稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子萌发力及其染力的研究

通过３年系统测定试验，稻曲病菌越冬厚垣孢子在室内和水泥池的土中可以存活５－６月。在种植油菜、苕子、蚕豆、小麦的露天水泥池中，越冬的厚垣孢子均有萌发力。在油菜、苕子、小麦３种越冬作物大田土中越冬的厚垣孢子的萌发率以油菜田最高，为２．０４‰。越冬后种子上的厚垣孢子数量大，萌发率可达０．４％－２．９７％。稻茬中越冬的厚垣孢子和在３ｃｍ浅土中的厚垣孢子，其萌发率分别较冬闲田或科作田土中和１５ｃｍ深土中高。     

稻曲病种子传病的研究

据前人报道,稻曲病粒上附有大量厚垣孢子但不能作为初侵染源,并证明该病既不是种子引起的病害,也不是种子侵染而发生的病害,认为目前推广种子处理缺乏科学根据。本研究结果表明:从种子带菌量、越冬厚垣孢子萌发力、人工接种、直接播种试验,初步认为病穗种子是可以传病的,种子消毒仍有必要。     

稻曲病菌休眠与非休眠厚垣孢子的MSAP分析

本研究以稻曲病菌Ustilaginoidea virens黄色(非休眠)厚垣孢子、黑色(休眠)厚垣孢子、厚垣孢子萌发后产生的分生孢子(非休眠)3种孢子为材料,采用DNA甲基化敏感扩增多态性技术对供试材料基因组DNA进行甲基化分析,探究稻曲病菌休眠与非休眠厚垣孢子DNA甲基化的水平和模式。结果显示,3种形态孢子的基因组DNA甲基化水平差异明显,分生孢子基因组DNA中CCGG序列的总甲基化率为20.56%,黑色休眠厚垣孢子为25.63%,黄色非休眠厚垣孢子为33.52%。黄色和黑色的厚垣孢子主要是全甲基化模式,其全甲基化率高于半甲基化率,其中黄色厚垣孢子全甲基化率高达17.68%;分生孢子则是以半甲基化模式为主。结果对揭示稻曲病菌厚垣孢子休眠的分子机制,探究真核生物孢子的分子休眠机制有普遍意义。     

稻曲病菌厚垣孢子侵染时期和侵染途径的研究

用田间自然发病病粒上新形成的稻曲病菌厚垣孢子,喷雾或注射接种不同生育期的稻穗获得成功。水稻孕穗末期至破口期是稻曲病菌厚垣孢子侵染的主要时期。在孕穗末期喷雾接种2次萌发孢子的发病率高达50.8%。解剖736个病粒内部都含有花药,镜检119条花药和35个柱头发现,病粒内大多数花粉粒的内容物已基本充实,柱头大多处于分枝状突起阶段。解剖刚发病的病粒柱头上有多根菌丝,并向花药等处扩展。萌发的厚垣孢子可以侵染处于乳头状突起期的柱头,并形成菌丝及产生小孢子。稻曲病菌厚垣孢子主要在水稻破口前1—4天至破口时从水稻的柱头侵入引起发病。     

稻曲病菌的病原学

 稻曲病菌产生的黄色和黑色厚垣孢子表面都有疣状突起,但黑色厚垣孢子的疣状突起明显。常规萌发试验,黄色厚垣孢子萌发,黑色不萌发。黄色厚垣孢子在4℃和25℃下贮存分别保持萌发能力1年和80d左右,萌发的最适pH值和最适温度分别为pH5~pH8和25℃~30℃。光照可诱导产生厚垣孢子。病菌在PD和PS培养液中可产生大量分生孢子。田间采集的稻曲病菌菌核在砂培条件下可以萌发并可产生成熟的子囊孢子。该菌可产生毒素,在一定的浓度下,对稻种萌发和胚芽生长有明显抑制作用。     

稻曲病菌无性孢子萌发及在不同培养基上生长特性

采用不同的培养基研究稻曲病菌孢子萌发及病菌生长特性.结果表明,稻曲病菌厚垣孢子和分生孢子在蒸馏水和2%蔗糖溶液中3h不能萌发;6h时分生孢子、厚垣孢子分别萌发产生次生分生孢子和分生孢子;新采集的黄色和黑色稻曲球上的厚垣孢子在2%蔗糖溶液中的萌发率均高于其在蒸馏水中的萌发率.供试的9种固体培养基中,以马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)最适于病原菌生长.生长速率为2.54 mm/天;病菌在7种培养液中振荡培养7天后,在马铃薯葡萄糖培养液(PDB)中菌丝干重最大,达24.5mg/mL,在大米汁和马铃薯蔗糖培养液(PSB)中产生的分生孢子量最多,孢子浓度分别为2.63×107和2.28×107个/mL;而固、液态的Czapek、稻秆汁和胁本哲氏培养基均不适宜于稻曲病菌的培养.     

稻曲病病菌侵入机制与药剂防治试验

经研究 ,稻曲病病菌以菌核在土中及厚垣孢子附在种子上越冬。翌年 7～ 8月份萌发 ,菌核抽生子座 ,产生子囊孢子。厚垣孢子 ,产生分生孢子。子囊孢子和分生孢子借气流传播 ,在 8月下旬至 9月上旬单季稻开花时萌发 ,菌丝侵入子房和柱头 ,并深入胚乳中迅速生长形成孢子座。供试药剂均采取 3种施药方法 ,第一种只在水稻破口前 5ｄ施药一次 ,第二种在破口前 5ｄ和隔 7ｄ二次施药 ,第三种只在水稻刚破口时施药一次。试验结果表明 ,每 667ｍ2 施用 1 5.5%保穗宁ＷＰ 80ｇ、4 0 %禾枯灵ＷＰ 75ｇ、4 0 %纹霉星ＷＰ 4 0ｇ、5%井冈霉素ＡＳ 2 50ｍｌ、…     

尿素作种肥防治玉米丝黑穗病

(一)尿素溶液对丝黑穗菌厚垣孢子萌发的抑制作用:以1％蔗糖液为基液,配制成不同浓度的尿素溶液,并以1％蔗糖液为对照,采用培养皿中萌发法进行室内孢子萌发试验,萌发温度25℃,48小时后镜检孢子萌发率,每处理重复五皿,每皿低倍镜检10个视野,其结果;0.01％,0.05％,0.1％,0.5％,1％五种浓度的尿素溶液的厚垣孢子萌发率。分析试剂尿素分别为10.3％,4.6％,4.9％,1.5％,1.1％,化肥尿素分     

稻曲病发生规律与防治研究

稻曲病是Ustilaginoidea virens引起的水稻穗期病害,近年来急剧上升,发生普遍,造成稻谷严重污染,影响产量和品质. 1982～1985年,我们对稻曲病的侵染来源、侵染途径、侵染时期和田间发病规律,以及防治方法进行了试验研究。研究结果,稻曲病的侵染来源,主要来自菌核形成的子囊孢子和安全越冬的厚垣孢子。菌核在土壤和种子里越冬,第二     

影响稻曲病菌厚垣孢子萌发因素的研究

成熟过程中的稻曲病菌孢子球表面桔黄色的厚垣孢子萌发率很高,后随孢子球老熟其萌发率急剧下降而进入休眠期。在26℃和高湿条件下处理老熟孢子球20天以上就能打破厚垣孢子的休眠,促其顺利地萌发并产生小孢子,萌发率可达30％。这两类厚垣孢子萌发方式差异较大。适温高湿处理10天后的厚垣孢子其呼吸强度明显增强。打破休眠后的厚垣孢子萌发时仍需足够的水分和氧气,其萌发盛期长达35天以上,处理约60天后孢子球开始解体,萌发率急剧下降。日光、荧光灯、紫外线灯等光照对厚垣孢子萌发无明显的抑制或促进作用,但抑制小孢子的形成。偏酸至中性有利于萌发和产孢,过酸或过碱(pH3.0和10.0)则明显地抑制孢子的萌发和产孢。1％的葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和甘露糖有利于萌发和产孢。     

关于上海地区麦类赤霉病菌在稻田中存活问题的研究

通过1974～1978年的试验证明:麦类赤霉病菌[Gibberella zeae(Schw.)Perch.)的两种孢子,随病残体置于淹水条件下,经18—20天全部失去其发芽力。病菌在以三麦—早稻—后季稻三熟制为主的上海地区,不能在早稻、后季稻水田中越夏越冬,或麦收后侵入水稻,稻收后以菌丝体在稻桩内潜伏越冬。引起稻桩上春季产生麦赤霉病菌子囊壳的初次菌源,不是传自腐生在稻田土表的病菌菌丝体,而主要是来自混在播种材料中的带病麦粒。     

Effect of calcined lime (CaO) on chlamydospores of the rice false smut pathogen,Villosiclava virens,and their root attachment and infection

Rice false smut caused by Villosiclava virens is a devastating disease. The smut balls contain chlamydospores, which fall onto paddy soils to become the primary inoculum. After transplanting, the chlamydospores subsequently germinate and infect rice roots. The application of a CaO-containing fertilizer to paddy soils can inhibit the development of rice false smut disease; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the suppression of chlamydospore behaviour due to CaO. Specifically, we clarified the effects of the following on chlamydospore morphology and germination: (a) pH, (b) calcium (Ca) concentration, (c) Ca concentration (pH adjusted to 6.5), and (d) CaO-added soil solution. Germination was suppressed at pH 4 and 10, in contrast with the normal germination at pH 6, 7, and 8. Treatments with more than 10 mg/L Ca melted the outer layer of chlamydospores and suppressed germination regardless of whether the pH was adjusted to 6.5. A saturated CaO solution induced bursting of chlamydospores. Suppressed germination and a melted outer chlamydospore layer were also observed, even though the soil buffering effect initially prevented the CaO-mediated pH increase. Furthermore, the chlamydospores within 15 mm from the CaO small lump exhibited suppressed germination in soil. In addition, there was no effect of CaO treatment on chlamydospore attachment to rice roots and hyphal invasion of rice roots in in vitro inoculation tests. These results suggest that Ca concentration is an important factor for inhibiting the occurrence of rice false smut disease.     

Effects of the seed weight and burial depth on the seed behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is one of the annual plants that were described recently as invasive weeds in Europe. This species is described as an invasive plant that produces seeds that are highly variable. Its production of variably sized seeds is regarded as promoting its spread in different environments. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of the seed weight and temperature on germination and the influence of the seed weight and burial depth on seedling emergence. The seeds were divided into a number of classes of weight and the seed weight effect on germination was evaluated by Petri dish assays. In another experiment, the seeds were buried at different depths in a clay soil/sand mix to estimate the burial effect on germination and seedling emergence. The germination level of A. artemisiifolia was high overall, between 76.8% and 94.2%. The seed germination was modified by temperature but it was not influenced by the seed weight. The amounts of germination and seedling emergence were greater for the seeds on the soil surface and decreased with an increasing burial depth, from 2 to 8 cm. No germination or emergence was observed for the seeds that were buried at 10 and 12 cm. The lightest seeds were more sensitive to burial. A greater level of seedling emergence for those seeds that were placed near the soil surface could explain the success of this species in open habitats, where the probability of deeper burial is low. After high seed production, the management of A. artemisiifolia in fields could be partly achieved through soil tillage, burying seeds below 10 cm, and not carrying out deep soil tillage the following year.     

盐和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不周浓度盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应.结果表明:随着NaCl、MgSO4和PEG浓度的升高,沙米种子吸胀率先升后降,种子萌发率呈现不同程度降低,盐渍土壤溶液对萌发率没有显著影响;对沙米种子萌发和幼苗生长的胁迫效应是NaC...     

Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica

Mimosa pudica (common sensitive plant) is a problematic weed in many crops in tropical countries. Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effects of light, seed scarification, temperature, salt and osmotic stress, pH, burial depth, and rice residue on the germination, seedling emergence, and dormancy of M. pudica seeds. Scarification released the seeds from dormancy and stimulated germination, though the germination of the scarified seeds was not influenced by light. The scarification results indicate that a hard seed coat is the primary mechanism that restricts germination. The germination increased markedly with the exposure to high temperature "pretreatment" (e.g. 150°C), which was achieved by placing non-scarified seeds in an oven for 5 min followed by incubation at 35/25°C day/night temperatures for 14 days. The germination of the scarified seeds was tolerant of salt and osmotic stress, as some seeds germinated even at 250 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl (23%) and at an osmotic potential of −0.8 MPa (5%). The germination of the scarified seeds was >74% over a pH range of 5–10. The seedling emergence of the scarified seeds was 73–88% at depths of 0–2 cm and it gradually decreased with an increasing depth, with no seedling emergence at the 8 cm depth. The rice residue applied to the soil surface at rates of ≤6 t ha⁻¹ did not influence the seedling emergence and dry weight. The information gained from this study identifies some of the factors that facilitate M. pudica becoming a widespread weed in the humid tropics and might help in developing components of integrated weed management practises to control this weed.     

Implications of bacterial contaminated seed lots and endophytic colonization by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae on rice establishment

The economic impact of seedborne bacterial diseases on rice production provides a major motivation for research on seed health. This paper reports on the endophytic growth of a rifampicin‐marked strain of the seedborne rice pathogen Pseudomonas fuscovaginae. The bacterium was found in most tested seeds indicating that, even without visible discolouration, seed transmission is possible. Crushed discoloured seeds contained more bacterial cells than did non‐crushed discoloured seeds. These bacteria were released during seed soaking, contaminating clean seed and lowering seed germination. Cells of a rifampicin‐resistant strain of P. fuscovaginae, which had been inoculated onto rice seeds, were subsequently recovered from different growth stages and from different rice tissues, thereby indicating endophytic colonization. These results have implications for seedling establishment, as symptomless seeds do not assure disease‐free seeds, and the presence of seedborne bacteria results in poor germination and poor seedling establishment. Elimination of seedborne bacteria by soaking in sodium hypochlorite can increase seed germination. This could be used in developing control strategies, and, if practised regularly, reduce entry of seedborne disease‐causing organisms into crops, resulting in lower disease pressure.     

制约稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子萌发的关键因素

在相同条件下，从稻田直接收集的病粒中的稻粒黑粉病菌厚垣孢子不能萌发，而取之于仓库中的孢子能萌发。为探明其制约因素，对该病菌进行了光照和浸水时间试验。研究结果表明：稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子形成后，必须经光照射后，方可进入休眠期；度过5～6个月休眠期的冬孢子，必须浸水48h以上才开始复苏；复苏后的冬孢子必须在光照条件下才能萌发。未完成后熟作用的冬孢子和完成后熟但尚未复苏的冬孢子即使在光照条件下也不能萌发。即稻粒黑粉病菌冬孢子必须经历后熟、休眠、复苏三个阶段后，在适宜的光照与温湿条件下，方可萌发。光照对其冬孢子具有双重作用，促使后熟进入休眠和刺激萌发。     

Seed dormancy and periodicity of seedling emergence in Veronica hederifolia L.

Emergence of Veronica hederifolia seedlings began in mid-October and continued into spring; few appeared from June to September. Ripe seeds shed in June were dormant but wben buried in soil outdoors developed a capacity for germination initially at low temperatures (constant4 C; daily alternations of 4-10° and 4-1 5 C) and later at somewhat higher temperatures, with peak germination in September-November. During winter, spring and early summer thc germination capacity declined, to increase again in late summer and early autumn. Cyclic physiological changes thus occur in seeds of V,hederifolia present in the soil, with which lhe consistent seasonal periodicity of seedling emergence is associated. In dry storage ihe capacity for germination progressively increased, but alter 12 months there was a sharp decline in germination at 4° C. Few seeds germinated at 20° C, but moistening with GA 4/7; brought about complete germination at this temperature.     

木霉菌REMI变异株对部分生态因子的影响

采用常规微生物分离和植物生物量测定等方法,将木霉菌REMI变异菌株的孢子进行种子接菌、土壤接菌、水中接菌,研究木霉菌REMI变异菌株对农作物甜瓜和玉米及杂草等生长性状、甜瓜根际土壤微生物和鱼苗生长以及在水中存活等的影响,检测其生物安全性。结果表明,除Ttrm53外,其余木霉菌变异株和出发菌株T21对甜瓜和玉米种子安全,并且能够显著提高种子的出苗率、增加须根数和促进幼苗生长;部分变异菌株对杂草具有抑制作用;供试木霉菌变异株对甜瓜根际土壤真菌有抑制作用,对细菌和放线菌群体数量无显著影响;木霉菌孢子在河水及自来水中均不能萌发,分生孢子在水中存活约12～18天,厚垣孢子约18～27天,菌体自行消解;对鱼苗生长没有不良影响。