Involvement of Antioxidative Defense System in Rice Seedlings Exposed to Aluminum Toxicity and Phosphorus Deficiency

Plants growing in acid soils may suffer both phosphorus (P) deficiency and aluminum (Al) toxicity.Hydroponic experiments were undertaken to assess the single and combination effects of Al toxicity and low P stress on seedling growth,chlorophyll and proline contents,antioxidative response and lipid peroxidation of two rice genotypes (Yongyou 8 and Xiushui 132) differing in Al tolerance.Al toxicity and P deficiency both inhibited rice seedling growth.The development of toxic symptoms was characterized by reduced chlorophyll content,increased proline and malondialdehyde contents in both roots and leaves,and increased peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in roots,but decreased in leaves.The stress condition induced more severe growth inhibition and oxidative stress in Yongyou 8,and Xiushui 132 showed higher tolerance to both Al toxicity and P deficiency.P deficiency aggravated Al toxicity to plant growth and induced more severe lipid peroxidation.     

Effect of Phosphorus Deficiency on Leaf Photosynthesis and Carbohydrates Partitioning in Two Rice Genotypes with Contrasting Low Phosphorus Susceptibility

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors to the crop production in most of the soils throughout the world [1]. The traditional way to alleviate P deficiency is the application of P fertilizer. However, the scarcity of P mineral resou…     

磷肥用量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响

以超级早稻中早39和普通早稻金早09为材料,研究比较了不同施磷量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分蘖中期,在P0和P1处理条件下,中早39的生物量显著低于金早09,但是齐穗期以后,所有磷肥用量处理下,中早39的生物量及产量均高于金早09。施用磷肥能显著提高2个品种的有效穗数,但P1和P2处理间中早39的有效穗数无显著差异。 P1和P2处理下中早39的氮、磷吸收量显著高于金早09,磷肥吸收利用率和磷肥偏生产力也高于金早09,但是磷肥农学利用率低于金早09。随着施磷量的增加,中早39的有效穗数和产量增加量均小于金早09,同时中早39的磷肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和磷肥偏生产力下降程度均高于金早09。综上所述,超级稻中早39对磷肥的敏感性低于普通早稻金早09,最适磷肥（纯P）用量为30 kg/hm2。     

水稻根系中磷高效吸收和利用相关基因表达对低磷胁迫的应答

研究水稻耐低磷机制,对高效利用土壤磷的水稻品种改良具有重要意义。应用基因芯片和qRT-PCR技术,分析了耐低磷水稻品种仪2434和低磷敏感品种通粳981根系中磷高效吸收和利用相关基因表达对低磷胁迫的应答。水稻叶片磷含量的测定结果表明,低磷胁迫下仪2434的叶片磷含量较对照降幅小,这表明仪2434较通粳981具有更强的磷素吸收利用能力。基因芯片检测结果表明,在低磷胁迫下的仪2434根系中,PHR1、osa-miR399s和SPXs基因的表达诱导、激活磷饥饿信号途径;APA、PAPs、MPE、PA、PEPC和VDAC1、C4-DT/MAT等基因的表达诱导,增强有机磷水解酶和有机酸的合成和分泌,促进介质中难溶性磷的活化;OsPT2、OsPT6基因的表达诱导,促进仪2434根系对磷的高效吸收。qRTPCR检测结果表明,仪2434根系中与磷饥饿信号转导、磷活化、磷高效吸收相关的8个代表性基因(PHR1、SPX、PAP、APA、PEPC、MFS、OsPT2、OsPT6)的表达水平均随低磷处理时间的延长呈逐步增高的趋势;经低磷处理后,所检测的8个基因在仪2434根系中的转录水平均显著高于其在通粳981根系中的转录水平,PHR1、APA、OsPT2在通粳981根系中的表达诱导作用不明显,且仪2434根系组织和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性较通粳981增强更显著,这可能是仪2434较通粳981对低磷胁迫有较高耐性的主要机制之一。     

