不同来源番茄溃疡病菌致病力差异研究

采用打顶法接种、半选择性培养基再分离发病植株中的病原菌,以及特异性PCR验证方法,对来自3个国家9个不同地区的46株番茄溃疡病菌进行了致病性测定,以病情指数评价不同菌株的致病力。结果显示,分离自我国河北滦平县、内蒙古包头市等地的24株菌株的病情指数达到75以上,属于强致病力水平;11株菌株的病情指数为50~75,属于中等致病力;而9株菌株的病情指数为50以下,属于弱致病力;检测同时证实,有2株属于无致病力菌株。强致病力、中等致病力、弱致病力和无致病力菌株占供试菌株总数的比例分别为52.2%、23.9%、19.6%和4.3%,表明供试的46株番茄溃疡病菌存在不同程度的致病力差异。     

内生枯草芽孢杆菌B47菌株入侵番茄的途径及其定殖部位

番茄内生枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B47菌株对番茄青枯病有较好防治作用。本研究对该菌株入侵番茄的途径及其定殖部位进行检测。用浸种、浸根、淋根、注射、喷雾、针刺伤茎和针刺伤叶等方法将B47菌的抗链霉素突变菌株从不同部位接种到番茄植株上,一个月后进行接种菌回收,结果发现除喷雾接种法外,用其他方法接种B47菌的番茄植株体内都有B47菌株存在。说明该菌能通过番茄根、茎、叶的伤口入侵番茄植株。将B47菌株接种到番茄苗上,20d后切取茎段,经固定、脱水、渗透、包埋、聚合等处理后,进行半薄切片,光学显微镜检测,结果表明：B47菌株入侵番茄植株后主要定殖在维管束的导管中。     

水稻内生细菌的分离及其拮抗性与潜在致病性测定

从江苏省扬州、南通、常州和徐州等地水稻根、茎和种子分离获得内生细菌736个菌株,其中对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌、稻纹枯病菌和稻白叶枯病菌拮抗的菌株分别占20.7%、5.4%、3.1%和1.1%,且主要来自根和茎,并有24个和3个菌株分别对2种和3种病菌有拮抗活性。对稻瘟病菌和稻恶苗病菌拮抗的内生细菌转管培养20代后,多数菌株拮抗活性稳定,对其他两种病菌拮抗的菌株转管培养后则拮抗能力大都显著下降或丧失。经形态和生理生化鉴定,高拮抗菌株G87(对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌、稻白叶枯病菌拮抗)和J215(对稻瘟病菌、稻恶苗病菌拮抗)为枯草芽孢杆菌。针刺和剪叶接种试验表明,大多数水稻内生细菌不致病,少数(3.4%~4.8%)在人工接种条件下可有致病能力或潜在致病性。     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。     

江苏省水稻品种细菌性条斑病抗性评价与病原菌致病力分化

采用针刺接种法,在水稻孕穗期接种3个不同致病型的细菌性条斑病菌,鉴定134个不同类型的水稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗感性,并使用6个鉴别品种测定江苏徐淮地区82个细菌性条斑病菌的致病力.结果表明:粳稻品种对细菌性条斑病的抗性明显高于籼稻,常规稻和杂交稻对细菌性条斑病的抗性没有明显差异;根据病菌与鉴别品种的互作反应,将供试菌株区分为8个致病型,大多数菌株和鉴别品种表现为弱互作关系,少数菌株与鉴别品种存在强互作关系;第1致病型的菌株致病力强,6个鉴别品种均呈感病反应,并占供试菌株总数的40.2%.     

青花菜根肿病苗期抗性鉴定技术的建立

为建立快速、有效的青花菜根肿病苗期抗性鉴定技术,将芸薹根肿菌Plamodiophora brassicae Woron.人工接种于高感根肿病青花菜自交系90196,研究了接种菌液浓度、接种寄主苗龄、接种基质p H和接种方法等对人工接种鉴定效果的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,根肿病发病率及病情指数随着接种菌液浓度的升高而增大,接种菌液浓度为3×108CFU/m L时,发病率及病情指数分别为97.22%和86.11,可以反映寄主真实的抗性水平;接种寄主苗龄为2~6叶期均能使植株发病,但2~3叶期发病效果最佳;接种基质偏酸性(p H 5~6)有利于根肿病的发生;使用伤根灌菌法进行鉴定,青花菜根肿病发病率和病情指数均最高,分别为100.00%和88.10,优于蘸根法和浸芽法。用已知抗性水平的12个自交系和8个杂交种进行验证,鉴定结果表明该苗期抗性鉴定技术可客观反映供试材料的实际抗性水平。     

