仪征市低丘栗园防病治虫增产剂的应用效果初报

报道了仪征低丘岗地地区应用江苏省林业科学研究院研制的板栗防病治虫增产剂的效果，结果表明在2000年春持续干旱的情况下应用效果显著，达66.56%-75.86%，板栗产量比对照增产14.35倍。     

低冲击开发理念及其在城市生态园林中的应用

我国正处在城市快速发展时期,利用园林景观设施,解决城市雨洪带来的地表径流、城市内涝、环境污染、生物多样性破坏等问题,进而建立环境优美舒适、生态协调平衡的生态园林城市,是城市发展的理想目标和必然要求。对美国的低冲击开发(Low Impact Development)理念进行了总结和分析,结合我国城市发展特点,提出适合我国城市生态园林建设的科学模式。     

论生态食物链在小流域治理开发中的应用

生态食物链反映了生物界互相依存、互相制约的关系。对小流域(经济沟)治理意义最大的是“粮-人”食物链、“草-畜”食物链、“地-商”食物链。增强主导食物链运行强度的“加减公式原理”,扩大粮食来源的“加加公式原理”,扩大肉、蛋、奶转化的“新金字塔原理”,调整生态食物链内外循环的“能流、物流平衡与价值流不平衡原理”,是小流域(经济沟)建设的生物学基础。为使开发治理具有活力,充满稳定和有序,必须解决“粪-土短路”问题,“粮食功能转化”不力问题,主导食物链运行强度减弱问题,土地投入产出比例失调问题,“地-商”食物链受阻问题。     

Genetic monitoring of traditional chestnut orchards reveals a complex genetic structure

Key message

This study presents the results of a systematic genetic analysis between wild and cultivated chestnuts in an orchard in southern Spain, highlighting a complex structure and considerable genetic diversity and opening the possibility to generalize this approach to other Mediterranean orchards.

Context

Tree genetic monitoring offers a good opportunity to evaluate populations and preserve their long-term adaptive evolutionary potential. Chestnut is a multipurpose species of high economic importance in the Mediterranean basin and considered an example of integration between natural and man-driven distribution of diversity under changing environmental and historical conditions. Due to its multipurpose characteristics, man influenced its populations (grafting/sexual propagation) and a complex genetic structure is expected.

Aims

We monitored the trees of a chestnut orchard for studying the genetic diversity and relationship in grafts and rootstocks and detecting possible response in its adaptive potential.

Methods

For this, morphological traits and genomic and genic microsatellite markers were used.

Results

Chestnut trees showed considerable genetic structure, with high level of clonality in the varieties and genetic diversity in rootstocks. The similarity analysis revealed a different clustering pattern for varieties, detecting higher variability for genomic microsatellite markers. Rootstocks harboured a high level of diversity, not previously described, and not contained in the genetic information from populations and varieties from the same region.

Conclusion

Results contribute to understanding the human role in the management of chestnut and demonstrate that rootstocks constitute an unexploited reservoir of variation valuable for conservation strategies against stress factors and future and unpredictable environmental changes.

     

Wood biomass recovery from chestnut orchards: results from a case study

Sweet chestnut has been for many centuries essential to human diet in large areas of Southern Europe. Its cultivation was abandoned in the last century, but is at present under restoration for socioeconomic reasons, representing also an opportunity for allocating woody residues to the energy sector. A little is known from the literature about sweet chestnut pruning, and the aim of the study was to assess the biomass yield and quality, the productivity and costs of the system as well as its energetic balance between inputs and outputs. The yield of recovered wood material amounted to between 22.3 tonnes of dry matter per hectare (t_dw ha^?1) and 33.3 t_dw ha^?1. Time consumption for pruning has been related to trees’ DBH, so detecting a linear relationship, although weak, between tree size and the time spent for maintenance. Productivity expressed as t_dw per hour varied according to the site and the operating systems adopted accordingly. Costs for the whole chain, excluding transport to the plant facility amounted to 113 or to 430 € t _dw ^?1 depending on the terrain relief and the presence of an underbrush to be cleaned. Wood chips distribution in size classes provided a material unsuitable for non-industrial due to the percentage of oversize particles, probably due to the high presence of twigs. The energy ratio resulted of 30:1 and 21:1 for the two sites. Transportation had the main impact in terms of energy, followed by extraction and chipping phases.     

