Nutritional peculiarities and diet palatability in the cat

Cats have become the most popular companion animal in Western Europe. Unlike other domestic animals, cats are strict carnivores and this influences both their nutritional requirements and food preferences. Cats have very high protein requirements and their diet must contain some nutrients, such as arginine, taurine, niacin, vitamin A and arachidonic acid. Besides its nutritional value, a diet for cats must also be highly palatable. This paper offers a quick overview of feline nutritional peculiarities and the factors that influence food palatability in cats.     

Nutritional management of hepatic disease

The successful management of hepatic diseases of dogs and cats requires an understanding of hepatic metabolism and nutritional processes. General aspects of dietary therapy for hepatic diseases are described, along with specific recommendations for the promotion of tissue regeneration. Special considerations, including the role of diet in encephalopathy, hepatic lipidosis, and copper-associated hepatic toxicosis, are also discussed.     

Nutritional management of gastrointestinal disease

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is primarily responsible for acquiring and digesting food, absorbing nutrients and water, and expelling wastes from the body as feces. A proper diet and normally functioning GI tract are integral for the delivery of nutrients, prevention of nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition, repair of damaged intestinal epithelium, restoration of normal luminal bacterial populations, promotion of normal GI motility, and maintenance of normal immune functions (eg, both tolerance and protection from pathogens). The amount of food, its form, the frequency of feeding, and the composition of diet each have important effects on GI function and may be used to help ameliorate signs of GI disease. Although both nutrients and nonnutritional components of a diet are important to GI health, they also may cause or influence the development of GI pathology (eg, antibiotic responsive diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, dietary intolerance, or sensitivity and/or allergy). The appropriate diet may have a profound effect on intestinal recovery and successful management of chronic or severe GI disease.     

Nutritional value of fish meals in the diet for young pigs

A series of three experiments was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of fish meals as protein sources in young pigs' diets. Four fish meals (menhaden; mackerel, dried at 85 degrees C and 70 degrees C; and herring, dried at 70 degrees C) were tested. For the first experiment, eight pigs (2 wk old) were surgically fitted with ileal cannulas and used to measure apparent digestibility of the fish meals over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Compared with menhaden fish meal, mackerel and herring fish meals yielded higher (P < 0.05) ileal digestibility values for threonine, serine, alanine, valine, histidine, lysine, and arginine and also for the average of all amino acids. Ileal digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) as pigs grew. For the second experiment, four different diets each containing different fish meals were fed to 120 pigs to evaluate growth performance over the age period of 3 to 7 wk. Average daily gain was higher (P < 0.07) in pigs fed diets containing either mackerel or herring fish meal than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal during 3 to 5 wk of age and was highest (P < 0.07) in pigs fed a diet containing mackerel fish meal during 5 to 6 wk of age. Gain/feed was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing mackerel and herring fish meals than in pigs fed menhaden fish meal. Mackerel dried at 70 degrees C showed the highest value from the previous two experiments and was chosen to measure the relative bioavailability in comparison to spray-dried porcine plasma. A classical slope-ratio design was used to measure relative bioavailability of mackerel fish meal compared to porcine plasma protein. This study showed that mackerel dried at 70 degrees C can replace spray-dried porcine plasma with the same bioavailability during d 17 to 29 postpartum with additional crystalline lysine and amino acid supplementation to match amino acid profile of the spray-dried porcine plasma.     

无抗条件下断奶仔猪日粮的营养调整策略

鉴于目前全球抗生素的滥用 导致畜产品中抗生素的残留对人类 健康的损害,对环境的污染,并且 加剧了微生物对抗生素耐药性的适 应,给人类的公共卫生安全带来了 更大的隐患.自2020 年7 月1 日 起我国实行饲料生产企业停止生产 含有促生长类药物饲料添加剂（中 药类除外）的商品饲料,意味着我 国养殖产业正式开始进入的"无抗...     

Nutritional factors in bovine gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal disorders may be prevented through proper nutrition. Attention should be placed on establishing optimum feeding programs for cattle in all stages of the life and production cycle. Normal reticuloruminal development in calves and maintenance of gastrointestinal function in adult cattle is dependent upon adequate nutrition. Nutrition is also an important part of therapy of many gastrointestinal disorders.     

Nutritional deficiencies and parasitic disease: Lessons and advancements from rodent models

The dissection of the molecular interactions between nutrition and immunity to nematodes is of strategic importance to predict the risk of infection, define disease predisposition and develop sustainable measures for parasite control in ruminants. Despite the evidence on the effects of nutrition on the manifestations of immunity to gastrointestinal parasites at phenotypic level, the lack of progress on the characterisation of the molecular interactions is directly related to the current lack of appropriate tools for such advancements, including fully sequenced and annotated genomes and immunological tools for small ruminants. To overcome such constraints and achieve rapid progress in exploring the molecular interactions between nutrition and immunity to nematodes, it is proposed here that we capitalise more on the advancements in small mammal models. In this paper, first the literature deriving from growing animals is reviewed, where most evidence originates from primary infection models. The focus is then shifted on peri-parturient animals; the immunomodulatory effects of nutrition are investigated during re-infection. Finally, an approach is suggested on how advancements made in the rodent models, can be utilised in order to expand our understanding in sheep and provide specific examples on how this should work to address sustainable parasite control in ruminants.     

