影响农户山核桃收入的因素分析

利用2009年浙江省临安市、淳安县6个行政村191户农户的调查数据,对影响山核桃收入的主要因素进行了统计分析,认为山核桃对农户家庭收入和生计具有重要贡献,而影响农户山核桃收入的可能因素主要有山核桃投产面积、山核桃产量、户主是否是村干部、农户受教育年限和山核桃单位面积工日投入,并提出了提高农户收入的建议：扩大山核桃投产面...     

基于Landsat TM遥感数据的山核桃产量预测——以浙江临安市为例

以浙江省临安市的山核桃为研究对象,基于2008—2011年连续4年的样地实测产量为基础,利用每年4个生长时期的Landsat TM遥感数据,系统地分析比较每个生长时期的植被指数与产量的关系。研究结果表明:NDVI在各个生长期均与产量的相关性最高;SAVI与产量的相关性居中,DVI最低。以每个时期的NDVI为因子,建立不同时期山核桃产量的预估模型。各时期模型的预估效果为果实膨大期花芽分化及授粉期采摘至落叶期休眠期。以不同时期的NDVI为因子,利用逐步回归,建立多因子的山核桃产量的预估模型。最优预估模型为y=126.51_(x_2)+26.61_(x_1)+12.56_(x_3)-67.42(R~2=0.642,SEE=12.17),为山核桃产量的预测提供可行,快速,有效的方法。     

临安山核桃蒲壳处理走上了生态路

浙江省临安市有山核桃林面积46万亩。每年山核桃采收后，如何处理山核桃蒲壳，已经成为产区的一个难题。近年来，临安市围绕农村环境整治，加强山核桃采收后管理，推行清洁乡村建设，积极探索山核桃蒲壳资源化、无害化处置和变废为宝新途径。市林业部门开展技术培训，极力推行山核桃蒲壳还山还林，改善林地土壤条件，并与浙江农林大学等科研院校紧密合作，从技术层面对山核桃外果皮利用开展科研攻关，使山核桃蒲壳处理逐步走上了生态化利用的道路，实现了资源的循环利用。     

水库集水区林下枯落物及土壤的水源涵养功能研究

通过对临安市水涛庄水库集水区森林地表土壤和林下枯落物的取样分析,分别对11种森林类型的枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养特性进行研究,从而得到该区域森林枯落物及土壤的水源涵养功能值。研究结果表明:研究区枯落物水源涵养总量为9.17×10~4m~3,单位面积水源涵养量为17.10 m~3/hm~2,单位面积持水拦截量表现为马尾松-白栎-短柄枹栎混交林青冈栎林麻栎林短柄枹栎林山核桃林灌木林毛竹林金钱松林马尾松林高节竹林杉木林;土壤水源涵养总量为2108.41×10~4m~3,单位面积水源涵养量为3931.06 m~3/hm~2,单位面积持水量表现为马尾松-白栎-短柄枹栎混交林青冈栎林毛竹林麻栎林短柄枹栎林金钱松林高节竹林马尾松林杉木林灌木林山核桃林。     

硼锌铜微肥配施对山核桃生长和产量的影响

2012-2014年,在浙江省临安市山核桃(Carya cathayensis)林地开展了微肥定位试验。对山核桃叶片硼(B)、锌(Zn)和铜(Cu)的进行动态测定,分析B、Zn和Cu肥对山核桃叶片养分变化的影响、与山核桃花粉活力和山核桃产量的关系。结果表明:B、Zn、Cu微肥配施都能有效提高山核桃叶片中B、Zn含量,叶片B、Zn含量增幅分别为5.3%~46.2%和2.3%~44.5%,对叶片Cu的含量影响没有明显规律;从生长初期(4月)、灌浆期(7月)至成熟期(9月),山核桃叶片B、Zn和Cu含量呈逐渐下降趋势,下降幅度为CuZnB;硼锌配施显著提高山核桃花粉活力,铜肥对花粉活力无影响;B、Zn同时施用能显著提高山核桃产量,第2年的效果更为明显。试验证明B和Zn对山核桃叶片、花粉活力和山核桃产量的影响均较Cu大,建议在施肥管理中,注重硼肥和锌肥的施用。     

对一起非法占用农用地案件的评析

安徽省歙县三阳镇岭脚村,位于歙县的东大门清凉峰国家级自然保护区的昱岭关脚下,有林地面积2299公顷,其中防护林面积1414.3公顷,商品林面积884.7多公顷。三阳镇岭脚村与浙江省临安市接壤,地处天目山山脉,独特的土壤和气候条件使其盛产山核桃。近年来山核桃价格连年攀升,广大群众把山核桃树视为"致富树""摇钱树""养老树"。     

宁国山核桃增产措施

宁国是全国山核桃原产地中心产区,2007年全市山核桃面积2.1万公顷,产量8000吨,产值7.2亿元.在产业快速发展的同时,山核桃生产中存在着纯林面积过大、过量施用化肥和化学除草剂、林地蓄水保肥能力下降等问题,为提高山核桃的生产能力和品质,现就生产技术措施阐述如下:     

临安市山核桃产量大小年特征的时间序列研究

应用时间序列分析理论与方法，选择临安市1982--2001年的山核桃产量为时间序列数据，建立P阶时间序列预测模型：Xt=A0 A1Xt-1 A2Xt-2 … ApXt-p εt.预测2002年产量结果与实际值的误差仅为3．61％。同时采用最小信息准则AIC得到模型阶数P=17。     

临安山核桃产量的Lasso-灰色预测模型研究

为实现对山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg)产量的精确预测,分析了气候因素和种植规模对山核桃产量的影响,建立了Lasso回归和灰色预测组合模型,并以临安山核桃为例进行实证研究。结果表明,与Lasso-BP,Lasso-RBF以及Lasso-GRNN这3种模型的预测效果相比,Lasso-GM模型预测精度较高,平均相对误差达到6.99%,能够较好地掌握山核桃产量的变化规律。同时,预测结果也显示,到2024年临安山核桃产量处于稳步增长的态势。     

宁国山核桃鼓起农民“钱袋子”

近年来,中国山核桃之乡——宁国市以"工业理念抓农业",不断加快山核桃产业发展步伐,全市山核桃种植面积已达30万亩。今年,全县山核桃产量达8000吨,带给产区林农的经济收入     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.