堆肥反应器中表面活性剂APG对牛粪堆肥酶活性的影响

利用堆肥反应器严格控制堆肥条件, 以牛粪为主要原料进行好氧堆肥, 在堆肥过程中加入表面活性剂烷基多糖苷(APG), 研究其对堆肥中微生物数量以及酶活性变化的影响。结果表明: 在好氧堆肥中添加表面活性剂APG对堆肥中的微生物无显著抑制作用, 微生物数量无显著变化(P>0.05); 但可以促进堆肥升温, 延长高温期。加入APG对堆肥中的过氧化氢酶活性几乎无影响, 最终APG处理和CK处理的酶活性值均达到1.17 mmol·g^-1左右; 加入APG后脲酶活性略有提高, 第2 d APG处理和CK处理的脲酶活性均达到峰值, 分别为32.15 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1和30.17 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异不显著(P>0.05), 第7 d达到最低值, 分别为0.81 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1和0.38 mg(NH₃-N)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05); APG处理对转化酶和纤维素酶活性均有明显的提高作用, 其中转化酶在第3 d加APG处理和CK处理峰值分别为18.15 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1和11.77 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1, 第21 d两处理峰值分别为24.09 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1和20.71 mg(葡萄糖)·g^-1·24h^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05); 纤维素酶在第3 d加APG处理和CK处理峰值分别为58.77 mg·min^-1和30.62 mg·min^-1, 差异显著(P<0.05)。本试验结果表明, 添加表面活性剂APG可以提高堆肥中转化酶和纤维素酶活性, 促进堆肥中有机物质的转化, 一定程度上加快好氧堆肥进程。     

冬季猪场污水处理设施温室气体排放测试

为研究畜禽废弃物处理过程中温室气体泄漏与排放状况，该文利用静态箱对北京市北郎中猪场的污水处理单元进行了温室气体泄漏与排放测试。测试结果表明：厌氧消化罐泄漏造成的温室气体通量为5823.19 mg·m^-2·h^-1 CO₂当量，一、二级氧化塘其CO₂当量的温室气体通量分别为607.75、8.61mg·m^-2·h^-1；由于污水以厌氧处理为主，各处理单元冬季的氧化亚氮排放很低，几乎可以忽略不计。     

耕作措施对温带半干旱地区土壤温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)通量的影响

通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO₂分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO₂通量(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH₄通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N₂O通量(mg·m^-2·h^-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO₂排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH₄吸收通量、减少N₂O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO₂通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH₄吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO₂通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N₂O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。     

日光温室滴灌条件下滴头流量和间距对黄瓜生长的影响

滴头流量和滴头间距是影响滴灌系统投资的重要参数,为探索降低系统投资,在日光温室中进行了滴头流量和滴头间距对黄瓜生长影响的试验。试验共设4种处理,滴头流量/滴头间距分别为2.7 L·h^-1/30 cm、2.7 L·h^-1/50 cm、1.4 L·h^-1/30 cm和1.4 L·h^-1/50 cm,处理间灌水量相同。研究结果表明：在相同灌水量情况下,4种处理的产量分别为80.63、85.66、94.31和90.91 t/hm²,作物水分利用效率分别为23.6、24.9、27.9和25.4 kg/m³,没有形成显著统计差异。由此可见在试验限定条件下对于温室垄作黄瓜,滴灌系统采用较大的滴头间距和较小的滴头流量时,不会影响产量与质量,但可降低系统投资。试验还得出了黄瓜各生育阶段的耗水量、作物系数和需水系数。     

