Strahlungsnutzung durch Bestände ölreicher Körnerfruchtarten — Winterraps, Öllein und Sonnenblume im Vergleich

Radiation use by oil seed crops — a comparison of winter rape, linseed and sunflower For the production of grain crops rich in oil, winter rape, linseed and sunflower are similarly suitable at many arable locations. We wanted to compare the extent to which radiation (PAR) is intercepted and utilized by the individual species for dry matter and yield production. For this purpose, a 2‐year field experiment comprising the factors genotype, N fertilization and soil tillage was conducted. For five phases of crop development, growth rates (CGR, RGR and NAR) and PAR utilization were calculated. At full ripeness, total dry matter, grain, oil and energy yields, the crop‐ and year‐specific PAR supply, its interception and utilization for dry matter production and the resulting energy binding were determined. Due to the different individual vegetation periods, the PAR supply of the crops differed. The crop assimilation areas also differed, with values for winter rape and sunflower higher than those for linseed. The yield productivity of winter rape and sunflower was also higher than that of linseed. N fertilization increased yield to different extents for the different crops. On average, winter rape and sunflower produced the same amounts of dry matter and energy yield. Due to a higher harvest index, sunflower had the highest grain yield, and because the oil concentration in grain was comparatively high sunflower produced the highest oil yield, too. Under cool and wet climate conditions, however, the productivity of sunflower is offset by a relatively high yield risk because of uncertain ripening. The highest PAR utilization by linseed did not compensate for its very short vegetation period in combination with the lowest PAR interception.     

BGA土壤调理剂在盐碱障碍型土壤上的应用效果研究

为了解决宁夏引黄灌区土壤盐碱障碍问题,提高盐碱障碍型土壤质量,增强土地生产力,通过田间试验,研究了BGA土壤调理剂对盐碱障碍型土壤理化性质及作物生长发育的影响,评价了BGA土壤调理剂的施用效果。结果表明：与不施肥相比,施用BGA土壤调理剂改善了盐碱障碍型土壤理化性质,促进了油葵、水稻及枸杞的生长发育,显著提高了3种作物产量,改善了油葵、水稻的品质;与配方施肥相比,施用BGA土壤调理剂改善了盐碱障碍型土壤理化性质,促进了油葵、水稻的生长发育,显著提高了3种作物产量,改善了油葵的品质。如果能够有效降低BGA土壤调理剂生产成本并配合化肥合理施用,BGA土壤调理剂改良盐碱障碍型土壤是可行的,值得进一步研究应用。     

Crop Rotation to Improve Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan Africa

A three years' trial was conducted in a farmers' field in northern Ghana to evaluate the effect of sole crops (cotton, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower) planted once or twice on yield of the staple foods of the region, maize and sorghum. Sole cropping for only one year already resulted in significant yield increases for maize and partly for sorghum compared to the conventional cropping of mixed stands of maize–sorghum or maize–groundnut and natural fallow. Lowest yield of maize and sorghum was obtained where these cereals followed maize–sorghum (monoculture). Intercropping of maize with groundnut led to subsequent maize and sorghum yields which were similar to those obtained after maize–sorghum. After growing legumes and sunflower for one year the grain and straw yield of maize and sorghum was significantly higher in the two consecutive years than after cereal (maize–sorghum) monoculture. In this trial maize and sorghum were found to be not as tolerant to the disadvantages of monoculture or preceding cereals–legumes mixture. The results suggest that continuous intercropping with cereals under the given conditions has negative effects on soil fertility and can lead to an increase in soil-borne pests and troublesome weeds like Striga comparable to monocropped cereals.     

降解地膜覆盖对土壤环境和旱地向日葵生长发育的影响

为了减轻农田白色污染,提高旱作区农作物温度和水分利用效率,在阴山北麓进行了地膜覆盖模拟试验。研究不同覆膜处理对土壤温度、水分和旱地向日葵生长发育的影响。结果表明：覆膜处理较露地处理地温平均提高了3℃左右,日本降解膜增温作用最为明显。2009年与2010年,日本降解膜处理的向日葵水分利用效率分别为8.19、7.23 kg/(hm2?mm),表现均高于其他试验处理。从生长发育结果来看,日本膜处理的向日葵生育期较露地处理和广东膜处理有所提前,籽实产量等性状指标值与普通地膜无显著差异,但均显著高于露地处理。从地膜降解结果来看,广东膜裂解早,增温保墒作用不足;日本膜约90天分解为碎块,此时向日葵已渡过低温期,日本膜增温保墒作用良好,对向日葵增产作用显著,同时生态环保,适宜在该干旱半干旱地区推广。     