宁镇丘陵低产栗园改造技术研究

通过回缩修剪、土壤深翻及增加施肥量等综合措施，改造低产栗园，取得了低产栗园复壮和增产的良好效果。增产幅度因品种而异，增幅最高的短扎达155％。     

北方茶区实生茶园建园技术

在北方茶区,实生播种茶园具有根系深、生长旺盛、适应性强、建园快、成本低廉、见效早等优点,适于山区建设茶园。对其适合建园的生态条件、品种选择、种植技术、修剪技术、病虫害防治以及越冬技术进行详细介绍,以满足北方茶农实生茶园建园需求。     

Carbon fractions as indicators of organic matter dynamics in chestnut orchards under different soil management practices

Several studies have emphasized the negative impact of the conventional soil management (CT) system on productivity and sustainability of chestnut orchards (Castanea sativa Mill.) when compared to no-tillage with grass cover (NT). However, scarce information is available regarding the effects of these soil management systems on soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and soil quality. SOM or soil organic carbon is a key component of soil quality and has different fractions with different lability, namely, organic C (POC), active C (AC) and hot-water extractable carbon (HWC). These are considered as indicators of changes in management-induced soil quality. Thus, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of NT and CT systems applied in the chestnut orchards on: (i) total amount of soil organic C (TOC), including C from both organic and mineral layers; (ii) soil organic C concentration of mineral horizons (OC); (iii) labile soil organic fractions (POC, AC, HWC); (iv) and soil mineral-associated C. The study was developed in two 30-year old chestnut orchards located in Northeast Portugal, that were kept under different soil management systems (NT or CT) during the preceding 17 years. Soil samples were taken at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depth. No significant differences in OC concentration were observed between NT and CT, while TOC was significantly higher in NT than in CT (22.54 and 12.17 Mg/ha or 34.16 and 22.90 Mg/ha, considering the organic layer plus mineral layers at 0–10 and 0–20 cm depth (set of two depths). The NT practice led to significantly higher concentration of labile C fractions (POC, AC and HWC) than CT at 0–10 cm soil depth. These results indicate that measurement of labile soil organic C fractions, such as POC, AC and HWC, may provide a sensitive and consistent indication of changes in soil C and SOM dynamics in response to soil management practices. Overall, NT seems to ensure better soil quality than CT in chestnut orchards under Mediterranean climate conditions.     

京东板栗优良品种简介

<正>1遵玉(原代号遵优5号)遵化市林业局以燕魁为母本,以垂栗为父本,采用人工杂交育种的方法培育而成。遵玉在综合了母本的大果优质和父本矮化性的基础上,表现出了超过双亲的优良性     

华北低丘山地核桃园小气候特征研究

于2009-2010年连续观测了华北低丘山地核桃园内小气候变化特征,并与对照进行了比较,以期为该地区优化核桃园种植模式提供理论依据,为进一步分析果园水碳循环的影响机制提供基础数据。结果表明：与对照相比,试验期间核桃园内平均气温降低了7％,相对湿度增加了6％。受株行距及核桃叶片遮阴影响,园内太阳辐射及风速明显低于对照。与对照相比,园内太阳辐射与风速分别降低了48％和73％。     

我国中亚热带国外松种子园主要害虫研究

文章报导了我国中亚热带地区湿地松、火炬松和晚松种子园和母树林中的害虫种类 ,共 3 4种 ,涉及 7目 1 8科。对种子园投产前期和投产期纵坑切梢小蠹 Tomicuspiniperda、微红梢斑螟 Dioryctria rubella和松实小卷蛾 Retinia cristata的危害情况和生物学特性作了叙述     

泰山板栗良种(优系)选育研究

本研究通过对板栗种质资源丰富的泰山的实生板栗大树进行良种选育,在对优系生长结果,栗实品质调查的基础上,通过初选、实地调查、专家复选,确定23个优系在3种不同立地条件下建优系对比园。通过各优系的生物学特性、早实丰产性、栗实品质进行对比分析,采用最大隶属度原则进行排序,筛选出综合品质前4位的5号、8号1、6和20号。筛选出的4个优系在不同立地条件上表现丰产稳产,4 a生株产在2.0kg以上,比对照石丰株产高70%~190%,平均投影面积产量在0.5 kg以上。栗实综合品质优良,单粒重在8.0g以上,红褐色或紫褐色,茸毛少或较少,富光泽,栗实整齐均匀,含糖量在18.0%以上,栗肉细、味香、糯性强,栗实品质优于石丰。     

太行山板栗抗旱优质丰产综合管理技术

近几年来为开发太行山区板栗资源,解决太行板栗产量低而不稳的技术难题。经过试验示范,总结出提高旱坡板栗产量和质量,使太行山旱坡板栗优质丰产的综合管理技术。