于大白猪（P＜0.05）,IL-12和IFN-γ含量极显著高于大白猪（P＜0.01）;松辽黑猪和大白猪初生重、断奶重、下网重、180日龄背膘厚差异不显著（P＞0.05）,大白猪180日龄体重极显著高于松辽黑猪（P＜0.01）。本试验结果为揭示中外猪种抗病力差异的免疫学机理提供了参考资料。     

藏猪EGLN1基因exon 4及部分内含子变异研究

青藏高原的高寒低氧极端环境影响动物的正常生存和物种繁衍,藏猪在长期的适应性驯化中对低氧环境有着更强的适应能力。本研究对高海拔猪种藏猪(甘孜藏猪、迪庆藏猪、西藏藏猪和合作藏猪)和八眉猪以及低海拔猪种烟台黑猪、长白猪和大白猪EGLN1基因exon 4及部分内含子的核苷酸序列进行测定和分析。结果表明:在EGLN1基因exon 4序列的266bp处发生了C→T的颠换,藏猪和八眉猪在该位点均为C,而烟台黑猪和引入的选育猪种长白猪、大白猪在该位点出现了C/T杂合现象;基于变异位点的等位基因C和T共界定了3种基因型(CC、CT、TT),C和CC分别是高海拔地方猪种藏猪和八眉猪的唯一等位基因和基因型;而在低海拔选育猪种中,CC基因型频率仅为0.20,其他2种基因型均为0.40,T为优势等位基因,频率达到0.60,而等位基因C的频率仅为0.40。本研究认为,高海拔猪种(2 300 m以上)藏猪和八眉猪与低海拔猪种烟台黑猪、长白猪和大白猪在EGLN1基因上存在特征性遗传变异,根据等位基因(C和T)及基因型(CC、CT、TT)在海拔上的特征差异,推测可能与不同地理区域条件下的长期适应性驯化有关。     

The effects of ractopamine on the behavior and physiology of finishing pigs

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of ractopamine (RAC) on the behavior and physiology of pigs during handling and transport. Twenty-four groups of three gilts were randomly assigned to one of two treatments 4 wk before slaughter: finishing feed plus RAC (10 ppm) or finishing feed alone. Pigs were housed in the same building in adjacent pens with fully slatted floors and ad libitum access to feed and water. Behavioral time budgets were determined in six pens per treatment over a single 24-h period during each week. Behavioral responses of these pigs to routine handling and weighing were determined at the start of the trial and at the end of each week. Heart-rate responses to unfamiliar human presence were measured in all pigs and blood samples were taken from a single pig in each pen on different days during wk 4. At the end of wk 4, all pigs were transported for 22 min to processing. Heart rate was recorded from at least one pig per pen during transport and a postmortem blood sample was taken from those pigs that were previously sampled. During wk 1 and 2, RAC pigs spent more time active (P < 0.05), more time alert (P < 0.05), and less time lying in lateral recumbency (P < 0.05). They also spent more time at the feeder in wk 1 (P < 0.05). At the start of the trial, there were no differences in behavioral responses to handling. However, over each of the next 4 wk, fewer RAC pigs exited the home pen voluntarily, they took longer to remove from the home pen, longer to handle into the weighing scale and needed more pats, slaps, and pushes from the handler to enter the scales. At the end of wk 4, RAC pigs had higher heart rates in the presence of an unfamiliar human (P < 0.05) and during transport (P < 0.05), but not during loading and unloading. Also at the end of wk 4, RAC pigs had higher circulating catecholamine concentrations (P < 0.05) than control pigs. Circulating cortisol concentrations and cortisol responses to transport did not differ between treatments. The results show that ractopamine affected behavior, heart rate, and catecholamine profile of finishing pigs and made them more difficult to handle and potentially more susceptible to handling and transport stress.     