华北平原小麦-玉米农田生态系统服务评价

本研究于2006 年和2007 年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站田间试验基础上, 评价了华北平原小麦-玉米农田的初级产品生产、气体调节、土壤有机质累积、水调节和氮素转化等5 项生态系统服务。研究表明, 华北平原小麦-玉米农田初级产品量包括籽粒产量5.04~5.71 t·hm^-2·a^-1(小麦)和6.69~8.24t·hm^-2·a^-1(玉米), 秸秆量8.58~9.72 t·hm^-2·a^-1(小麦)和6.97~8.58 t·hm^-2·a^-1 (玉米); 农田气体调节包括释放O₂ 24.99~28.64 t·hm^-2·a^-1, 固定CO₂ 34.23~39.22 t·hm^-2·a^-1, 排放N₂O 0.72~1.13 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 吸收CH₄ 3.39~5.70 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; 农田耕层土壤有机质累积量为1.13~2.39 t·hm^-2·a^-1; 水资源消耗量为2 890~3 830 m³·hm^-2·a^-1; 农田土壤氮素几乎都处于亏缺状态, 变化范围为-107.73~5.33 kg(N)·hm^-2·a^-1, 不施氮肥农田亏缺较多。综合评价发现, 小麦-玉米农田提供生态服务的经济价值为5.48~6.25 万元·hm^-2·a^-1, 是粮食生产价值的3 倍左右。氮肥施用对农田生态系统服务及其产生福利的影响较为复杂, 这主要是由于施加氮肥明显增加了氮素转化功能导致的经济损失, 而同时可能会增加初级产品生产、气体调节中作物固定CO₂ 和释放O₂ 功能的经济价值。尽管目前有关生态系统服务评价研究主要关注生态系统产生的正效应, 但仍有必要对农田产生的负效应做出评价, 以便客观看待农田生态系统价值, 正确认识农田生态系统对人类福利的影响。     

施肥和行距配置对糯玉米群体冠层内微环境及群体干物质积累量的影响

在田间试验条件下, 以糯玉米"凤糯6号"为试验材料, 研究了相同密度下, 不同施肥量(600 kg·hm^-2、750 kg·hm^-2、900 kg·hm^-2, 基肥、追肥等量)和不同行距配置(50 cm、60 cm、70 cm和80 cm)对糯玉米群体冠层内温度、光照强度、相对湿度、CO₂浓度、光温分布以及群体水分利用率、群体干物质积累和蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明: 糯玉米群体冠层内微环境除了受灌浆时期、一天中不同时间段影响, 还受行距和施肥量影响。行距70 cm时, 糯玉米群体冠层内平均温度最小; 行距为70 cm、施肥量600 kg·hm^-2时, 灌浆初期、中期和后期的光照强度都表现出最大值, 分别为236.2 μmol·m²·s^-1、275.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和285.4 μmol·m^-2·s^-1; 冠层相对湿度在行距70 cm、施肥量900 kg·hm^-2时最大, 在灌浆3个时期最高相对湿度分别比最低值高41.99%、33.98%和36.11%; 灌浆初期CO₂浓度最大值发生在行距80 cm、施肥量为600 kg·hm^-2时, 为362.4 mg·m^-3, 灌浆中期和后期最大值发生在行距70 cm、施肥量为600 kg·hm^-2时, 为363.4 mg·m^-3和385.7 mg·m^-3。在行距70 cm、施肥量为900 kg·hm^-2时, 灌浆3个时期水分利用效率最高, 分别比最低值高14.75%、15.18%、14.46%; 干物质积累量和生长率最大, 分别为5 066.4 kg·hm^-2和14.3 kg·hm^-2·d^-1、383.2 kg·hm^-2和15.3 kg·hm^-2·d^-1以及 13 213.4 kg·hm^-2和19.7 kg·hm^-2·d^-1。糯玉米蒸煮品质即感官品质、气味、风味、色泽、糯性、柔嫩性、皮厚薄等在行距70 cm、施肥量为900 kg·hm^-2时最佳。     

基于鱼类保护目标的椒江环境流量研究

以鱼类为保护目标, 通过建立概念模型将鱼类保护目标与流量之间的关系相联系, 识别了与椒江鱼类保护目标相关的环境流量组成要素。采用FLOWS 方法, 计算了椒江2 个断面的环境流量, 柏枝岙断面的低流量为6.8~17.3 m³·s^-1、高流量为22.2 m³·s^-1, 低流量脉冲为74 m³·s^-1, 高流量脉冲为110 m³·s^-1, 齐岸流量为948 m³·s^-1; 灵海断面的低流量为16.0~31.8 m³·s^-1, 高流量为46.0 m³·s^-1, 齐岸流量为2 488~3 184 m³·s^-1。并得出每组环境流量出现时间、持续时间和出现频率等的推荐结果。与Tennant 方法的计算结果比较, 采用FLOWS 计算方法能够反映环境流量的季节性变化特点, 同时体现了环境流量与自然流量过程的一致性。此研究结果可为椒江的水资源合理利用与河流生态系统保护提供理论依据。     

