多介质地下渗滤系统脱氮影响因素及强化措施

与传统的污水处理工艺相比,地下渗滤在处理分散污水中具有天然的优势,因此逐渐受到了广泛关注与深入研究。地下渗滤对COD和TP的去除率较高,但较低的脱氮率有待加强。笔者通过详细介绍地下渗滤系统氧化还原电位、碳源、运行工况、外部环境等影响脱氮因素,系统地总结了地下渗滤强化脱氮的措施,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。通过对影响因素进行权重排序,多种强化措施和作用联合应用,提升微生物功效等方法强化氮的去除率,旨在丰富系统除氮的理论内涵,拓展地下渗滤的应用空间。     

高寒地区土地渗滤技术处理生活污水的研究

为解决高寒地区农牧民定居点生活污水处理存在水质浓度低、运行费用高和无专业运营管理人员等问题,笔者拟采用土地渗滤系统进行高寒地区农牧民定居点生活污水处理试验,分析不同条件时的去除效率,确定最佳工艺运行参数。试验结果表明,高寒地区地下渗滤系统最佳工艺参数：填料配比为1:2,表层土厚度为15 cm,水力负荷为7 cm/d。地下渗滤系统对生活污水中的污染物具有较好的去除效率,出水能够达到城镇污水排放一级A标准。     

油菜秸秆水提液对烤烟种子萌发的影响

研究了0 ～40 g/L浓度范围内的油菜秸秆水提夜对烤烟种子萌发以及萌发后幼苗根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,油菜秸秆水提液具有抑制烤烟种子萌发的作用,抑制作用随浓度的增高而增大,随处理时间的延长而减小;烤烟种子的活力指数均高于对照,但呈先升高后降低的趋势;烤烟种子萌发后根系活力、SOD、POD和CAT活力都呈先升高后降低的趋势.     

秸秆全量还田下土壤氮素特征对耕作措施的响应

为揭示北疆地区秸秆全量还田下不同耕作措施对土壤氮素特征的影响,进而筛选出适宜北疆复播大豆资源高效利用的耕作措施。于2019年进行了复播大豆田间试验,在冬小麦收获后秸秆全量还田条件下,设置了翻耕（TS）、翻耕覆膜（TPS）和免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）3种耕作措施处理,研究不同耕作措施对复播大豆土壤铵态氮、硝态氮及氨挥发的影响。结果表明,复播大豆花期施肥后,土壤氨挥发速率和积累量表现为TPS>TS>NTS;不同耕作措施下土层0~20cm硝态氮和铵态氮含量差异显著,0~20cm耕层TPS和TS处理土壤硝态氮含量分别较NTS处理高17.12%和18.45%,铵态氮含量分别高82.76%和4.66%。综合考虑认为,秸秆全量还田下,北疆复播大豆适宜的耕作方式为翻耕覆膜。     

玉米、小麦秸秆水浸提液对蔬菜种子的化感作用

以黄瓜、生菜、茄子种子为受试材料,采用室内生物测定方法研究了玉米、小麦秸秆水浸提液的化感作用.结果表明,作物秸秆对蔬菜种子的影响有抑制、促进、促进/抑制双重作用和无显著作用等多种形式.玉米水浸提液对黄瓜种子活力指数、幼苗根长和鲜质量显著抑制,对苗高和干质量表现低浓度促进高浓度抑制;对生菜、茄子种子的发芽和根系生长显著抑制,对苗高和鲜质量均表现促进/抑制双重作用.小麦秸秆水浸提液对黄瓜苗高、鲜质量表现促进作用;对生菜种子活力指数和幼苗根长具有显著抑制作用,对其苗高和鲜质量均表现促进/抑制双重作用;对茄子发芽率显著抑制作用,对其根长、苗高和鲜质量均表现双重作用.根据化感敏感指数,玉米秸秆水浸提液对受体蔬菜的化感作用强于小麦;生菜对秸秆浸提液最敏感,茄子次之,黄瓜最不敏感.     