东北地区番茄细菌性溃疡病的发生和病原鉴定研究

 1988~1989年从北京市、辽宁和黑龙江省等地调查采集的患溃疡病的病株和病果上分离到17个细菌菌株,接种番茄幼苗、果实及叶片,均能产生典型的溃疡病症状,各菌株致病力无明显差异。各菌株经细菌染色反应,形态特征,培养性状,生理生化反应,血清学反应(ELISA法)及蛋白质凝聚丙烯酰胺胶电泳等鉴定,认为番茄溃疡病的病原细菌是:密执安棒杆菌密执安亚种(Clavibacter michiganense subsp.michiganense (Smith) Davies et al.)。试验表明病原细菌可经种子带菌传染,病残体和病土壤可能是初侵染菌源。抗病性测定45个番茄品种均属感病品种。寄主范围除番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、龙葵和心叶烟。     

湖南水稻主栽品种对水稻细菌性条斑病的抗性鉴定

2008年和2009年选用水稻细菌性条斑病菌3个致病力不同的菌株、采用针刺接种法对湖南省54个水稻主栽品种进行抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试品种对上述3个菌株的抗性存在明显差异。其中,对3个菌株均表现中抗以上水平的品种仅8个,占鉴定总数的14.8%,比例较低。对接种致病力最强菌株RSGD10后各水稻品种产生的病斑长度进行差异显著性分析,表明供试的水稻主栽品种间抗性存在显著差异。选用RSGD10喷雾接种上述品种,结果表明供试品种对条斑病的抗性差异也明显,其中,病级表现1级的品种9个,比例为16.7%。比较针刺和喷雾两种方法的抗性鉴定结果,两种方法对水稻品种抗性的鉴定结果基本一致,揭示水稻品种对条斑病的抗侵入和抗扩展呈显著相关。     

超量表达益母草种子抗菌蛋白提高番茄的抗病性

为了验证来自益母草Leonums japonicusHoutt种子的抗菌蛋白基因LjAMP1和LjAMP2对植物病害的广谱抗性,用根癌农杆菌Agrobacterium tumefaciens介导法,将其分别转入台湾圣女番茄品种。结果显示,利用黄萎病菌毒素浸泡番茄离体枝条,处理24h,空载转基因对照和非转基因再生植株枝条全部萎蔫,而LjAMP1和LjAMP2转基因番茄T0代枝条未出现萎蔫的株系比率分别为11.11%和6.25%;用离体叶片接种菌块,分别对T0代抗或耐黄萎病菌毒素的T1代株系接种早疫病菌,接种10天,空载转基因对照和非转基因再生植株的病情指数达到100,而LjAMP1和LjAMP2转基因番茄病情指数最低的株系分别为17.5和10.0,表明转基因番茄能同时提高对黄萎病菌毒素和早疫病的抗性;进而用叶盘法检测转基因植株对番茄青枯病菌的抑制作用,结果显示对真菌病害抗性强的转基因植株叶片对青枯病菌的抑菌圈更大。转基因番茄抗病鉴定结果表明,来自益母草种子的LjAMP1和LjAMP2基因对植物病害具有广谱抗性。     

根肿病菌侵染时期与浓度对寄主生长特性及抗性的影响

[目的]为探讨根肿病菌接种浓度与时期对寄主发病的交互作用及根肿病菌侵染后寄主的抗性响应.[方法]通过苗期盆栽试验,系统地研究了接种根肿病菌浓度(105、106、107、108 cfu/mL)及时期(0、10、20 d)对白菜发病率及防御酶活性的影响.[结果]发病率及病情指数与接种根肿病菌浓度呈正相关,108 cfu/mL为最佳侵染浓度,白菜幼苗出现第一片真叶后10 d接种侵染效果最佳.根肿病侵染后,根肿病发病程度与呼吸速率和气孔导度呈正相关,根系活力随病情指数先升高后降低,植株受根肿病侵染后光合作用降低,呼吸作用增强,植物生长受抑制;防御酶POD、PAL、PPO与发病率呈负相关,丙二醛含量与发病率呈正相关,植株抵抗病害能力降低.[结论]研究为根肿病的侵染和防控提供参考.     