会稽山古香榧群农业文化遗产生态服务价值评价

会稽山区是香榧的原产地和主产地, 其千年古香榧群有着悠久的历史、深厚的文化、独特的价值和古老的嫁接技术, 是一种重要的农业文化遗产, 对其生态服务价值进行评价, 有助于人们进一步认识这一重要的农业文化遗产类型, 并针对性地开展保护工作。本文基于文献资料和调查资料, 采用生态系统评估方法, 从供给功能、调节功能、文化功能和支持功能4方面对会稽山区古香榧群的生态服务功能进行了综合评价。研究表明: 会稽山古香榧群提供的综合生态服务功能价值高达86.14万元·hm^-2·a^-1; 其中林副产品等供给功能价值为36.86万元·hm^-2·a ^-1, 土壤保持、水源涵养、气候调节、固碳释氧、净化环境等调节功能价值为20.78万元·hm^-2·a^-1, 遗产、旅游、人文、科研等文化功能价值为28.45万元·hm^-2·a^-1, 生境提供、养分循环等支持功能价值为489元·hm^-2·a^-1。会稽山古香榧群资源不仅具有经济价值, 是经济林和旅游的重要资源, 能够促进当地经济可持续发展; 还具有生态价值, 有利于水土保持、涵养水源、保护生物多样性等; 同时还具有承继香榧起源与香榧文化发展的文化价值, 将古香榧群资源作为农业文化遗产进行动态保护, 不仅有利于资源的保护与合理利用, 而且能够促进当地经济、环境与文化的协调发展。     

华北山前平原农田生态系统氮通量与调控

针对华北太行山前平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田, 研究农田常规施肥[400 kg(N)·hm^-2·a^-1]条件下作物氮素吸收与损失通量过程, 并根据各氮素输出通量特征开展管理调控。研究结果表明, 全年小麦-玉米轮作农田系统氮输入总量为561~580 kg(N)·hm^-2, 输出量468~494 kg(N)·hm^-2, 两季作物总盈余86~93 kg(N)·hm^-2, 其中有机氮为24~36 kg·hm^-2。氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失是该区域农田氮素损失的主要途径, 是氮肥利用率低的重要原因。平均每年因氨挥发而造成的肥料氮损失量为60 kg(N)·hm^-2, NO₃^--N 淋溶损失量为47~84kg(N)·hm^-2, 两者占施肥总量的30%。每年因硝化-反硝化过程造成的肥料损失很小, 仅为5.0~8.7 kg(N)·hm^-2。通过施肥后适时灌水、合理调控灌水时间与用量, 以及利用秸秆还田与肥料混合施用等管理措施可改善氮素的迁移和转化规律, 有效减少氨挥发和NO₃^--N 淋溶损失, 并结合缓/控释肥与精准施肥技术, 充分利用土壤本身矿质氮素, 可有效提高养分利用效率和作物产量, 改善农田生态环境与促进农业持续和谐发展。     

基于农户视角的农户灌溉区域差异及原因分析——以三工河流域为例

基于问卷调查, 运用数量统计和最小二乘估计, 分析新疆三工河流域不同区域农户灌溉差异, 并探讨差异性的原因。研究结果显示: (1)三工河流域从上游到下游节水滴灌面积比例和水价依次递增, 上、中、下游滴灌比例分别为3%、10%、28%, 水价为<0.075元·m^-3、0.069~0.075元·m^-3、0.13~0.35元·m^-3; 灌水量和农户水费负担依次减少, 灌水量为18 510 m³·hm^-2、12 810 m³·hm^-2、9 075 m³·hm^-2, 水费负担为18%、14%、12%; 种植结构由传统作物主导向经济作物主导发展, 种植结构趋于合理。(2)自然因素是导致农户灌溉差异的根源, 不同区域水资源多寡、土壤保水性、地块大小与破碎度的差异, 导致农户节水意识、节水设施选择意愿及政府调控措施的不同。(3)政府一方面通过调整水价增加农户灌溉压力, 减少农户用水量; 一方面通过提高渠系质量和激励农户采用节水设施提高水资源利用效益, 提升作物的灌水需求曲线。实证结果显示: 水价每上涨0.01元·m^-3, 灌水量就会减少484 m³·hm^-2; 采用滴灌技术, 灌水量减少1 617 m³·hm^-2; 改善渠系质量使土渠向水泥渠、板板渠发展, 灌水量减少736 m³·hm^-2。     

