仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料的工艺研究

以米邦塔食用仙人掌为主要原料,配以黄瓜、猕猴桃为辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验,研究仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料的制备工艺与配方。确定原料适宜的热烫护色条件为:仙人掌:80℃温度下处理1 min;黄瓜:70℃温度下处理4 min;猕猴桃:70℃温度下处理20 s;仙人掌原汁澄清的工艺条件为:果胶酶用量150 mg/kg,pH 4~4.6,温度35℃,处理14 h;猕猴桃原汁澄清的工艺条件为:酶用量50 mg/kg,pH 4~4.6,温度35℃,处理4 h。复合果蔬汁的最佳配方为:仙人掌汁10%,黄瓜汁2.5%,猕猴桃汁7.5%,蔗糖6.5%,柠檬酸0.08%。采用此工艺与配方制得的仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料澄清透明,性状稳定,口感清凉,风味独特,营养丰富,具有一定的保健功能。     

食用仙人掌红枣复合饮料的研制

以食用仙人掌与红枣为原料,研制出复合饮料生产工艺。通过对仙人掌汁和红枣汁配比的单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验结果表明,食用仙人掌红枣复合饮料的最佳工艺配方为：仙人掌红枣复合汁的配比为5∶5,加糖量为4%,加柠檬酸量为0.03%,复合稳定剂加入量为羧甲基纤维素钠0.2%＋海藻酸钠0.3%,杀菌温度为100℃,杀菌时间为8～15min。     

核桃饮料加工工艺优化

以广西本地核桃为材料,采用单因素和正交试验对核桃饮料去皮、打浆、调配及稳定性等加工工艺条件进行研究。结果表明,最佳去皮工艺条件为:NaOH浓度0.4%,热烫温度90℃,热烫时间3 min;最优打浆方案为:料液比1∶20(g/g),打浆温度80℃,打浆时间6 min;最佳调配配方为:5%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末;最佳复合稳定剂添加量为:0.06%复配增稠剂(果胶∶CMC-Na∶黄原胶=4∶1∶0.8)+0.10%复配乳化剂(蔗糖脂肪酸酯∶单甘酯=3∶1)+0.15%微晶纤维素。在该工艺条件下生产的核桃饮料为乳白色,核桃风味浓郁,口感爽滑,稳定性良好。     

仙人掌罐头加工方法

食用仙人掌是越来越被人们所青睐的保健蔬菜,食用仙人掌罐头等食品更深受人们的喜爱,有着十分广阔的市场前景。现将仙人掌罐头的加工技术介绍如下。(1)选料选择新鲜可食仙人掌的嫩茎为原料,要求茎肉饱满,无虫蛀、虫斑,无霉烂变质。用清水洗干净,然后用镊子拔去刺,用小刀(应少带茎肉)把皮削掉,最后切成长3.5～4cm,宽1.5～2cm的长方块,要求切边平整。(2)热烫为去除仙人掌的粘液,将修整好的仙人掌块放入1%～2%的热食盐溶液中(预先烧开)热烫10～15min。事先往沸水中加入0.15%～0.3%铜叶绿酸钠进行护色,仙人掌煮到透明状态为好。(3)脱盐为脱去大…     

软包装仙人掌加工工艺

以仙人掌为原料,以油、调味料为辅料制成软包装仙人掌产品,对其柠檬酸含量、热烫时间、CaCl2含量、杀菌方式进行研究,采用3因素3水平正交试验研制出软包装仙人掌的（规格：150g）最佳杀菌工艺参数为3min-5min-4min／80℃。该产品呈浅绿色,口感软硬适中,具有仙人掌特有的草香味。     

仙人掌保健冰淇淋的研究

研究采用仙人掌原汁、海带、赤藓糖醇生产低热保健冰淇淋的工艺过程,确定最佳用量为仙人掌原汁8%～10%、海带粉0.2%和赤藓糖醇6%。该产品不仅营养价值高,风味独特,而且还具有一定的保健作用,既符合营养要求又健康美味。采用实验法确定仙人掌榨汁的最佳方法,采用感官评定法确定仙人掌的用量。     

和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺研究

以新疆和田玉枣为原料,研究和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料加工工艺,结果表明和田玉枣乳酸发酵饮料复合稳定剂最优组合为黄原胶0.08%、CMC-Na0.08%、PGA0.08%;复合甜味剂(蛋白糖与改良甜菊糖的比例为6∶4)添加量为0.2%;最佳均质条件为温度60℃、压力20MPa、均质2次;杀菌条件以85℃、10min为最佳。     

新型柚汁复合饮料的研制

以柚汁作为主要原料,与柑橘汁复配研制一种新型复合饮料,采用正交试验确定复合饮料的最佳风味配方。结果表明,柚汁复合饮料最佳配方为柚汁含量50%,柑橘汁含量10%,白砂糖含量8%,柠檬酸含量0.2%。     

金樱子保健饮料加工工艺的研究

以金樱子果实为原料,研究了金樱子饮料的加工工艺和产品配方。结果表明,以新鲜金樱子(在温度80℃下热处理5min,加入1倍水捣碎,所剩滤渣再加同质量的水热处理过滤)滤液作为原汁,按照原汁50%,蔗糖4%,蜂蜜4%,柠檬酸0.2%进行调配,罐装密封后,在温度85℃下杀菌10min,可制得风味独特、营养丰富的饮料。     

真空糖制雪莲果的工艺优化

以雪莲果块根为原料,研究了护色、热烫、硬化、糖浓度、果胶和柠檬酸的添加量、真空度、抽空时间、抽空温度、烘制温度等因素对果脯品质的影响。通过试验得到适宜的工艺条件为:柠檬酸护色液0.5%,热烫时间2 min,氯化钙硬化液0.3%,糖质量分数60%,果胶0.25%+柠檬酸0.2%,真空度0.06 MPa,抽空时间20 min,抽空温度60℃,并在60℃下烘制24 h。该工艺条件下制作的产品质量好。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.