张掖肉牛体重依体尺变化的相关性分析

【目的】为明确肉牛体重因体尺的变化而发生变化的规律和变动范围,为种牛选留和配种前的体况评定和体重估算提供一个参照依据。【方法】以张掖肉牛核心场性能测定的197头12~18月龄的公牛体重和体尺表型值为依据,用SPSS 19.0软件分析体重与体尺间的相关和回归关系,根据相关程度的不同用最小二乘法建立多元线性回归方程,作为制定张掖肉牛种公牛选择标准和对育肥效果进行评估的依据。【结果】张掖肉牛体重与体高、十字高、体斜长、胸围、腹围、管围、睾丸围之间均存在极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。其中：体斜长（）、胸围（）、体高（）和睾丸围（）因相关系数间差异极显著而步进建成最优回归方程,拟合度（R2）达到了0.903（P＜0.01）,经检验该方程估计的标准差比实测标准差小,具有统计学意义。【结论】可作为舍饲条件下张掖肉牛选留和配种前的体况评定和体重估算的参照依据;在育种实践中,为提高种牛选择质量[1],继续加强对体重选择的同时,可考虑把体斜长、胸围、体高和睾丸围作为选育性状进行综合评价。     

张掖肉牛生长发育规律研究

【目的】本文从生产性能测定、生长曲线绘制入手,探讨张掖肉牛体重与各体尺性状与之间的相关性,构建通过体尺预测体重的回归方程,为种群扩繁和高效推广利用提供科学依据 。【方法】选择核心育种场公、母牛,从出生连续测定7个阶段的体重、体高、十字高、体斜长、胸围和腹围至3周岁,将测得数据首先用Excel 2010进行初步整理,计算绝对生长和相对生长值,绘制相应的曲线。然后,利用 IBM SPSS Statistics 19进行处理,pearson相关系数计算法做零阶相关和偏相关性分析,采用逐步法设计回归模型,并进行显著性和拟合度检验。【结果】确定了 Y4=-637.950+3.286× x4+2.282 ×x3+0.243 ×x5+0.748 ×x1,Y5=-881.017+4.057× x4+2.836× x3+0.407 ×x5+1.066× x1,为张掖肉牛最佳线性回归方程,拟合度较、高误差较小,可以用于生产预测。【结论】张掖肉牛体重和胸围、体斜长、腹围、体高4个变量呈极显著正相关关系,当其他变量不变时,胸围、体斜长、腹围或体高每增加1cm,母牛体重增加3.286 kg、2.282 kg、0.243kg和0.748kg,公牛体重增加4.057 kg、2.836 kg、0.0.407kg和1.066kg。     

塔额垦区饲养主要肉牛品种选育进展研究

【目的】夏洛莱、安格斯、西门塔尔是新疆塔额垦区肉牛主要养殖品种,其中夏洛莱在垦区杂交改良已有50多年历史,养殖数量也最多。本文旨在比较三个肉牛品种的早期生长速度、体尺变化及规模养殖发病死亡的差异,分析不同养殖方式的适宜品种,为垦区养殖者选种和肉牛业发展提供理论和实践基础。【方法】试验选取月龄相近、数量不等、健康状况良好的夏洛莱、安格斯和西门塔尔肉牛,在相同营养水平和管理条件下饲养270天,分阶段逐个测定体重体尺、统计养殖发病和死亡情况,分析各品种间养殖情况差异。【结果】西门塔尔牛8月龄初始重、期末体重、日增重显著高于安格斯高于夏洛莱（P＜0.05）,体尺增长高于夏洛莱高于安格斯（P＜0.05）,患病死亡数量高于夏洛莱和安格斯。夏洛莱牛体重、体尺曲线分布较广,个体间差异相比其他两品种牛大,有40%的个体生长速度高于安格斯平均水平,体尺增长不亚于安格斯、西门塔尔（P＞0.05）,具有较大生长潜力。【结论】夏洛莱生产性能优秀尚欠整齐、抗逆性强,患病率表现稳定,适合在牧区、半牧区放牧养殖,适合在条件较差的农区半放牧补饲育肥。西门塔尔生长性能优越稳定,是规模化养殖很好的品种,农区舍饲商品化养殖生产可以有效提高料肉比和育肥肉牛的直接经济效益。     

从数字看张掖肉牛的品种培育成效

[目的]张掖牛品种培育现已进入世代选育阶段,为准确掌握品种选育工作进展,通过生产性能测定,确定不同生长阶段的体尺变化情况和相应的体重范围,为实际育种工作提供科学依据。[方法]在核心育种场利用测杖、卷尺等工具定期测定体高、体斜长、胸围、管围等体尺指标,用地磅测量体重,结合"胸围×胸围×体斜长/10800"的体重计算公式进行修正比较,通过SPSS软件进行分析。[结果]掌握了张掖牛不同生长阶段的体尺指标和相应的体重范围。[结论]张掖牛的BPI值公母均达到肉用型标准,需要加大选育力度,培育成肉用型新品种。     