低磷条件下过表达OsPHF1基因对粳稻农艺性状的影响

【目的】 磷酸盐转运体运输协助因子(PHF1)通过转录后调节特定磷转运蛋白,影响磷酸盐的利用效率。本研究通过培育过表达OsPHF1的无选择标记转基因粳稻空育131,研究在不同磷浓度环境中OsPHF1的过表达对粳稻空育131产量的影响,为培育可商品化的磷高效转基因水稻品种提供依据。方法 利用双T-DNA方法构建OsPHF1的过表达载体,通过农杆菌侵染法和后续筛选获得了无选择标记的转基因空育131纯合株系,通过对T₃和T₄代转基因植株的田间试验,研究转基因品系在低磷浓度(75或112.5 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)、中低磷浓度(225或300 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)和正常磷浓度(450 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)下的农艺性状。结果 获得了3个无筛选标记的纯合OsPHF1过表达转基因空育131株系F18-18、F22-32和F25-6。其中,F22-32和F25-6的OsPHF1的表达量远高于野生型。大田试验显示,F22-32和F25-6株系的T₃代在中低磷(300 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)环境中,分蘖数比对照分别增加了55%和25%,增产幅度分别为38%和34%;F22-32和F25-6株系T₄代在低磷条件下(112.5 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)产量的增幅最大,增产了30%~35%;在中低磷条件下(225 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)分蘖数和产量也有明显增加。结论 双T-DNA法能用于培育过表达OsPHF1的无筛选标记转基因水稻。田间试验显示,高表达OsPHF1的转基因株系在中低磷条件下(112.5、225或300 kg/hm²过磷酸钙)分蘖数和产量稳定增加。     

氮、磷节约高产型水稻品种筛选

为筛选氮、磷节约高产型水稻品种,以正常施肥条件下的F优498和宜香2115作为对照,选取贵州省水稻研究所近年来选育的12个杂交籼稻新品种(组合)为材料,设置不同减氮处理和减磷处理,比较这些新品种(组合)在减肥条件下的产量和肥料利用率。结果表明,成优981、成优33、汕优108、D44/QR35、成优489等5个品种(组合)在减氮45 kg/hm^2的条件下较正常施氮的对照品种平均增产3.97%,属节氮高产型品种;汕优108和D44/QR35在减磷37.5 kg/hm^2的条件下较正常施磷的对照品种平均增产3.20%,属节磷高产型品种。节肥高产型水稻品种具有较多的每穗粒数和更大的群体颖花量。     

不同籼稻品种对低磷响应的差异及其农艺生理性状

[目的]研究不同籼稻品种对低磷响应的差异及其农艺生理性状.[方法]以12个江苏省近80年来各阶段在生产上应用的具有代表性的中熟籼稻品种为材料,进行全生育期水培种植,设置低磷(磷浓度为标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷处理(标准培养液配方)为对照.[结果]将耐低磷指数作为评价籼稻品种耐低磷性的指标,并将供试品种...     

水稻应用土壤磷素活化剂效果分析

针对土壤中磷素利用率低的问题,进行了2a的磷素活化试验。结果显示:在水稻本田中施用二铵150kg/hm2(常规用量),配施7.5kg/hm2土壤磷素活化剂,可增稻谷13%左右。分析了土壤磷素活化剂的应用条件,指出了土壤磷素活化剂只有在配施一定量二铵的情况下才能发挥活化土壤磷的作用。     

Effects of Water Management,Arsenic and Phosphorus Levels on Rice Yield in High-Arsenic Soil-Water System

Aerobic rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivation is considered an alternative production system to combat increased water scarcity and arsenic （As） contamination in the food chain. Pot experiments were conducted at the Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur, Bangladesh to examine the role of water management （WM）, As and phosphorus （P） on yield and yield attributes of boro （variety BRRI dhan 29） and aman （variety BRRI dhan 32） rice. A total of 18 treatment combinations of the three levels of As （0, 20 and 40 mg/kg） and P （0, 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg） and two WM strategies （aerobic and anaerobic） were investigated. Yield attributes were significantly affected by increasing As levels. Grain yields of BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 were reduced from 63.0 to 7.7 and 35.0 to 16.5 g/pot with increasing As application, respectively, indicating a greater sensitivity of BRRI dhan 29 than BRRI dhan 32. Moreover, As toxicity was reduced with aerobic compared to anaerobic WM for all P levels. During early growth stages, phytotoxic symptoms appeared on BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 rice stems with increasing As levels without applying P under anaerobic WM. Under anaerobic and As-contaminated conditions, BRRI dhan 29 was highly susceptible to straighthead, which dramatically reduced grain yields. There were significant relationships between the number of effective tillers per pot and root dry weight, grain yield, and number of fertile and unfertile grains per pot for both BRRI dhan 29 and BRRI dhan 32 （P＆lt;0.001）. Our findings indicate that rice could be grown aerobically in As-contaminated areas with a reduced risk of As toxicity and yield loss.     