Root-mediated Allelopathic Interference of Nettle-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale) on Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was conducted to determine the potential and nature of root‐mediated allelopathic interference of Chenopodium murale on wheat. Early growth of wheat reduced significantly in agar medium where C. murale seedlings were previously growing as well as in rhizosphere soil of C. murale. The reduction in wheat growth was due to the presence of inhibitory metabolites released by roots of C. murale in the growth media. Even the soil incorporation of root residues also reduced the wheat growth in terms of seedling length and seedling dry weight. Only a partial amelioration in growth inhibition occurred upon charcoal supplementation or nitrogen fertilization in these amended soils. Root residues did not reduce the available nutrients in the soil, which was rather nutrient rich. These results indicated the definite role of allelopathy of C. murale roots in retarding wheat growth. Root amended soils contained significantly higher amount of phytotoxic phenolics as the putative allelochemicals, which were ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p‐coumaric acid and benzoic acid. The study concluded that C. murale roots and their exudates exerted allelopathic effects on wheat by releasing water‐soluble phenolic acids as putative allelochemicals in soil.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

麦秸直接还田对作物产量及培肥土壤效应分析

为了进一步研究麦秸直接还田对作物产量的影响及培肥土壤效应,寻求适合本区特点的培肥增产模式,进行单施化肥、麦秸还田不施化肥和麦秸还田加施一定量化肥与对照（无麦秸还田、不施肥）进行对比试验。结果表明：麦秸直接还田对后茬作物产量增产效果显著（P＜0.05）,麦秸还田加施化肥比单一进行麦秸还田对后茬作物产量增产效果极显著（P＜0.01）,施化肥配施麦秸还田比单施化肥对后茬作物产量增产效果也显著（P＜0.05）;麦秸直接还田对土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾有不同程度地增加。同时,麦秸直接还田有利于降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度和透水速率,提高土壤微生物和土壤酶活性。麦秸还田加施一定量化肥应大力推广。     

阴山北麓旱作区垄沟集雨种植增产机理研究

为改善旱作农田水分状况,提高作物水分利用效率(WUE),达到高产稳产的目的,在内蒙古阴山北麓地区对垄沟集雨栽培措施下食用向日葵和马铃薯的土壤水热及作物生长状况进行了研究。结果表明：马铃薯试验不同处理距地表10 cm地温变化基本上在整个生育期一直表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作;向日葵试验在6月中旬前不同处理距地表10 cm地温表现为：垄膜沟植>垄作>起垄沟植>平作,而到6月下旬至8月上旬起垄沟植处理温度高于垄作,表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作,8月中旬至9月上旬起垄沟植温度最高,表现为：起垄沟植>垄膜沟植>垄作>平作,9月中下旬又表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作。整个生育期,向日葵采用垄膜沟植、垄作和起垄沟植较平作积温分别增加了162.6℃?d、35.8℃?d和80.6℃?d,而马铃薯分别增加了228.7℃?d、48.6℃?d和58.7℃?d。不同作物叶面积指数呈现先增加后降低趋势,向日葵叶面积指数最高值出现在播种后100天左右,马铃薯出现在播种后90天左右,整个生育期向日葵叶面积指数大小顺序基本表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作,而马铃薯在播种后90天之前,叶面积指数大小顺序基本表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>平作>垄作,之后垄膜沟植叶面积指数下降明显,在收获前15天左右不同处理叶面积指数大小顺序基本表现为：起垄沟植>垄作>平作>垄膜沟植。向日葵和马铃薯增产趋势表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作。向日葵和马铃薯生育期耗水量均表现为：垄膜沟植<起垄沟植<垄作<平作,WUE变化趋势相同,均表现为：垄膜沟植>起垄沟植>垄作>平作。     

Foliar Application of Glycinebetaine and Salicylic Acid Improves Growth,Yield and Water Productivity of Hybrid Sunflower Planted by Different Sowing Methods

Improved planting methods and foliar application of glycinebetaine (GB) and salicylic acid (SA) can improve the water productivity in field crops under limited water supply conditions. A 2‐year field study was conducted to evaluate the possible role of different planting methods and foliar applications of GB and SA in improving the yield, quality and water productivity of hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The crop was planted by flat sowing (75 cm spaced rows) and ridge sowing (75 cm spaced ridges), with GB and SA applied exogenously at 100 and 0.724 mm , respectively, at both budding and flowering stages, while control plots received distilled water. Ridge sowing, rather than flat sowing, improved the biological yield, oil yield, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, water‐use efficiency and final achene yield during both the years. Foliar applications of GB and SA at both the stages improved the achene yield, although foliar application of GB at flowering was the most effective. Neither the planting methods nor the foliar application of GB and SA altered the achene oil contents during both the years. Foliar application of GB and SA increased the free proline content of the leaf and GB contents at flowering but reduced the achene protein contents, whereas planting method had no effect on these attributes across the years. Of the foliar applied chemicals, GB was more effective in improving sunflower growth and yield and water productivity than SA. To conclude, ridge sowing coupled with foliar application of GB at flowering stage could be beneficial for achieving maximum yields of hybrid sunflower under relatively water limited conditions in the field.     