Temporal and spatial variability of the CH4 dynamics of landfill cover soils

Landfills are regarded as important sources of the atmospheric methane (CH₄), one of the major greenhouse gases. In this study we investigated the CH₄ dynamics of landfill cover soils in a long‐term field experiment. The CH₄ emission rates were low, mostly ranging from —100 to 100 μmol m^—2 h^—1, with prevailing negative values. Higher values of up to 130,000 μmol m^—2 h^—1, obtained concurrently, were due to mice burrows, connecting the reduced soil sections with the aerated ones. Thus, the appearance of spatial dissimilarity was the most important factor influencing temporal variability. Reducing the soil cover from 120 cm to at least 60 cm caused a tendency of increased CH₄ emission. The oxidation rates were also low and differed with low temporal variability from 1.0—11.9 nmol g^—1 h^—1 in 0—10 cm soil depth and 0—5.3 nmol g^—1 h^—1 in 40—50 cm, respectively. Highest rates were obtained at 25—30 % soil water content. A mapping of CH₄ concentrations over the whole landfill showed a large spatial variation with values of 3.1—343 nmol g^—1. Subsequent CH₄ emission rates were between —0.2 and 120,000 mmol m^—2 d^—1 and showed a positive correlation to the CH₄ concentrations (r = 0.993, P < 0.05). Thus, by a large scale mapping of CH₄ concentrations a low‐cost procedure is proposed to identify the hot spots of CH₄ release which should be treated with additional thick and well aerated cover soil materials.     

Laboratory methods for the estimation of infiltration rate of soil crusts in the Tabernas Desert badlands

Soil crusting is a crucial factor for runoff generation in the Tabernas Desert badlands; however, very few methods have been developed for the measurement of infiltration in crusts, which are often distributed on steep slopes where experimental devices are very difficult to install, making measurement difficult. We have used the trickle irrigation (TI) method and mini-disk infiltrometers (MDI) in the laboratory to measure steady infiltration rate under nearly saturated condition and tensions, respectively, in soil crust samples removed from the field. Steady infiltration rate under tensions were performed at three water pressure heads (h=−0.5, −2.0, and −6.0 cm).Steady infiltration rate of soil crusts in the Tabernas Desert badlands ranged from 21.3 to 30.7 mm h⁻¹ measured by TI method. Steady infiltration rate under tensions decreased with increasing tensions; it was 9.9–18.4 mm h⁻¹, 0.4–5.7 mm h⁻¹, and 0.2–3.3 mm h⁻¹ at −0.5-, −2.0-, and −6.0-cm pressure heads, respectively. Steady infiltration rate measured by TI method and that at a tension of 0.5 cm by the MDI is consistent with the results from the previous simulated rainfall studies in the same soil crust surfaces, suggesting that the TI and MDI methods may be potentially a useful lab measurement for approximating field infiltration rate.     

N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated,nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant

Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O₂ demand (BOD₅) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N₂O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N₂O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N₂O m^-2, h^-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1). During the N₂O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N₂O–N ha^-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N₂O–N m^-2, respectively, during the sampling periods.The N₂O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH ₄ ⁺ . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N₂O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha^-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N₂O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N₂O released. Increasing N₂O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (C_H2_O or BOD₅-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N₂O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N₂O which may be reduced to N₂ on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