Nutritional considerations for animals with pulmonary disease.

Recent publications in the human and veterinary literature have indicated that patients with pulmonary disease require specific nutritional consideration to ensure that optimal benefit is derived with nutrition support. Although additional research is needed in this area, preliminary recommendations can be made using information from the scant studies performed thus far in veterinary medicine and from information extrapolated from the human literature. These recommendations are likely to provide significant clinical benefit to patients with pulmonary disease. This article aims to provide the reader with a summary of the available information and links to other relevant sources.     

早期断奶仔猪的营养调控

本文综述了早期断奶仔猪的消化生理特点和引起早期断奶腹泻的主要原因，根据实际断奶日龄和体重进行营养调控的一些措施以及日粮配制技术。主要内容有：能量与蛋白质营养及调控，包括酸化处理，生物酶制剂、抗菌素、高铜高锌的应用以及提高仔猪免疫能力的营养途径。     

早期断奶仔猪的营养调控

本文综述了早期断奶仔猪的消化生理特点和引起早期断奶腹泻的主要原因,根据实际断奶日龄和体重进行营养调控的一些措施以及日粮配制技术.主要内容有能量与蛋白质营养及调控,包括酸化处理,生物酶制剂、抗菌素、高铜高锌的应用以及提高仔猪免疫能力的营养途径.     

Nutritional and metabolic aspects of fatty liver disease in poultry

Summary

There are two metabolic disorders of major commercial importance in poultry that involve the occurrence of fatty deposits in the liver. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) affects young birds and the main manifestations, lipid infiltrations into liver and many other organs, are apparently secondary effects of the primary lesion that lies in carbohydrate metabolism. Although several nutritional and environmental factors influence FLKS, the main factor is the vitamin, biotin. In the absence of an adequate supply of biotin, the hepatic activity of pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin‐dependent enzyme, becomes so low that gluconeogenesis in the liver via pyruvate becomes negligible. When the bird is then subject to a mild stress and 1or short term fasting, liver glycogen reserves become rapidly depleted and a progressive hypoglycaemia develops that ultimately proves fatal. Supplementing diets with adequate amounts of biotin can prevent the syndrome.

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) is brought about by an excessive accumulation of fat in the livers of adult hens which weakens the cellular structure of the liver and allows fatal haemorrhaging to occur. The aetiology of the syndrome is not clear, but a major factor is an excessive intake of dietary energy. However, Me involvement of hormonal and toxicological factors, as well as other nutritional factors, is also possible.     

Nutritional and metabolic aspects of fatty liver disease in poultry

Summary There are two metabolic disorders of major commercial importance in poultry that involve the occurrence of fatty deposits in the liver. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) affects young birds and the main manifestations, lipid infiltrations into liver and many other organs, are apparently secondary effects of the primary lesion that lies in carbohydrate metabolism. Although several nutritional and environmental factors influence FLKS, the main factor is the vitamin, biotin. In the absence of an adequate supply of biotin, the hepatic activity of pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme, becomes so low that gluconeogenesis in the liver via pyruvate becomes negligible. When the bird is then subject to a mild stress and 1or short term fasting, liver glycogen reserves become rapidly depleted and a progressive hypoglycaemia develops that ultimately proves fatal. Supplementing diets with adequate amounts of biotin can prevent the syndrome. Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome (FLHS) is brought about by an excessive accumulation of fat in the livers of adult hens which weakens the cellular structure of the liver and allows fatal haemorrhaging to occur. The aetiology of the syndrome is not clear, but a major factor is an excessive intake of dietary energy. However, Me involvement of hormonal and toxicological factors, as well as other nutritional factors, is also possible.     

Nutritional factors of lameness and metabolic bone disease in cattle

Lameness in cattle has numerous causes, and many factors interact to interfere with normal locomotion. The nutrients that have been implicated are protein, energy, calcium, phosphorus, copper, manganese, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, D, and E. The fact that several nutrients may be involved with the problem should not be overlooked. There may also be factors in the diet that interact with the nutrient (particularly with trace minerals) that must be considered. When congenital skeletal deformities are being investigated, the veterinarian should not overlook the nutrition of the dam during pregnancy. When recommending dietary changes, a veterinarian should be careful that new imbalances have not been created and that the producer is not adding nutrients to the diet other than those suggested.