Effect of Phosphorus and Irrigation Levels on Yield,Water Productivity,Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Income of Lowland Rice in Northwest Pakistan

With decreasing availability of water for agriculture and increasing demand for rice production, an optimum use of irrigation water and phosphorus may guarantee sustainable rice production. Field experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to investigate the effect of phosphorus and irrigation levels on yield, water productivity (WP), phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and income of low land rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements replicated four times. Main plot consisted of five phosphorus levels, viz. 0 (P0), 50 (P50), 100 (P100), 150 (P150), and 200 (P200) kg/hm2, while subplots contained of irrigation times, i.e. 8 (I8), 10 (I10), 12 (I12), and 14 (I14) irrigation levels, each with a water depth of 7.5 cm. Mean values revealed that P150 in combination with I10 produced the highest paddy yield (9.8 t/hm2) and net benefit (1 231.8 US$/hm2) among all the treatments. Phosphorus enhanced WP when applied in appropriate combination with irrigation level. The highest mean WP [13.3 kg/(hm2?mm)] could be achieved at P150 with I8 and decreased with increase in irrigation level, while the highest mean PUE (20.1 kg/kg) could be achieved at P100 with I10 and diminished with higher P levels. The overall results indicate that P150 along with I10 was the best combination for sustainable rice cultivation in silty clay soil.     

不同氮肥运筹下低桩机收再生稻的产量和经济效益

机收再生稻是一种省工节本的水稻高效栽培模式。为探索华南地区低桩机收再生稻高产高效施肥方式,以黄华占和深优9516为材料,设置再生稻促芽肥、促苗肥、穗肥3个施肥因素,每个因素设不施氮和施氮60 kg/hm22个水平,研究了不同氮肥运筹对再生稻产量及其构成、稻米品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明,不同处理间再生稻产量差异显著。黄华占和深优9516再生稻产量分别为3.68~5.43 t/hm2和2.38~3.97 t/hm2,均以T8处理(促芽肥、促苗肥、穗肥都施用)的产量最高,其次是T4处理(只施用促苗肥和穗肥),而以T5处理(单施促芽肥)最低,T8处理与T4处理产量差异不显著;再生稻产量与单位面积有效穗数、库容量和总生物量呈显著正相关,促苗肥和穗肥均能显著提高这3个产量相关参数,而促芽肥的作用较小;与常规晚稻生产相比,再生稻生产可节本8 916~10 268元/hm2、增收1 583~5 046元/hm2。在头季稻施用穗粒肥的情况下,华南地区低桩机收再生稻不必施促芽肥,而只要在头季稻收后施用促苗肥和穗肥即可。     

土壤条件对优质食用稻品质及产量的影响

在同等条件下,模拟不同厚度耕作层,不同泥、水温度情况,以分析4种土壤中所种植的优质食用稻品质和产量表现。结果表明,薄耕层使米质变劣,产量锐减。降低泥、水温度有利于优质早稻米质的改善,但产量降低,并对晚稻多项米质产生负效应。不同土壤的矿质养分含量增加可降低稻米垩白;有效磷、钾、硅含量的提高还可增加直链淀粉含量。食用稻优质、高产的最佳土壤条件是耕层较深厚且无低温冷浸的紫潮泥。     

Characterization and Selection of Phosphorus Deficiency Tolerant Rice Genotypes in Sri Lanka

Phosphorus（P） deficiency in soil is a major constrain for rice production. An important set of rice genotypes（landraces, old improved and new improved varieties） were screened for P deficiency tolerance in two major cropping seasons of Sri Lanka, in 2012. The Ultisol soil, which was collected from a plot cultivated with rice without fertilizer application for past 40 years（P₀） at the Rice Research and Development Institute（RRDI）, Bathalagoda, Sri Lanka, was used as the potting medium for greenhouse trials. Two field trials were conducted in the same plots at RRDI. Both P₀ and P₃₀（30 mg/kg P₂O₅） conditions were used in the two greenhouse trials. At the early vegetative（three weeks after transplanting）, late vegetative（six weeks after transplanting） and flowering stages, plant height and number of tillers per plant were recorded. At the flowering stage, shoots were harvested and shoot dry weight, shoot P concentration, shoot P uptake and P utilization efficiency were measured. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, regression and cluster procedures. The measured parameters were significantly different between P₀ and P₃₀ conditions（P < 0.05）. Higher shoot dry weight was reported by the rice genotypes H4 and Marss under P₀ conditions. The regression analysis between shoot dry weight and P utilization efficiency revealed that the studied rice genotypes could be categorized to three P deficiency tolerance classes. A total of 13 genotypes could be considered as highly tolerant and 4 genotypes as sensitive for P deficiency. These results could be used to select parental genotypes for breeding and genetic studies and also to select interesting varieties or landraces for organic rice production.     

铁的生理功能及其对水稻产量和品质影响的研究综述

铁是植物生长发育必需的微量元素,也是人体生长不可缺少的微量元素之一。稻米是世界上50%以上人口的主食,水稻可有效从土壤中吸收铁元素供人类食用,改善人类铁缺乏的现状。本文综述了水稻中铁的生理功能和水稻对铁的吸收及转运调控机制,重点阐述了缺铁和铁过量对水稻生长发育、产量和品质的影响,并提出了未来该领域的研究方向,以期为水稻铁生物强化和水稻高产优质栽培提供理论依据。     

土壤铜含量对水稻根系的影响及其与产量的关系

 在盆栽土培条件下，以武香粳14为供试品种，研究了土壤铜含量对水稻根系生长和根系活性的影响及其与产量的关系。结果表明：1) 土壤铜处理对水稻根系的生长具有明显的抑制作用，土壤铜含量越高，对根系生长的抑制作用越大，粉砂土、壤土条件下表现一致；2) 较低的土壤铜含量对水稻分蘖期单位干质量根系的α 萘胺(α NA)氧化力、基于单位鲜质量的根系玉米素(Z) + 玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量影响不大，较高的土壤铜含量则使基于单位质量的根系活性显著低于对照；3) 随着土壤铜含量的提高，拔节前生长的根系比例减少、拔节后生长的根系比例增加、抽穗期基于单位根干质量的根系α NA氧化力显著提高；4) 土壤铜处理对水稻单株根系活性有极显著影响，土壤铜含量越高，分蘖期和抽穗期的单株根系α NA氧化力越小；5) 土壤铜处理使水稻产量显著低于对照，且随着土壤铜含量的提高产量的下降幅度显著增大，粉砂土、壤土条件下表现一致；6) 抽穗期的单株根干质量、单株根系α NA氧化力与水稻产量均呈极显著的线性正相关，相关系数分别为095**和097**。     

水稻品种的耐低磷性及其农艺生理性状

【目的】 本研究旨在探明水稻耐低磷性的评价指标和耐低磷品种的农艺生理特征。【方法】以11个江苏省近70年来的代表性粳稻品种作为材料,进行水培种植,设置低磷(标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷浓度(国际水稻研究所标准营养液配方)为对照。【结果】 耐低磷指数(低磷产量×耐低磷系数/所有供试品种低磷处理的平均产量)、干物质指数(低磷干物质量/对照干物质量)与耐低磷系数(低磷产量/对照产量)及低磷处理下的产量呈显著或极显著正相关。将耐低磷指数和干物质指数作为评价水稻品种耐低磷性的指标。根据两指标值的大小将供试品种分成3类：强耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均≥1;中耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均>0.6, 耐低磷指数或干物质指数<1;弱耐低磷品种或低磷敏感型品种,耐低磷指数或干物质指数≤0.6。与弱耐低磷品种相比,强耐低磷品种在低磷处理下具有根量大、根系活力强,分蘖早期分蘖数多,总叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI大、有效LAI比例高,库容量大,抽穗期茎鞘中糖积累量多,抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强等特征。与对照相比,低磷处理增加了磷素产谷利用率(稻谷产量/磷吸收量)和磷收获指数(籽粒中磷/成熟期植株中总吸收的磷)。在低磷下的磷素产谷利用率,强耐低磷品种高于弱耐低磷品种。【结论】 耐低磷指数和干物质指数可以作为耐低磷品种的筛选指标;在低磷处理下,根量大、分蘖早期分蘖数多、库容量大、抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强是耐低磷性强和磷利用效率高水稻品种的重要农艺生理特征。     

减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响

以南粳9108为研究对象,研究了不同减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,减氮10%、施用蚓粪400 kg/667 m²的处理水稻产量最高,与常规施肥相比增产3.3 kg/667 m²。在减氮10%的条件下,施用400 kg/667 m²蚓粪后促进了水稻地上部的生长,增强了叶片的光合作用,进而有利于提高灌浆速率,从而提高水稻的实粒数和千粒重,最终达到减肥增产的目的。