基于三温模型和热红外遥感的不同大豆品种蒸腾特征研究

蒸腾耗水是水循环中重要的水分存在形式之一,是准确量化水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究碳水循环关系及节水农业有重要意义。本研究以大豆品种‘晋21’(J21)和‘Union’(C08)为研究对象,设置两种水分处理[当地经验灌水定额的75%(A0)和37.5%(A1)],基于三温模型(3TModel)和热红外遥感,定量研究不同品种和不同水分胁迫下的大豆蒸腾速率,揭示其时空特征差异,从而为抗旱节水大豆品种筛选提供参考。研究结果表明:1)不同处理下大豆的蒸腾速率日变化趋势与气温、太阳净辐射和冠层温度的基本一致,呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线,且于午间达到峰值,峰值为1.2～2.5mm·h~(-1);各处理的大豆冠层温度和蒸腾速率均呈现出明显的空间异质性。2)J21与C08大豆的冠层温度A0处理分别低于A1处理6.55K和5.91K,蒸腾速率A0处理高于A1处理0.28 mm·h~(-1)和0.29 mm·h~(-1);大豆蒸腾速率与灌水量呈正相关、与冠层温度呈负相关。3)在相同水分胁迫下,大豆冠层温度J21低于C08 1.83～2.47 K,蒸腾速率J21高于C08 0.13～0.14 mm·h~(-1)。本研究与传统方法相比,所需要的参数较少,避开了空气动力学阻抗等难获取的参数,对农田尺度更具有适宜性,更能揭示不同农田环境下作物的蒸腾时空异质性,在农业水分高效利用和节水品种筛选上有十分重要的科学意义。     

Composting and Value-Added Utilization of Manure From a Swine Finishing Facility

Swine manure and wood shavings used as a drying bed were removed from a High-Rise? hog facility following two production cycles. The manure was composted in aerated pilot-scale vessels for four weeks or a mechanically turned windrow for ten weeks. Total dry matter losses during the pilot-scale studies were 30 and 32.5 % for continuously and intermittently aerated systems, respectively. Compost from both systems was stable with emission rates of 0.07-0.11 mgCO₂ h^?1 g_vs^?1. Moisture, O₂, CO₂ and NH₃ use/losses during the process as well as chemical properties of the initial and composted manure are presented. Incorporation of the compost at a 5% amendment rate (v/v) into a standard pine bark container medium significantly (P = 0.05) increased growth of two woody plant species. Higher amendment rates were toxic to some plants due to high initial NH₄⁺ concentrations in the medium. The compost significantly (P=0.05) increased growth and suppressed Pythium root rot of poinsettia when incorporated at 10% (v/v) into a standard sphagnum peat mix. The compost can be utilized as a value-added disease-suppressive product in the ornamentals industry.     

Soil erosion caused by extreme rainfall events: mapping and quantification in agricultural plots from very detailed digital elevation models

This paper presents a method that can be used to quantify and map soil losses at field scale produced by extreme rainfall events. The amounts of sediment produced by overland flow and concentrated overland flow (inter-rill, rill and gully erosion) at the agricultural plot scale are evaluated from elevation differences computed from very high resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), from before and just after an extreme rainfall event. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques are used to analyse the multi-temporal spatial data. The research case study presented makes reference to a mechanised vineyard plot located in the Alt Penedès–Anoia region (Catalonia, Spain). The rainfall event, which occurred in June 2000, registered 215 mm, 205 mm of which fell in 2 h 15 min. The average intensity of the downpour was 91.8 mm h⁻¹, with a maximum intensity in 30-min periods of up to 170 mm h⁻¹. The erosivity index R reached a value of 11,756 MJ ha⁻² mm h⁻¹, 10 times greater than the annual value for this area. The volume of soil detached by the rainfall, as measured by the proposed method, was 828±19 m³. About 57% of those materials were deposited in other parts within the same plot. The balance was negative, with a total 352±36 m³ of soil loss from the plot, which represented a rate of 207±21 Mg ha⁻¹. The paper analyses the characteristics of the rainfall event in relation to historical data and discusses the proposed method for soil erosion mapping at plot scales in relation to other measurement methods.     