菜籽饼中植酸粗提液的体外抗氧化能力初探

研究了3种不同溶剂体系提取菜籽饼中植酸粗提液的体外抗氧化性能力。通过Fenton反应体系产生羟自由基(.OH),由连苯三酚在碱性溶液中自氧化反应产生超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.);用分光光度法检测3种植酸粗提液的还原能力及对.OH、O2-.和DPPH.的清除作用。结果表明,3种溶剂提取得到的植酸粗提液都具有还原能力;对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基也有一定的清除能力。     

氧化还原电位法在线测定果蔬消毒用臭氧化水研究进展

采用臭氧化水对果蔬进行消毒保鲜是一种安全有效的方法,而适宜的臭氧浓度是保障消毒可靠性和使用经济性的基础。本文在简要介绍臭氧化水在果蔬消毒和去除农药残留的应用及其主要测定方法的基础上,重点综述了氧化还原电位(ORP)法在线测定果蔬消毒用臭氧化水的研究及应用情况,说明ORP法是一种经济实用的测定果蔬消毒用臭氧化水浓度的方法。     

烤烟水提液对人参种子萌发的影响

为了解烤烟水提液对人参种子萌发的影响,利用培养皿培养法设置7个浓度烤烟水提液处理对人参裂口种子进行培养,研究不同烤烟处理对人参种子萌发速率、胚根长度、子叶发生率以及体内生理响应(MDA、SOD和可溶性糖含量)、霉菌数量及胚根腐烂数的影响.烤烟水提液浓度分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 g/100 mL.结果表明:在不做任何处理时人参种子萌发呈现逐渐增加的趋势;当不同浓度烤烟水提液处理时,人参胚根生长呈现逐渐下降趋势,当烤烟水提液浓度为1.0 g/100 mL时,胚根长度最短,为13.56 mm,与对照呈显著差异水平(p＜0.0.5).烤烟水提液对子叶发生呈现低浓度促进高浓度抑制效应,0.4 g/100 mL处理时子叶数形成率最高,为34.44％;烤烟水提液浓度增加给人参种子萌发形成逆境条件,体内SOD酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,0.4 g/100 mL时活性最高,为0.040 U/g,MDA和可溶性糖含量均呈现逐渐升高趋势,1.0 g/100 mL处理时达最大,分别为0.011μmol/g和0.026 mmol/g;烤烟水提液促进人参种子霉菌的发生和胚根的腐烂,且随着烤烟水提液浓度增大而增多.烤烟水提液对人参种子萌发具有抑制作用.     

银耳热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺优化的研究

【研究目的】优化银耳热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺。【方法】以银耳的收缩率、复水比、感官质量以及单位能耗为评价指标,研究热风温度、转换水分含量及微波强度等因素对银耳品质以及干燥能耗的影响;并将较佳的热风-微波真空联合干燥工艺与热风干燥以及微波真空干燥进行比较。【结果】采用前期热风温度70℃,转换水分含量30%,后期微波强度5 W/g的干燥工艺参数,可获得品质较佳的银耳干品,且单位能耗最低,接近于微波真空干燥所需能耗。【结论】热风-微波真空联合干燥可极大地改善银耳干品品质及降低干燥能耗;优化后的工艺参数可为银耳热风-微波真空联合干燥技术的工业化应用提供理论依据。     

华北平原秸秆还田生态效应研究进展

华北平原是我国的重要粮食产地,有着丰富的秸秆资源和较高的秸秆还田率。合理的秸秆还田可以有效改善土壤质量、促进作物生长以及提高土壤固碳减排能力,但也会带来出苗率下降、病虫草害发生几率加大等风险,从而引起作物产量降低的负面效应。如何通过调整秸秆还田量、还田方式以及配合农艺措施等缓解秸秆还田带来的不利影响是亟待解决的问题。关于华北平原秸秆还田生态效应的研究应重点关注华北平原秸秆还田的负面效应产生原因及相应的解决措施、秸秆还田对农田系统增温潜势的影响,以及秸秆还田的长期效应与可持续性等方面。     

3D FEM Analysis of Subgrade Soil Movement and Deformation Caused by Extra Shallow Underground Pipe Jacking