Phytotoxic Interference of Ageratum conyzoides with Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of Ageratum conyzoides, a weed of cultivated areas, to the growth and establishment of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The lengths of the radicle and coleoptile and the seedling dry weight of wheat were significantly reduced when wheat was grown in field soil previously infested with A. conyzoides, compared to control soil collected from an area devoid of this weed. Even extracts prepared from A. conyzoides soil were inhibitory, indicating the presence of some water‐soluble phytotoxins in the soil. To determine the possible contribution of the weed in releasing these phytotoxins, growth studies involving leaf residues and their extracts and amended soils (prepared by incorporating leaf residues and residue extracts) were also performed on wheat. With all treatments, an inhibitory effect of A. conyzoides was found, compared to respective controls. A significant amount of water‐soluble phytotoxins (the phenolics) was found to be present in the soil infested with A. conyzoides, leaf residues and the amended soils. The amount of phenolics correlated well with growth performance in the respective treatments. This study establishes the phytotoxicity of leaf residues of A. conyzoides to wheat through the release of phenolics into the soil, which may serve as possible tools in establishing its allelopathy.     

Growth and Yields of Intercropped Sorghum and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Semi-arid Nigeria

Effect of five planting patterns on the growth, yield and yield components of intercropped sunflower and sorghum was studied during 1989–90 planting seasons at University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Generally, intercropping depressed the performance of sorghum more than sunflower. Sorghum plants grown in alternate hills with sunflower had the shortest stems, the least dry matter and total seed yields per hectare, while the highest dry matter and seed yields were obtained from sorghum planted in five alternating rows with sunflower. Similarly, in sunflower, plants grown in five alternating rows with sorghum had the highest yields compared with other planting patterns, but there were no significant differences in the dry matter and total seed yields of sorghum and sunflower intercropped in three and five alternating rows. Light transmission, leaf area index and yields of both crops followed similar trends under the various planting patterns. Interplanting in five alternating rows that allowed the highest leaf area also allowed the lowest light transmission and produced the highest yields. Land use efficiency was highly improved under three and five rows interplanting by 52 and 74 % respectively.     

Die Ertragsentwicklung von Wintergetreide und Zuckerrüben bei dauerhafter Senkung des N-Düngungsniveaus

Effects of Long-term Fertilizer N Reduction on Winter Grain and Sugar Beet Yields
The results of recent field experiments concerning the effect of long-term N-reduction on the yield and quality of sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley on plots which had previously had received ample amounts of N are studied in this paper.
The yield and quality of crops harvested on plots where N-dressings had been reduced for 6–8 years were similar to those of crops grown on plots where N-application had been reduced for only 1 year. Grain yield of winter wheat and winter barley grown without any N-application decreased to about 60 % of amounts normally harvested under local conditions with recommended N dressings, whereas the white sugar yield still remained at 90 %. The yields decreased slightly with an increase in the duration of the experiments. Yields of both cereals and beets remained constant within each level of fertilization, even 6 years after inition of trials with 50, 75 and 125 % of locally recommended N dressings.
On plots that did not receive nitrogen fertilization, N-contents of grain were between 1.5 and 1.7 % for winter wheat and 1.0 and 1.6 % N for winter barley. These contents remained constant over a trial period of 6 years. The amount of annual export of 55–91 kg N/ha also remained constant. Limited N availability causes a decrease in grain protein content rather than in grain yield.
Compared to winter grain species, sugar beet (with 74–117 kg N/ha in the beet body) could realize the highest annual export of nitrogen from the plot. Differences in annual N export existing between the various locations of the plots cannot be explained by differences in soil quality. Continuous high yields that were found even without any N-dressings may be explained by asymbiotic N-fixation, deposition of atmospheric N and a progressive decrease in soil N with 17–56 kg N/ha removed from soil resources annually.     