张掖肉牛世代选育繁殖性能研究

【目的】研究张掖近20年来选育的肉牛新品种各世代公、母牛繁殖性能,为种群扩繁和高效推广利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用张掖肉牛新品种选育技术资料,对4个世代的选育张掖肉牛配种、产犊记录进行分类汇总、统计分析,数据用Excel 2010进行初步整理。【结果】张掖肉牛母牛初配年龄为 15～18月龄, 初配体重为380～420公斤, 产犊月龄为 21～24月龄。横交选育的不同世代母牛表现出较好的繁殖性能, 平均犊牛成活率 97.9 %, 繁殖成活率 81.74 %。     

张掖肉牛屠宰性能测定和肉品质评定

[目的]为了解张掖肉牛现阶段产肉性能，及时分析品种培育进展和成效，张掖市通过委托第三方专业检测机构开展肉牛屠宰性能测定和肉品质评价试验，根据其结果进行分析研判。[方法]从3家肉牛核心育种场选择具有继代关系的公犊牛持续育肥后根据屠宰性能测定和肉品质评定试验结果分析世代遗传进展和品种培育成效。[结果]试验历时5年，完成连续2个世代各20头育肥牛的屠宰测定和肉质评定。共测定性能指标35项，对其中25项测定值进行样本配对检验，试验B较试验A的体重、体高、胸围、胴体重、净肉重5项指标差异显著，管围、肉质大理石花纹、pH、系水力、蒸煮损失5项指标差异极显著，月龄、十字高、体斜长、腹围等其它15项指标有差异但尚未达到显著水平。而且试验B组较A组的屠宰月龄缩短1.64月，而体重增加59.91 kg,且体尺表型值相应增加。根据日增重遗传力(h²)0.42计算出宰前体重表型增加量为25.16 kg(即剔除由于育种场饲养管理改进、环境影响友好和其它有利因素叠加实现的提高量为34.75 kg),相当于产肉量增加11.6 kg。[结论]从2次结果反映出品种选育有成效，由活重体现出遗传进展。...     

体外受精胚胎移植生产的海福特肉牛体重和体尺测定

对 8 7头移植IVF胚胎生产的海福特肉牛的初生重、3月龄、6月龄和 12月龄的体重体尺进行了跟踪测定和生长发育情况观察。与原产地有关数据比较结果表明 ,移植生产的海福特肉牛生长发育基本正常 ,适应当地生产环境 ,达到了引种改良的目的     

夏洛来公牛体尺同体重相关与回归探讨

利用夏洛来肉用品种公牛改良地方品种在我国取得了非常好的效果,在各种牛站都大量饲养本品种,但在饲养管理上的不同,使得本品种的生长发育参差不齐,特别是在牛体称重上不及时或不称重,从而影响本品种的正常生长标准判断。笔者从本站该品种正常饲养管理的成年种公牛体尺和体重的测量中,求出体高和体斜长同体重的相关与回归关系,为便于测得体尺的情况下估算体重来检验本品种生长发育状况。为饲养本品种牛的人士提供参考。     

放牧加补饲条件下短角牛生长发育规律研究

[目的]为了探讨短角牛的生长发育规律及体重与各体尺间的相关性,[方法]对放牧加补饲条件下短角牛的体重、体尺进行测定,对所测定数据进行分析。[结果]结果表明：短角牛体重、体尺的变化随着月龄增加逐渐增加;短角牛具有早期生长发育快的特点,公牛、母牛体重从出生到6月龄时达到绝对生长高峰,日增重分别达到1 093.30 g和973.64 g;公牛、母牛体重的相对生长曲线较一致,整条曲线大致呈下降趋势;生长发育阶段体重和体尺的相关性与性别、月龄有关。[结论]应注重短角牛早期的饲养管理,短角牛公牛的营养水平应高于母牛。     

从数字看张掖肉牛的品种培育成效

<正>张掖肉牛为甘肃省河西走廊地区饲养的主要品种,由蒙古牛分化而来。张掖市于30多年前引入西门塔尔牛冻精开展杂交改良和品种培育工作,目前已进入个体世代选育期。为准确掌握品种选育工作进展,通过生产性能测定,确定了不同生长阶段的体尺变化情况和相应的体重范围,为实际育种工作提供科学依据。在确定     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -