牧草耐盐性研究进展

随着我国盐碱地面积的不断扩大,耐盐性植物的研究成为解决盐碱地问题的重要手段之一。牧草作为盐碱地利用的先锋植物,因其自身遗传和栽培条件不同,物种间耐盐性存在着明显差异。对其耐盐机制和鉴定方法的研究是当今牧草耐盐性研究的重要方面。     

吉林省西部盐碱地土壤类型及利用建议

介绍了吉林省西部盐碱地土壤类型、特征及其适宜种植的主要牧草草种。提出了应将盐碱地长期承包给农牧民,制定出台相应的种草补贴政策,调动承包户种草的积极性,种植耐盐碱牧草,恢复盐碱地植被的建议。     

盐碱地及其生物措施改良研究现状

综述了国内外盐碱地改良概况,介绍了利用生物措施改良盐碱地,以及耐盐牧草在盐碱地改良和生态建设中的重要作用。     

能源牧草与盐碱地生态治理研究

能源牧草抗逆性强、产量高,既能提供优良饲料,又能生产生物能源,兼有经济效益和生态效益,在盐碱地生态治理和生态产业发展中,开发潜力巨大。文章分析了甜高粱、柳枝稷、巨菌草和苜蓿等几种典型能源牧草的特性,从盐碱地耐盐植物筛选利用、微生物生态治理以及生态治理装备和技术等方面总结了盐碱地生态治理关键技术的发展趋势,分析了盐碱地生态治理的困境,并提出了以能源牧草为核心的盐碱地生态治理模式,为盐碱地生态治理和生态产业提供了新的发展思路。     

浅谈左中盐碱地利用前景及改良方法

科尔沁草原上的科左中旗具有大面积的盐碱地草原，这些盐碱地草原上基本不能种植农作 物，也不能种植牧草。平常只能用于一些简单的放牧。由于盐碱地上生长的牧草都不是优质牧草，利 用率极低。如何改良和利用这些盐碱地草原是我们草原工作者的重要课题。     

开发西部治碱治沙的3种牧草

吉林省农科院引进推广的羊草、罗布麻、紫花苜蓿等3种牧草,非常适合我国西部地区沙、盐碱地开发种植。近几年来,在吉林省各地的沙、盐碱地种植这3种牧草,收到了良好的效果,不仅改良了盐碱地,发展了草业经济,还促进了畜牧业快速发展。这3种牧草对居住在西部沙、碱地区的农牧民发展畜牧业、治碱、治沙十分有利,前景广阔,值得大力引进推广。[编者按]     

盐碱地牧草高产种植措施

在盐碱地上种植牧草与常规牧草生产技术有所不同,应着重掌握好以下技术. 1.选对品种.不同牧草品种的耐盐碱能力和抗盐碱能力有显著差异.盐碱地种植牧草时,要根据盐碱度高低,选择适宜的品种.在盐碱含量较高的重盐碱地,可选择种植耐盐碱能力强的品种,如碱茅、沙打旺、紫穗槐、田菁、沙蒿、长穗冰草、垂穗披碱草、鞘雀稗、灯蕊新麦草;中度盐碱地,可选择有一定耐盐碱能力的品种,如紫花苜蓿、草木樨、毛苕子、燕麦、黑麦.     

盐碱地上牧草的科学种植和合理利用

随着农业种植业结构调整以及西部大开发退耕还草工程的实施与种草养畜业的蓬勃发展，牧草种植在宁夏回族自治区已越来越受到人们的重视。宁夏回族自治区盐碱地资源丰富，如何在盐碱地上科学种植和合理种植牧草，把盐碱地的改良与养殖业的发展结合起来，则是目前急需解决的问题。针对这一问题，我们于2002—2004年先后引进22个耐盐植物品种进行筛选，选出了聚合草、红豆草、小冠花、苇状羊茅、披碱草、甜高粱等适宜盐碱地种植，养畜和改善生态环境的牧草品种，并且在盐碱地上取得了较高的经济、生态和社会效益。     

鲁梅克斯K一1杂交酸模改良盐碱和防风固沙效果好

鲁梅克斯K-1杂交酸模是1995年从乌克兰引进,1997年11月经全国牧草品种审定委员会审核正式定为引进牧草品种.近年,经我国十余个省市区试种,表现出高产、高营养和广泛适应性.2年来,通过在黄河冲积平原的盐碱地和风沙土区试种研究表明:它是一种非常适宜在盐碱地和风沙土上栽培的植物,对黄河冲积平原盐碱地的改良利用和风沙土区的防风固沙,改善生态环境,显示出了广阔的应用前景.     