Broomrape Control in a Cropping System Containing Bidi Tobacco

Orobanche cernua Loefl. is a serious problem in tobacco growing in India. Including a trap crop in the rotation may help to reduce the problem. Two field experiments at die Agricultural Research Station, Nipani were conducted during 1993–94 and 1994–95 to identify potential trap crops for utilization in a cropping system with bidi tobacco. Trip crops reduced the population of broomrape; especially sunhemp and greengram proved to be effective. Broomrape reduced economic yield of tobacco by 42 % in the fallow treatment but was much less detrimental in the treatments with a trap crop. There was a close negative correlation between above-ground crop yield and the broomrape yield; broomrapes reduced the yields of their hosts much more than they invested in their own above-pound pans. Trap crops also had a positive effect on tobacco yield by other mechanisms than above-ground broomrape control, because yield increases were also observed on apparently non-infested plants. There was no systematic difference between the leguminous trap crops and the non-leguminous ones.
Sunhemp and greengram are promising trap crops in a cropping system containing bidi tobacco in the areas where tobacco is grown in a long growing season during the late kharif/rabi seasons.     

How does the harvest index affect water‐use efficiency and nutrient‐utilization efficiency of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)?

Besides oilseed rape and soybean, sunflower is one of the most important annual oilcrops. Apart from seed yield, which is the most important trait in many crops, oil yield is of utmost interest for sunflower breeders and farmers. Compared to the seed yield of sunflowers, their total biomass is often very high, and it is of great agronomic interest to increase the ratio of both parameters, which is defined as harvest index. With an increase in harvest index, improvements of resource‐use efficiencies can be expected. To generate an adequate seed yield, water and nutrients are key factors and their efficient use becomes increasingly important under conditions of aridity and higher production goals. A pot experiment was conducted in summer 2017 to determine differences in harvest index of various sunflower genotypes which could have an influence on the use efficiencies of water and nutrients (N, P, K). In total, 25 genotypes of different origin and with various morphological traits were investigated under optimal growth conditions. The harvest index varied from 29% to 47% and showed significant differences among some genotypes. The harvest index was less affected by the total biomass of the plants but more by the seed yield. The seed yield itself was mainly determined by the single seed weight rather than by the number of seeds. The experiment also confirmed significant positive correlations between harvest indices and all use efficiencies. Genotypes with high harvest indices were characterized by high oil concentrations in the seeds and particularly by high oil yields. In conclusion, cultivation of sunflower genotypes with high harvest indices most likely results in high water‐use efficiency and high nutrient‐utilization efficiencies as well as in high oil yields.     

向日葵霜霉病发生规律及防治研究

向日葵霜霉病是山西省植物检疫对象.1986年在忻州地区首次发现.主要分布在忻定盆地向日葵春、夏播混种区.带菌种子、病株残体和病田土是该病的初侵染来源.春播向日葵发病较轻,但其病株产生的孢子囊可成为夏播向日葵的再侵染菌源.在夏播后多雨高湿的年份,向日葵幼苗再侵染很严重,发病率高达80%以上.播种晚,连作或相邻种植病害加重.当前生产用品种均不抗病,己筛选出5个高抗油用型杂交种可供生产试种.用瑞毒霉拌种,防治效果可达94%以上.     

Effect of Weed Removal on Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) in a Mediterranean Environment

Three field experiments were conducted on chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) and four on lentil ( Lens culinaris Med.) at different winter-sown rainfed locations in Jordan from 1988/89 to 1990/91 to study the effect of the duration of weed-free and weed-infested conditions on yields and yield components of the crops. Chickpea seed yields were reduced on average by 81 % and straw yields by 63 % when fields remained weed infested until harvest compared with weed-free conditions throughout the growing season. The corresponding lentil seed and straw yield decreases were 63 % and 55 %. As the duration of weed-free period increased and the duration of weed-infested period decreased, yields increased. However, the critical period of weed interference was between 35 and 49 days after emergence in chickpea and between 49 and 56 days after emergence in lentil, when these crops were at an advanced stage of vegetative growth. There were significant negative correlations between the weed dry weight and the seed or straw yields. The reduction in seed yields in both crops because of weed interference occurred mainly through the reduced number of pods /plant, which in turn was partly the result of reduced number of secondary branches. In chickpea, some reduction also occurred through reduced 100-seed weight.     

Grain yield and quality: does there have to be a trade-off?