Pavement structures will be damaged by subgrade soil movement around the pipes introduced by extra shallow underground pipe jacking. Soil layer deformation with shallow deposits on pipes during extra shallow underground pipe jacking is analyzed using 3D FEM. The effects on pavement deformation created by the friction between shield and soil, injection slurry, jacking forces and the vehicle loads are studied with a practical project. The analytical results show that the ground surface deformation is an uplift first followed by settling with the lower part of the cover moving faster than the upper layers. It is demonstrated by comparing computational results of FEM simulation and the observed data from the in situ test that these FEM models can be applied to real world engineering. Subgrade soil settling on extra shallow underground pipe jacking in a cross section will be stable when the shield has passed through a section with a length twice the diameter of the pipe. Horizontal surface subsidence along the lateral distribution is similar to a normal distribution curve, with the primary affected areas on both sides of the axis approximately 1.5 times the diameter of the pipe.     

Functional Microbial Diversities in Wastewater Biological Treatment

Molecular biotechnology as one of culture-independent methods has been increasingly used in the studies of wastewater microorganisms, and many uncultured populations have been revealed, which have changed many views of microbial ecology. This paper gives a succinct review of recent studies in wastewater microorganisms. Some novel, in many cases yet not cultured bacteria were identified to be responsible for filamentous bulking and foaming as well as phosphorus and nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems ; however, some predominate population recognized previouslY were proved unimportant. The data give some insights about microbial diversity, population dynamics, terns stability and specific microbial population activity, and they will be helpful to optimize plant design and parameter control. ecosysprocess     

不同工程复垦措施对晋东南采煤沉陷区土壤质量演变特征的影响

为了揭示不同工程复垦措施下采煤沉陷区土壤质量的演变特征,基于10年的长期定位试验,研究了晋东南采煤沉陷区在表土剥离和混推复垦两种工程复垦方式下,10年间土壤的理化性质、微生物群落结构及土地生产力的变化特征。结果表明：复垦初期,表土剥离处理的复垦土壤理化性质、土地产出能力均显著高于混推复垦。复垦7年时,土壤的物理性质、微生物群落结构组成与多样性和土地产出能力基本一致,差异不显著。复垦10年间,0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量始终表现为表土剥离>混推复垦;10年间表土剥离较混推复垦收益累计增加6609元/hm²,因此,表土剥离复垦方式在保持耕层土壤肥力及综合收益上要优于混推复垦。但复垦10年后,2种复垦方式土地生产力和肥力水平均很低,说明复垦方式只是矿区复垦过程的一个前置环节,矿区土壤的生态恢复是必须要结合施肥措施进行。     

氮沉降对北方森林土壤微生物的影响研究进展

大气氮沉降导致土壤有效氮含量增加,将改变作为陆地生态系统重要组成部分的土壤微生物群落结构,尤其在高纬度氮限制地区,土壤微生物对这种变化更为敏感。北方森林地处高纬度地区,氮沉降将改变其土壤微生物的结构、功能和动态。为全面了解近年来氮沉降对北方森林土壤微生物的影响,笔者综述了氮沉降对北方森林土壤微生物量、群落结构和生物多样性、功能和酶活性等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)氮沉降减少了土壤微生物量;(2)氮沉降改变土壤中真菌与细菌,革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)与革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)之间的比值,而这种改变大多数是趋向于减小;(3)氮沉降加剧,将导致土壤微生物群落中贫营养微生物处于劣势地位,富营养微生物处于优势地位,间接地影响了微生物群落结构和生物多样性;(4)氮沉降抑制了微生物呼吸,但对于土壤酶的影响尚无统一规律;(5)氮沉降改变了微生物底物利用模式,导致土壤微生物对复杂有机物质的分解能力下降;(6)氮沉降导致固氮基因等功能基因相对丰度下降。     

Sediment Aggregation and Regulation for Chongqing Reach of the Fluctuating Backwater District in Three Georges Reservoir

Chongqing downtown river reach lies in the fluctuating backwater district of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR).After running on the 175M scheme of the TGR,it shows that the deposits increase accumulatively with the TGR running in the downtown reach,the bed sand will be finer,the river bar will be widen and higher,there will be bed evolution and the backwater area upwards.The sediment aggregation brings out important influence on harbor,navigation,the infrastructures and eco-environment along both banks of the reach.Combined with various respects of research achievements,the main engineering measurements are put forward in order to decrease the influence,such as soil conservation and building reservoirs upstream to prevent sand sedimentation,narrowing the flow to wash sand,bank regulation,harbor reconstruction and navigable channel treatment,etc.These measures have very good effect on decreasing deposition and eliminating the negative effects.     