吉林省西部地区碱茅改良盐碱地技术

根据多年试验总结出吉林省西部地区种植碱茅改良盐碱地技术,详细阐述了品种选择、地块选择、整地、播种、灌水、施肥、防除杂草、牧草利用等技术措施,为吉林省西部地区盐碱地改良提供技术支撑。     

陕北草场植被资源及利用改良问题

本文分析了陕北草场植被组成特征及利用现状,根据陕北的实际情况,从控制草场载畜量、草场更新改良、农、林、牧争地、畜种结构、草场管护等五个方面探讨了该地区草场资源利用改良的途径。     

基于模糊相似优先比法评价规模化牧场全株玉米青贮饲料品质

【目的】研究新疆北疆地区规模化牧场全株玉米青贮饲料品质及生产水平，分析全株玉米青贮饲料品质，为推动新疆北疆地区青贮饲料高效生产提供依据。【方法】采集新疆北疆地区18个不同规模牧场中窖贮全株玉米青贮饲料，分析营养品质、发酵品质、霉菌毒素含量，运用模糊相似优先比法综合价值评定各规模化牧场全株玉米青贮饲料品质。【结果】各牧场青贮营养品质及发酵品质整体水平达到国家二级标准，所有牧场的霉菌毒素含量均符合国家限量标准。排名前三位的牧场为R>I>Q(存栏量在1 000头以上的牧场),排名后三位的牧场为N>L>H(存栏量在500头以下的牧场)。【结论】新疆北疆地区规模化牧场全株玉米青贮品质整体水平良好，但不同规模牧场之间存在差距，存栏量在1 000头以上的牧场整体水平优于存栏量在500头以下的牧场；各牧场全株玉米青贮品质主要受青贮玉米品种、地区气候特性、牧场规模的影响。     

Ladino and Q'eqchí Maya land use and land clearing in the Sierra de Lacandón National Park, Petén, Guatemala

This paper examines potential differences in land use between Q'eqchí Maya and Ladino (Spanish speakers of mixed ancestry) farmers in a remote agricultural frontier in northern Petén, Guatemala. The research site, the Sierra de Lacandón National Park (SLNP), is a core conservation zone of Guatemala's Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR). In recent years, much has been written about the dramatic process of colonization and deforestation in Petén, Guatemala's largest and northernmost department. Since the early 1980s a rapid rural transformation has occurred where once remote forested regions have been colonized by small farmers, and lands have been converted to maize fields and cattle pastures. Consequently, less than half of the original forest cover in the department remains. Although approximately half of Petén's rural settlers have been Q'eqchí Maya, their land use, and its subsequent impact on Petenero forests, has been little studied. Results suggest that despite heterogeneous land use systems in migrant origin areas, given similar physical and socio-economic conditions following settlement in this remote frontier, Q'eqchí and Ladino farmer land use is remarkably similar. Only a modest land use difference appears to exist between the two groups: Q'eqchí Maya appear to have more extensive swidden maize rotations while Ladinos dedicate more land to pasture.     

Amazon basin soils: management for continuous crop production

Technology has been developed which permits continuous production of annual crops in some of the acid, infertile soils of the Amazon Basin. Studies in Yurimaguas, Peru, show that three grain crops can be produced annually with appropriate fertilizer inputs. Twenty-one crops have been harvested during the past 8(1/2) years in the same field, with an average annual production of 7.8 tons of grain per hectare. Soil properties are improving with continuous cultivation. The technology has been validated by local farmers, who normally practice shifting cultivation. Economic interpretations indicate large increases in annual family farm income and a high return on the investment of chemical inputs. Other promising land use alternatives include low-input crop production systems, paddy rice production in fertile alluvial soils, and pastures or agroforestry in rolling areas. Stable, continuous food crop production is an attractive alternative to shifting cultivation in humid tropical regions experiencing severe demographic pressures. For each hectare of land managed in a highly productive manner, there may be less need for clearing additional tropical forests to meet food demands.     

