中国小麦品种抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的鉴定与溯源

提高赤霉病抗性已成为我国小麦主产区的重要育种目标之一。Fhb1是抗性最强且最稳定的抗赤霉病基因, 阐明其在我国小麦育种中的应用及传递路径, 对抗赤霉病育种有重要意义。本研究通过分析229份小麦品种(系) Fhb1区段内PFT (pore-forming toxin-like)、HC (HCBT-like defense response protein)和His (histidine-rich calcium-binding protein)基因的多样性与赤霉病抗性的关系, 发现PFT-I/His-I为抗病单倍型。基因检测和系谱分析表明, 中国小麦品种所含Fhb1至少有2个来源, 分别为苏麦3号和宁麦9号, 并以后者为主。本研究开发的诊断性标记PFT-CAPS和His-InDel可有效用于Fhb1的分子标记辅助育种。     

黄淮麦区Fhb1基因的育种应用

小麦赤霉病是由禾谷镰孢菌引起的一种世界性重要病害,严重威胁小麦生产安全。黄淮麦区作为我国小麦主产区,赤霉病危害日趋严重,因缺乏半冬性抗源,抗赤霉病育种进展缓慢。Fhb1基因是迄今发现的效应最大、抗性最稳定,也是被广泛应用于全球小麦赤霉病抗性育种的主效基因,但Fhb1基因在黄淮麦区尚未被广泛应用。本研究以感病品种矮抗58为轮回亲本, H35为Fhb1基因供体亲本,通过有限回交和分子标记辅助选择,同时利用双单倍体育种和传统系谱选育两种方法,培育出了一批综合性状较好、具有Fhb1基因的优良新品系,其中徐麦DH9和徐麦17252经多年鉴定均达到中抗水平。在以徐麦36和徐麦2023为杂交父本的后代品系中,含Fhb1基因的家系赤霉病平均抗性明显优于感病对照。Fhb1基因的导入显著提高了赤霉病抗性,但部分家系对赤霉病仍旧表现出高感水平,说明赤霉病抗性还受到Fhb1基因以外其他遗传因素的显著影响。本研究为Fhb1基因在黄淮麦区抗赤霉病小麦育种中的应用提供了成功的经验。     

利用SSR标记和标记辅助选择来确定小麦赤霉病抗性的主要QTL

本研究的目的是评价潜在亲本中与3BS QTL连锁的简单序列重复(SSR)标记的多态，证实小麦育种群体的不同遗传背景中和不同世代中主要赤霉病抗性QTL的效应和与染色体3BS上QTL连锁的SSR标记的预期价值；同时育成3BSQTL的近等基因系。     

Fhb1基因改良‘周麦’品种赤霉病抗性研究

为加快‘周麦’品种赤霉病抗性改良,利用当地主栽‘周麦’品种（系）‘周麦22号’、‘周麦32号’、‘周11550’为母本,‘宁麦9号’、‘生选6号’、‘扬麦21号’等长江中下游地区抗赤霉病材料为父本配制一系列杂交组合,经过选择获得621份F₃~F₆后代材料。在田间选用来源于江苏和河南两地不同的赤霉病菌株,通过单花滴注法接种小穗进行赤霉病抗性鉴定,同时利用抗赤霉病主效基因Fhb1紧密连锁的诊断性标记His-InDel对后代材料进行分子检测。结果表明,江苏的赤霉病菌株接种后代材料田间鉴定为高抗和中抗的占总数的23.9%,而河南的赤霉病菌株感染后代材料田间鉴定为高抗和中抗占比为35.1%,说明后代材料的赤霉病抗性比感病亲本有明显的改良,而且材料对江苏的赤霉菌菌株的抗性比河南的赤霉菌菌株的抗性低。分子检测结果显示,携带Fhb1和不携带Fhb1的材料之间赤霉病抗性差异极显著。这表明利用Fhb1基因分子标记辅助选择技术可用于改良‘周麦’品种的赤霉病抗性。     

小麦Fhb1基因定位、克隆及其在抗赤霉病育种中利用的研究进展

赤霉病已成为小麦第一大病害,严重影响小麦的产量和品质。目前,抗性品种结合化学防治的方法成为当前防治赤霉病的最有效途径。小麦赤霉病抗性受多种基因控制,其中,Fhb1基因抗性效应最大,且抗性稳定,在小麦赤霉病抗性方面具有重要作用。本文综述了赤霉病主效抗性基因Fhb1的定位、分子标记和克隆技术的最新研究进展。利用选择性回交技术和矮败小麦平台将Fhb1基因导入当地小麦中可提升赤霉病抗性,进而结合化学防治方法为我国小麦安全生产提供保障。     

黄淮北片冬麦区抗赤霉病基因Fhb1种质挖掘及溯源

小麦赤霉病是一种危害性很强的小麦真菌病害,而Fhb1是抗赤霉病的主效基因。为了筛选黄淮冬麦区携带Fhb1基因的种质材料,利用TaHRC-Kasp和His-InDel标记对来自河北、河南、山东、陕西、江苏和安徽的共336份小麦材料进行检测,共筛选出2份来自河北省的材料(石家庄75和紫茎白)携带Fhb1基因。通过序列分析,其His基因序列与苏麦3号一致,为抗赤霉病类型。利用9 779个SNP位点对供试的336份材料进行PCA主成分分析,结果显示,石家庄75和紫茎白与江苏的材料亲缘关系较近。石家庄75是建国初期的育成品种,紫茎白是河北省的地方农家种,其携带Fhb1基因,说明最初Fhb1基因可能在国内一些地方品种中有所分布,但在现代育种进程中受到人工选择而消失。研究结果为黄淮冬麦区抗赤霉病小麦育种提供了宝贵的遗传信息及亲本材料。     

小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性鉴定

用孢子悬液小花注射接种法测定了47个小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性，分析了小穗侵染率与小麦农艺性状间的相关性。结果表明，47个小麦品种中，没有高抗品种，抗病品种8个，占17．02％，中抗品种27个，占57．44％，感病品种10个，占21．28％，高感品种2个，占4．26％。小穗侵染率与株高、穗长、千粒重、千粒重损失率，穗密度等农艺性状相关皆不显著，与生育期相关极显著。     

云南小麦品种（系）锈病和赤霉病抗性功能基因的KASP标记检测

利用5个锈病成株期抗性基因的KASP标记Sr2_ger9 3p、Lr34jagger、CSTM4_67G、Lr68-2、VPM_SNP和抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的KASP标记TaHRC-KASP,对云南省育成的42个小麦品种（系）进行检测,旨在筛选出含有目标基因的优异小麦种质,为云南省持久抗病小麦新品种（系）的选育提供材料。结果表明,4个材料含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr34/Yr18/Sr57,频率为9.52%;6个品种（系）含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr67/Yr46/Sr55,频率为14.29%;7个材料含抗慢叶锈病基因Lr68,频率为16.67%;含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Sr2/Yr30和成株抗叶锈基因Lr37的材料各有1个,频率均为2.38%;未检测出含抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的品种（系）。云麦69、云麦75、云麦56、宜麦1号和宜麦3号等兼有2个成株期抗锈病基因,可作为今后云南持久抗锈病育种的抗源材料。     

Fusarium head blight resistance derived from Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome 7E and its augmentation with Fhb1 in wheat