基于文献计量分析的湿地土壤微生物研究热点趋势

湿地在区域生态系统起着不可替代的作用,它是长期以来区域生态环境因素的相互作用的结果,湿地对于保持生态系统平衡十分重要。通过Excel统计在Web of science数据库和CNKI数据库的论文每年的发文量,用分析工具对文献题录信息分析得到高频词共词矩阵,用得到的矩阵使用Ucinet和Net draw来获得共现网络可视图,用SPSS对关键词聚类分析,通过这些图来发现湿地土壤微生物研究趋势和热点。研究表明：（1）湿地土壤微生物研究发文数量基本逐年递增,自2015年起进入快速增长阶段。（2）国内外湿地土壤微生物的研究内容具有较大差异。国外更注重在加强湿地保护,退化湿地生态科学修复;国内主要是围绕湿地土壤微生物多样性与微生物功能。（3）共现网络可视中的关键词Wetland、Phytoremediation和Microbes与土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和微生物量碳一定程度上成为当前研究的热点。（4）国外主要以生境遭到破坏的湿地生态系统为研究对象,研究尺度较大,涉及地区、国家甚至是全球层面;国内则是针对湿地保护区开展的科研工作。今后国内有望在湿地土壤微生物的科研与保护环境的理论与方法做进一步深入研究。     

Process of Oxic to Affect the System of Denitrifying Phosphorus Removal

The phenomenon of denitrifying can be found under the condition of anaerobic/anoxic(A/A) in the biological phosphorus removal. It is found through the test that: The ability of denitrifying phosphorus removal in the system of A/A-SBR is lower than the system of A/AO-SBR, and along with the time increasing in the system of A/A-SBR, the ability of phosphorus removal would weaken, Ys will also decrease gradually from initial 0.22 gMLSS/gCOD.d to zero or even minus. The result of test indicates that the key to make the system oprerate steadily is increasing the latter aerobic time. However,the longer aerobic time will result in the accumulation of NO_3-N, and restrain the system of A/AO-SBR from removing phosphorus. It is also found in the test that the latter aeration for 0.5 h would ensure not only steady operation, but also good effect of phosphorus removal in the system of A/AO-SBR.     

Conventional and emergent sanitizers decreased Ectomyelois ceratoniae infestation and maintained quality of date palm after shelf-life

Several methods have been used to prevent pest diseases and microbial contamination of dates, although their use is being restricted due to harmful effects on humans and/or to the environment. Sustainable sanitation techniques for keeping overall quality and safety of harvested dates should be developed and implemented. The current work studied the effect of NaClO, UV-C, ozonated water and alkaline and neutral electrolyzed water (NEW) on natural infestation by Ectomyelois ceratoniae or moth of pyrale, and on overall quality of ‘Deglet Nour’ dates stored for 30 days at the commercially used temperature of 20 °C. As controls, untreated samples were used. The skin color, firmness, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content, sugar content, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity, microbial counts, sensory quality and moth infestations were monitored. Phenolics content increased after shelf-life. As expected, all sanitizers lowered microbial counts and moth infestation. A dose of 6 kJ UV-C m⁻² was the most efficient treatment against yeast and molds (without differences with NaClO and O₃), and coliforms, maintaining overall quality of dates after shelf-life. UV-C and NEW (pH 7.2, ORP 814 mV, and 300 mg L⁻¹ of free chlorine) were the most effective against moth proliferation, and could be considered as promising useful tools for commercial disinfection of fresh dates and extending shelf-life. As far as we know, no other comparative studies on these postharvest sanitizers on dates have been reported.