Rating Fodder Areas on the Systems of Gullies and Ravines in the Central Russian Upland

The article presents the results of inspecting two gully systems with a total area of 800 hectares located on the land of the Tula Research Institute of Agriculture. The purpose of the study was recording the current status of pastures and grasslands exposed to radiation. The experimental data is obtained for the current status of old growth herbage: productivity, botanical and biochemical composition, agrochemical properties of the soil, and the degree of radioactive contamination of the soil and plants with ¹³⁷Cs on the slopes of different exposition and steepness. It is found that the most suitable rhizomatous species for land recultivation is awnless brome (Bromopsis inermis Leyss). Its content in old-growth herbage reached 70–98% on the bottoms of the gullies after more than 35 years since the grass was sown. The content of ¹³⁷Cs in dry matter in the conditions of radioactive contamination did not exceed the standard veterinary regulations (VR 13.5 13/06^–1) for hay (400 Bq kg^–1).     

Global consequences of land use

Land use has generally been considered a local environmental issue, but it is becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests, farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food, fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands, pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades, accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity. Such changes in land use have enabled humans to appropriate an increasing share of the planet's resources, but they also potentially undermine the capacity of ecosystems to sustain food production, maintain freshwater and forest resources, regulate climate and air quality, and ameliorate infectious diseases. We face the challenge of managing trade-offs between immediate human needs and maintaining the capacity of the biosphere to provide goods and services in the long term.     

Dynamics of the state of desertified agricultural lands in the south of Russia

Dynamics of the state of the vegetation cover in reclaimed pastures and forest pastures, which have retained the integrity and multi-tier structure of phytocenoses, is assessed depending on a method and terms of reclamation of deflation centers and mode of using grounds in the Black Lands of the Republic of Kalmykia. The problem of determining the conditions of stability and long-term longevity of arid ecosystems is solved.     

Cowboys,Indians and deforestation: Ethical and environmental issues associated with pastures research in Amazonia

Agricultural development is an activity with many ethical problems. Nowhere are these problems more evident than in tropical forest regions, like the Amazon. This paper examines ethical issues associated with a particularly controversial activity in the region: pastures research. The paper discusses three general critiques of Amazonian agricultural development: ecological, social equity and cultural survival. A particular pastures research project is then examined. The paper concludes that pastures research can be an ethically sound activity when carried out in a manner that is sensitive to the social, cultural, and ecological context. The paper concludes that ethical decisions regarding agricultural research are context sensitive. A better appreciation of potential ethical dilemmas can be obtained by seeking participation by a variety of social actors in designing and carrying out agricultural research.     

不同牧草覆盖枇杷园节肢动物群落的结构和动态

对套种印度豇豆[Vignasinensis(L.)Sari.ex Hassk]、羽叶决明(Chamaecristanictitanscv.Minyin)、圆叶决明(Chamaecristarotundifoliacv.Wynn)、平托花生(Arachispintoicv.Amarillo)4种牧草的枇杷园节肢动物群落进行调查.结果表明:羽叶决明、圆叶决明、平托花生覆盖有利于天敌和中性昆虫的栖息和繁殖,能显著提高果园群落丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数,对优化枇杷园群落结构具有重要作用;印度豇豆覆盖虽能提高果园丰富度和促进天敌增殖,但群落的优势集中度高,多样性和均匀度指数低,植食性害虫类群数量大,生态系统不稳定,潜在一定的生态风险.     

长期间作牧草对椰园土壤肥力的影响

幼龄椰园长期间作牧草,10年后0~20 cm层下降0.92个pH单位,20~40 cm层下降0.75个单位,而成龄椰园0~20 cm层下降0.82个单位,20~40 cm层下降1.04个单位;幼龄椰园间作牧草,10年后土壤含水量有所下降,但仍比间作前高,而成龄椰园土壤含水量下降了一半以上,而且比幼龄椰园低;幼龄椰园间作牧草,10年后0~20 cm土层有机质含量比间作前有所上升,但20~40 cm以下则低于间作前,成龄椰园均比间作前明显降低;幼龄椰园间作牧草,10年后土壤全氮含量略微降低,而成龄椰园下降了一半以上,但目前成龄椰园的土壤全氮含量比幼龄椰园的略高。建议椰园实行长期牧草间作,每年必须追施足够的肥料,并采取施入石灰或进行禾本科牧草与豆科或其它非禾本科作物轮作。