Induction of the viable but nonculturable state in Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and in planta resuscitation of the cells on tomato seedlings

Bacterial canker of tomato is an economically important seedborne disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). Copper‐based bactericides and seed treatment with hydrochloric acid are commonly used for bacterial canker management. Recent studies have shown that some bacteria can enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, and fail to form colonies on microbiological agar media. Bacteria in the VBNC state can recover their culturability when returned to favourable conditions. This study reports the induction of the VBNC state in Cmm by CuSO₄ and low pH, and resuscitation of VBNC cells on tomato seedlings. Flow cytometry using the nucleic acid dyes SYTO 9 and propidium iodide, combined with agar plating, was used to assess VBNC cell counts. It was demonstrated that CuSO₄ and low pH induced the VBNC state in Cmm and the rate of induction increased with copper ion concentration and acidity. Pathogenicity tests showed that some of the VBNC cells induced by CuSO₄ retained their ability to colonize tomato seedlings but failed to produce typical bacterial canker symptoms by 2 months post‐inoculation. This was probably due to low levels of resuscitation of VBNC Cmm cells resulting in low levels of initial inoculum. This study has improved understanding of the VBNC state of Gram‐positive phytopathogenic bacteria. Most importantly, because copper‐based chemicals and low pH conditions are used for disease management, induction of the VBNC state and subsequent resuscitation of Cmm cells on tomato seedlings may limit pathogen detection by culture‐based assays yet present a risk for disease development in the field.     

A new selective medium for isolation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis from tomato plants and seed

A new selective and highly sensitive medium was developed for isolation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, from seed and latently infected plants. The new medium (BCT) proved to be superior to all published semiselective media for Cmm and is denoted as selective medium because of (i) its mean plating efficiency, amounting to ≤89% within 7 days for all 30 Cmm strains from different sources tested; (ii) the high selectivity, because accompanying bacterial species occurring on tomato plants and seed or bacteria obtained from culture collections were inhibited to an extent of 98 to 100%; and (iii) the remarkable detection sensitivity. Thus, 8 CFU of Cmm in field plant homogenates containing 12,750 CFU of accompanying saprophytes were detected on BCT. Under these extreme conditions, all of the published semiselective media (D2, KBT, D2ANX, SCM, mSCM, CMM1, mCNS, and EPPO) gave false-negative results. Either some media were rather toxic and Cmm growth was also inhibited or the other, less toxic media allowed growth of high numbers of saprophytes, so that Cmm growth was suppressed. Exclusively, BCT also supported growth of the closely related C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus, nebraskensis, and tessellarius. The new medium is recommended for Cmm detection in tomato seed, and in symptomless tomato plantlets, to improve disease control of bacterial canker of tomato.     

Studies on the colonization of axenically grown tomato plants by a GFP-tagged strain of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

In this study, colonization and disease development of axenically-grown tomato plants by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causative agent of bacterial wilt and canker, was investigated. For this, a spontaneous rifampicin resistant strain of Cmm was tagged with a marker that expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a stable way and which possessed a similar virulence to the parental strain. In vitro plants were drop-inoculated at the stem base and the population dynamics was determined by dilution pour-plating in a selective medium. At 3 h after inoculation, Cmm was already present in low densities in roots, stems and leaves. At 16 dpi, Cmm was found throughout the entire plant in high densities of ca. 10¹⁰ cfu g^?1. Symptoms developed in the in vitro plants typical for Cmm, such as canker, wilting and growth reduction. The presence of Cmm in vascular and parenchymatic tissue of in vitro tomato plants was confirmed by epifluorescence stereo- and confocal laser scanning microscopy. This study showed that in vitro tomato plants can be effectively used for detailed studies on interactions between Cmm and its host, in particular if a GFP-tagged strain of the pathogen is used.     

Colonization and movement of GFP-labeled Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis during tomato infection

The vascular pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is responsible for bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. Pathogenicity of this bacterium is dependent on plasmid-borne virulence factors and serine proteases located on the chromosomal chp/tomA pathogenicity island (PAI). In this study, colonization patterns and movement of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis during tomato infection was examined using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled strain. A plasmid expressing GFP in C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was constructed and found to be stable in planta for at least 1 month. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) of inoculated stems showed that the pathogen extensively colonizes the lumen of xylem vessels and preferentially attaches to spiral secondary wall thickening of the protoxylem. Acropetal movement of the wild-type strain C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382 (Cmm382) in tomato resulted in an extensive systemic colonization of the whole plant reaching the apical region after 15 days, whereas Cmm100 (lacking the plasmids pCM1 and pCM2) or Cmm27 (lacking the chp/tomA PAI) remained confined to the area surrounding of the inoculation site. Cmm382 formed biofilm-like structures composed of large bacterial aggregates on the interior of xylem walls as observed by CLSM and scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest that virulence factors located on the chp/tomA PAI or the plasmids are required for effective movement of the pathogen in tomato and for the formation of cellular aggregates.     