The effect of agronomic practices and cultivars on grain yield, grain protein and small grain sievings was examined in field experiments over four years in the winter rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia. Rotation with legume crops and pastures was the main factor responsible for increasing grain protein percent. Grain proteins were increased by 4-5% for crops grown in good legume pasture rotations compared to continuous wheat rotations, but only by 1-2% by factors such as delayed sowing time, applied nitrogen, cultivar or grass weed control. In legume based rotations, wheat crops sown at their highest yielding times produced proteins in the appropriate ranges for premium paying grades. Applying N fertilisers up to the optimum rates for yield did not result in proteins below the levels required for premium paying grades, except for hard wheats at >11.5% grain protein. Legume rotations and appropriate soil types were required for hard wheats to exceed 11.5% at economic N rates. The yield penalty often associated with high quality cultivars has been reduced or eliminated in the modern cultivars used in the experiments. Some longer season cultivars only produced grain proteins >10% if sown after their optimum time for yield, but sowing at optimum time reduced the probability of producing small grain sievings. Some cultivars were more susceptible than others to producing excessive sievings, especially those with inherently smaller than average seed size. Seed rates up to the optimum for grain yield did not result in excessive small grain sievings except where the site was highly fertile, where the crop was sown too late for optimum yield or where too much N fertiliser was used. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Drought stress in sunflower causes inhibition of seed filling due to reduced cell-extension growth

Cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as one of the most important oil crops is of great importance, especially with focus on drought tolerance under the current climate change. Less precipitation and increasing temperatures lead to more regions with drought problems. In a container experiment, with two different sunflower cultivars, drought stress of 40% water-holding capacity was applied at the seed-filling phase and compared to a control group with regular irrigation to 70% water-holding capacity. Four intermediate harvests during the seed-filling phase and a final harvest at maturity were conducted. During the seed-filling phase, sugar and α-amino-acid concentrations of seeds were not reduced by drought stress. Thus, assimilate availability was sufficient, pointing to no source limitation of seed development. The DNA content of the seeds was also not affected and pointed to no limitation of cell division. However, 40 days after flowering a reduction of cell extension was found. Consequently, a sink limitation occurred under drought stress. At final harvest, seed yield was significantly reduced under drought stress due to a lower single seed weight, whereas seed number per plant was unaffected. Oil concentration was not reduced by drought stress. Thus, oil synthesis did not limit oil yield. Consequently, a reduced oil yield under drought stress during the seed-filling phase was caused by a lower seed weight, which resulted from a decreased cell extension.     

内蒙古河套灌区主要作物气象产量的风险分析

为弄清作物产量面临的风险水平,通过分析内蒙古河套灌区1953—2011年间12个旗县（市、区）的粮食、小麦、玉米和向日葵的产量资料,利用5年直线滑动平均模型分离实际产量,计算了气象产量的变异系数、年平均减产率、风险概率和综合风险指数等指标,对该区域作物产量灾害风险进行研究。结果表明：河套灌区粮食单产的4种风险指数总体小于小麦、玉米和向日葵的,以向日葵的最大,小麦和玉米的风险指数介于粮食和向日葵的风险指数;地区间以准格尔旗的几种单产的风险要高于其他地区;4种风险指数的最小值,在不同作物上没有明显区域特点。从减产风险概率看,河套灌区作物增产的地区多于减产地区的概率略高一些。     

Effect of Drought Stress on Yield and Quality of Maize/Sunflower and Maize/Sorghum Intercrops for Biogas Production

Intercropping represents an alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture to provide substrate for agricultural biogas production. Maize was intercropped with either sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) or forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to determine the effect of seasonal water supply on yield and quality of the above‐ground biomass as a fermentation substrate. The two intercrop partners were grown in alternating double rows at plant available soil water levels of 60–80 %, 40–50 % and 15–30 % under a foil tunnel during the years 2006 and 2007 at Braunschweig, Germany. Although the intercrop dry matter yields in each year increased with increasing soil moisture, the partner crops responded quite differently. While maize produced significantly greater biomass under high rather than low water supply in each year, forage sorghum exhibited a significant yield response only in 2006, and sunflower in none of the 2 years. Despite greatly different soil moisture contents, the contribution of sorghum to the intercrop dry matter yield was similar, averaging 43 % in 2006 and 40 % in 2007. Under conditions of moderate and no drought stress, sunflower had a dry matter yield proportion of roughly one‐third in both years. In the severe drought treatment, however, sunflower contributed 37 % in 2006 and 54 % in 2007 to the total intercrop dry matter yield. The comparatively good performance of sunflower under conditions of low water supply is attributable to a fast early growth, which allows this crop to exploit the residual winter soil moisture. While the calculated methane‐producing potential of the maize/sorghum intercrop was not affected by the level of water supply, the maize/sunflower intercrop in 2006 had a higher theoretically attainable specific methane yield under low and medium than under high water supply. Nevertheless, the effect of water regime on substrate composition within the intercrops was small in comparison with the large differences between the intercrops.