Anaesthetic complications in pigs undergoing MRI guided convection enhanced drug delivery to the brain: a case series

ObservationsA total of 13 intracerebral infusions were performed at approximately 1 month intervals in three NIH miniature pigs over the age range of 31–59 weeks. Pigs received azaperone and ketamine premedication to allow venous cannulation and propofol induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane throughout cranial surgery and MRI scanning. Physiological monitoring during surgery consisted of blood pressure, pulse, temperature and oxygen saturation monitoring, ECG and capnography. Analgesia consisted of meloxicam and morphine. However, during MRI scanning blood pressure and ECG monitoring had to be discontinued. Anaesthetized pigs underwent intermittent intraputamenal convection enhanced delivery (CED) of gadolinium with real-time magnetic resonance imaging. Progressive tachycardia was consistently observed in all pigs during CED with a mean ± SD maximum increase of 41 ± 22 beats minute^?1 from a baseline heart rate of 96 ± 9 minute^?1. The heart rate remained elevated until recovery. A mean reduction in body temperature of 2.8 ± 0.6 °C from the start of anaesthesia was also observed during the period of MRI scanning. All pigs recovered from anaesthesia smoothly and heart rates returned to normal during the recovery period.ConclusionsHypothermia is common in pigs undergoing this sedation and anaesthesia protocol. Convection enhanced delivery of drugs in healthy anaesthetized pigs may result in tachycardia.     

Comparison of two combinations of sedatives before anaesthetising pigs with halothane and nitrous oxide

Two groups of 21 three-month-old Landrace x Large White pigs were sedated with either azaperone (2 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group A), or detomidine (100 microg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group D) administered intramuscularly, before being anaesthetised with halothane, oxygen and nitrous oxide for a bilateral stifle arthrotomy. The pigs' heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood gases, and oesophageal and rectal temperature were measured while they were anaesthetised and five minutes after they were disconnected, and their recovery times and any complications were recorded. Both groups were well sedated. Their heart rate was unchanged during the period of anaesthesia but increased when they recovered. The respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were lower in group A than in group D (P<0.05). Mild respiratory acidosis developed during anaesthesia in both groups. Both groups recovered equally rapidly and complications were generally minor, though two pigs in group D appeared to develop malignant hyperthermia.     

MYNN基因在猪不同组织及肌肉中的表达规律

试验旨在研究myoneurin（MYNN）基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在肌肉（背最长肌、股二头肌和腰大肌）、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的发育性表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究猪MYNN mRNA在90日龄大白猪和马身猪的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小脑、小肠、胰脏、胃、股二头肌及脂肪共11个组织中的表达谱,以及在大白猪和马身猪1、90、180日龄3个发育阶段的肌肉、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的发育性表达规律。结果表明,MYNN在猪的各种组织中广泛表达,且各组织间表达差异显著或极显著（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）;MYNN在大白猪和马身猪的肌肉、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的不同发育阶段表达差异显著或极显著（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,并具有特定规律,由此推测其可能在猪的这几种组织中发挥重要作用。MYNN基因的表达与组织、日龄及品种的遗传背景有关。本试验为研究猪MYNN基因的生物学功能提供了依据,但还需要深入的研究来探索其作用的具体机制,尤其是在骨骼肌发育中的调节机制。     

The Expression Characteristics of MYNN Gene in Different Tissues and Muscles of Pig

This study was aimed to investigate the expression characteristics of myoneurin (MYNN) gene in different tissues and its developmental expression in muscles (longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and psoas major), cerebellum, liver, pancreas, kidney, stomach, spleen and lung tissues of pigs. The expression characteristics of MYNN mRNA in 11 different tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, cerebellum, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, biceps femoris and fat of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs at the age of 90 days and the developmental expression patterns in muscle, cerebellum, liver, pancreas, kidney, stomach, spleen at three strages (1, 90, 180 days) of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs were studied by Real-time PCR. The results showed that MYNN was widely expressed in various tissues of pigs, and there was significant difference among the tissues(P < 0.05; P < 0.01); The expression of MYNN in muscle, liver, pancreas, cerebellum, kidney, stomach, spleen, lung tissues were significant difference at three development stages of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs(P < 0.05; P < 0.01), and also had a specific rule, which indicated that it may play an important role in these pig tissues. The expression of MYNN gene could related to the tissue, age and the genetic background of breeds. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the biological functions of pig MYNN. Further studies are required to determine its molecular mechanisms, especially in the regulation of skeletal muscle development.