稻-油轮作农田油菜生长季土壤呼吸作用及其影响因素分析

本文以西南地区稻-油轮作农田为研究对象,于2009年11月—2010年4月油菜生长期间采用静态暗箱法进行了土壤呼吸速率的观测,通过选择植株生长处、株间及行间3个样点研究土壤呼吸速率的时间变化及空间异质性,综合分析了土壤温度、土壤湿度、根系生物量、土壤有机碳以及C/N对土壤呼吸作用的影响。结果表明,油菜季土壤呼吸速率的日变化为单峰型,最大值出现在下午15:00。土壤呼吸速率的季节变化显著,呈现为先降低后升高的变化趋势,最低值出现在2010年1月。在植株尺度上,土壤呼吸作用存在明显的空间异质性,较高的土壤呼吸速率通常出现在靠近油菜植株的地方,表现为:植株生长处(336.71 mg·m-2·h-1)>株间(248.48 mg·m-2·h-1)>行间(141.77 mg·m-2·h-1)。土壤呼吸作用中根呼吸作用所占比例的季节变化呈单峰型,表现为生长初期小于生长中期和后期。在整个油菜生长季,根呼吸对土壤呼吸的贡献为25.78%~72.61%,平均为51.03%。土壤呼吸速率受多个环境因子的影响,与地表温度呈显著指数关系,与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,与土壤微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳及颗粒有机碳存在显著或极显著正相关。     

Quality assessment of Pinus radiata production under sustainable nursery management based on compost tea

Pinus radiata is a highly valued conifer because of its timber production and its value as a reforestation plant. To increase production, nurseries currently use a nutritional method based on mineral fertilizers high in macronutrients. This produces individual trees which are unbalanced in size and more likely to suffer infections from phytopathogenic fungi. In this paper, the effect on plant and soil of applying an aerated compost tea (ACT) is compared to a conventional fertilizer. Biometric measures of pines, their nutrient and pigment concentrations, soil physical‐chemical parameters and microbial composition of the rhizosphere along with its enzymatic activity were analyzed. The results reveal that the physical‐chemical parameters of the soil are suitable for plant growth in all the treatments (pH 8, maximum EC of 0.07 dS m^?1 and +239 mV of E_h), and high phosphatase activity was detected in the peat fertilized with aerated compost tea. In addition, the microorganisms developed in peat with ACT showed greater Pseudomonas spp. and fungal diversity. Pines fertilized with compost tea showed greater radicular development, proportionate distribution, higher photosynthetic pigment and total potassium concentrations, a higher yield of PSII and a greater photosynthetic assimilation rate than conventionally fertilized and unfertilized pine plants. Therefore, ACT could be used in the production of forest plants without compromising their productivity.     

Mathematical Model of Lateral Oxygen Diffusion and Respiration of Roots for Estimating the Diffusion Coefficient and Affinity to Oxygen

We propose herein a mathematical model, for calculating the oxygen diffusion coefficient (D) and K _m value of a cell (M) based on oxygen concentration-respiration rate curve obtained under the condition that oxygen was supplied by lateral diffusion in roots. The model was deductively developed on the assumption that the roots were uniform and cylindrical and that the oxygen concentration and respiration rate were interdependent.

We estimated D and M from the oxygen concentration-respiration curves of rice (cv. Fujisaka 5) and wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) using this model. These values showed a certain range as follows. In rice, 0.003 cm² h^-1 ≤ D < 0.037 cm² h^-1, and 0.55 μmol mL^-1 ≤ M < 0.75 μmol mL^-1, in wheat, 0.016 cm² h^-1 ≤ D < 0.093 cm² h^-1, and 2.1 μmol mL^-1 ≤ M < 2.2 μmol mL^-1. By comparing the values, rice appeared to be more adapted to hypoxia than wheat, because rice had lower D and M values implying the existence of a safeguard mechanism and high affinity to oxygen. Higher oxygen uptake rate under hypoxia in rice was derived from the lower M value, which exceeded the low D.     

Organic Cultivation of Medicinal Plants: Influence of Composted Coir Pith on the Growth and Yield of Coleus forskohlii (willd.) Briq

Coleus forskohlii (willd.) Briq. is a native plant of India. The therapeutic properties of forskolin, the main diterpene constituent of this plant, contributed to the emergence of C. forskohlii as an important taxon in modern medicine. In the present study, composted coir pith (CCP) was used as an organic fertilizer and its effect on the growth, the primary metabolite, and secondary metabolite (forskolin) of C. forskohlii were studied. The CCP was amended to the soil in the plots at the rate of 5 t h^?1 (T1), 10 t h^?1 (T2), and 15 t h^?1 (T3). The control plots were left unamended. It was found that CCP increased the growth and development of C. forskohlii in fields amended with 15 t h^?1 (T3). The activity of the three prime soil enzymes, namely, urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase in the rhizosphere soil of C. forskohlii also increased with an increase in the quantum of CCP amended to the soil.