Effects of plant age on disease development and virulence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on tomato

The effect of plant age at the time of inoculation on the severity of bacterial wilt and canker disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) was examined in six greenhouse experiments. The period during which inoculations led to wilt and death of tomato plants was defined. This period, designated ‘window of vulnerability’, ranged from transplanting to the 17‐ to 18‐leaf stage. Plants inoculated after this period expressed disease symptoms but did not wilt or die. No significant changes in disease incidence were observed when leaves of different ages were inoculated. Yield accumulation was significantly reduced in plants inoculated within the window of vulnerability compared with those inoculated after this period. Expression of virulence genes, viz. celA, encoding a secreted cellulase, and the serine protease‐encoding pat‐1, chpC and ppaA, was induced during the early stages after inoculation in plants inoculated within the window of vulnerability. Differences in Cmm population between plants inoculated within and outside of this period were insignificant after the first week post‐inoculation, indicating that differences in disease severity, yield loss and expression of virulence determinants are not correlated with Cmm population level. Results suggest that implementation of precautionary measures during the window of vulnerability to avoid secondary spread of Cmm will have a season‐long effect on plant mortality and may minimize, or even prevent, yield losses.     

番茄溃疡病菌PCR快速检测技术

番茄溃疡病是一种严重危害番茄生产的细菌性病害，许多国家将其列为检疫性病害。利用ITS通用引物扩增了番茄溃疡病菌（Clavibacter michiganensis subsp．michiganensis）的ITS序列，并进行克隆测序。根据序列比较结果设计了引物BT1和BT2，该引物特异性好，能专一扩增出268bp电泳条带，而马铃薯环腐病菌等不同亚种、不同属的细菌及健康的番茄材料均无扩增条带。从接种但未显症番茄苗叶片及人工模拟染菌种子上提取总DNA，以此为模板均能稳定地扩增出特异性目的条带。该方法直接对种子或植株进行检测，不需进行病原菌分离培养，快速简便，适用于出入境检验检疫及种苗健康检测领域。     

Temperature at the early stages of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis infection affects bacterial canker development and virulence gene expression

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of bacterial canker and wilt, causes severe economic losses in tomato net‐houses and greenhouses worldwide. In this study, seedlings which were transplanted and inoculated monthly over 2 years wilted and died earlier in the spring (21–24°C) and autumn (18–23°C) than in the winter (15–18°C) and summer (28–31°C): T₅₀ (the time taken for 50% of the plants to wilt or die) was 2 and 3–4 months after inoculation, respectively. A highly significant correlation was found between the average temperatures during the first month after inoculation and T₅₀; the shortest T₅₀ mortality (70 days) was observed for an average temperature of 26°C. Expression of virulence genes (pat‐1, celA, chpC and ppaA) by Cmm was higher in plants inoculated in the spring than in those inoculated in the summer. In another set of experiments, seedlings were inoculated and maintained in controlled‐environment growth chambers for 2 weeks. Subsequently, they were transplanted and maintained in commercial‐type greenhouses for 4–5 months. The temperatures prevailing in the first 48 h after inoculation were found to affect Cmm population size and virulence gene expression and to have season‐long effects on bacterial canker development.     

The significance of guttation in the secondary spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato greenhouses

Bacterial canker, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), can spread in commercial tomato greenhouses causing epidemics. Results of greenhouse experiments with Cmm‐contaminated tools demonstrated disease spread for only a limited distance (<4 plants) from infected plants. However, touching symptomless infected plants bearing guttation droplets prior to touching nearby plants spread the pathogen over longer distances within rows (>22 plants). The pathogen was exuded in large numbers in the guttation fluid of infected plants; its presence in the guttation fluid was not influenced by the inoculation procedures, leaf age or the volume of the guttation droplets. Population size of Cmm and the incidence of leaflets with epiphytic bacteria were significantly higher in plants placed in a guttation‐induction chamber than in those kept in a growth chamber with high humidity, suggesting exudation through guttation contributed to the formation of epiphytic populations on leaflets. This new knowledge may provide a simple and environmentally friendly means for decreasing the spread of the disease by avoiding contact with plants during periods when they bear guttation droplets.