The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance derived from wheatgrass Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome 7E and to determine whether this resistance can augment resistance in combination with other FHB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) or genes in wheat. The ‘Chinese Spring’–Lophopyrum elongatum disomic substitution line 7E(7B) was crossed to three wheat lines: ‘Ning 7840’, L3, and L4. F₂ populations were evaluated for type II resistance with the single‐floret inoculation method in the greenhouse. Simple sequence repeat markers associated with Fhb1 in ‘Ning 7840’ and L4 and markers located on chromosome 7E were genotyped in each population. Marker–trait association was analysed with one‐way or two‐way analysis of variance. The research showed that, in the three populations, the average number of diseased spikelets (NDS) in plants with chromosome 7E is 1.2, 3.1 and 3.2, vs. NDS of 3.3, 7.2 and 9.1 in plants without 7E, a reduction in NDS of 2.1, 4.1 and 5.9 in the respective populations. The QTL on 7E and the Fhb1 gene augment disease resistance when combined. The effect of the QTL on 7E was greater than that on 3BS in this experiment. Data also suggest that the FHB resistance gene derived from L. elongatum is located on the long arm of 7E.     

Selection of Head Blight Resistant Wheats Through Improved Seedling Resistance

In a four years' test (1982—1985) it was shown that there are highly significant differences in resistance to seab and seedling blight in wheat. Using a novel approach, that head blight resistance should be measured on stands free of leaf diseases and with a number of isolates with different pathogenicity in the inoculation tests, the rep-rod Liability of results increased significantly over the levels so far published. The genotype- by-year and the genotype-by-isolate interactions remained low. Beside differences in resistance deviations in tolerance were also detected. The best materials that were selected are near to the better spring wheat resistance sources. A tendency for correlation between seedling and head blight resistance was found and the most resistant genotypes in the seedling stage will, with high probability, yield head blight resistant material. It thus became possible to include seedling resistance into the breeding program for head blight resistance, Further evidence for there being an identical genetic basis for resistance to F. graminearum and F. culmorum is presented.     

小麦品种赤霉病抗性的遗传研究

利用8个不同抗性小麦品种双列杂交的F1及其亲本,以赤霉病病粒率为抗性指标,研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明,参试品种间存在3～4对赤霉病抗性基因的差异,苏麦3号、宁麦9号和扬麦158具有较多控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因,对于减少它们杂交后代的病粒率有较高的一般配合力。小麦赤霉病抗性符合加性-显性模型。赤霉     

转Gastrodianin基因提高小麦赤霉病和纹枯病的抗性

天麻抗真菌蛋白Gastrodianin在体外可以抑制多种病原真菌的生长。为检验转Gastrodianin基因小麦对真菌病害的抗性,采用基因枪法将由ubiquitin启动子驱动的Gastrodianin基因导入小麦品种扬麦158和Alondra, 获得14株纯合的转基因株系。外源基因的PCR检测、染色体荧光原位杂交、半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明,外源Gastrodianin基因在转基因小麦T₅代植株中已经纯合并有不同水平的表达;赤霉病和纹枯病抗性鉴定结果显示,Gastrodianin基因的表达能抑制病原菌在转基因植株中生长,从而减轻病原菌引起的病症发展,且两种病害的减轻程度与Gastrodianin基因的表达水平正相关。     

QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat: a review

During the past decade, numerous studies have been published on molecular mapping of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat. We summarize the relevant findings from 52 quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping studies, nine research articles on marker-assisted selection and seven on marker-assisted germplasm evaluation. QTL for FHB resistance were found on all wheat chromosomes except chromosome 7D. Some QTL were found in several independent mapping studies indicating that such QTL are stable and therefore useful in breeding programmes. We summarize and update current knowledge on the genetics of FHB resistance in wheat resulting from QTL mapping investigations and review and suggest FHB breeding strategies based on the available information and DNA markers.     

转几丁质酶和b-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价基因小麦的获得和鉴定

利用农杆菌介导法将几丁质酶基因和b-1，3-葡聚糖酶双价基因导入小麦品种扬麦10号和Bobwhite，共得到了13棵T0代转基因植株，2个小麦品种的转化效率分别为1.4%和1.0%。T1代植株赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明，转基因植株对赤霉病具有一定抗性，小穗发病率4.76%～11.76%，低于抗病对照和感病对照。T1代植株分子检测结果表明，外源基