林木废弃物松树皮对大豆孢囊线虫病防治效果及大豆生长的影响

利用林木加工废弃物松树皮粉作为土壤处理剂的盆栽和田间研究结果表明 ,松树皮粉剂处理土壤后 ,减轻了大豆孢囊线虫对大豆根系的侵染与为害 ,根系寄生孢囊数和土壤孢囊量明显降低 ,对大豆孢囊线虫病的田间防治效果为 4 6 .88%。同时 ,促进了土壤中有益微生物大豆根瘤菌的侵染和根瘤着生、大豆根瘤数、根瘤重和植株干物重显著增加 ,具有防病增产的作用。     

大豆根瘤内生细菌对大豆胞囊线虫影响研究

从辽宁、吉林、山东等地采集的土样中分离获得400株大豆根瘤内生细菌,通过测定细菌菌悬液对大豆胞囊线虫胞囊孵化的影响和对二龄幼虫(J2)的毒性作用,筛选出4株对大豆胞囊线虫胞囊孵化有强烈抑制性的菌株,1株对J2有一定毒性的菌株.其中r030060、r030121、r030260、r030398对胞囊的孵化相对抑制性分别达62.20%、67.50%、67.50%、58.75%.     

小麦胚乳发育过程中贮藏蛋白的积累和蛋白体的形成

为给小麦品质育种提供参考,采用光学和电子显微镜技术系统观察了小麦品种扬麦12号胚乳发育过程中贮藏蛋白的积累和蛋白体的形成.结果表明,花后8 d的淀粉胚乳细胞开始出现贮藏蛋白颗粒.贮藏蛋白在粗内质网上合成后,有些经过高尔基体形成浓密小泡,有些直接在粗内质网腔中积累,脱离内质网形成蛋白体;浓密小泡和蛋白体进入蛋白贮藏液泡(PSV).早期的蛋白体较小,呈球状;随着胚乳发育,蛋白体可以相互融合,扩大体积.后期的蛋白体相互融合形成蛋白质基质,单个蛋白体不再存在;接近成熟期的胚乳,胚乳细胞被贮藏物质淀粉粒和蛋白质基质所充实,蛋白质基质分布在淀粉粒之间的空隙内.试验结果说明,贮藏蛋白从内质网到PSV的转运有两种途径:依赖高尔基体途径和内质网衍生出蛋白体途径.     

CO2倍增和UV-B辐射增强对大豆根际氨氧化细菌数量及土壤酶活的影响

以根瘤超着生大豆突变体0498和完全不结瘤的大豆突变体0701为材料,在人工气候室内模拟大气CO2浓度倍增以及UV-B辐射增强的复合逆境胁迫条件,研究其对大豆根际氨氧化细菌数量和根际土壤酶活的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,CO2浓度倍增能显著提高大豆根际氨氧化细菌的数量,增加土壤中脲酶、转化酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,对完全不结瘤的0701影响更加显著;UV-B辐射增强对氨氧化细菌数量无显著影响,对土壤酶活存在一定的抑制作用。超量根瘤的存在,使CO2倍增和UV-B辐射增强对上述指标的影响得到一定的缓解。     

大豆结瘤固氮的分子生理研究

有关豆科作物共生固氮的研究已有170 a的历史。而豆科结瘤固氮的分子生理研究,仅仅是最近30 a的事情。从影响大豆结瘤固氮的生理因子角度,评述了豆科作物的结瘤自动调控机制,进一步在分子水平上阐述了生长素、硝态氮、黄酮类等生理调控物质对大豆结瘤固氮的影响。生长素调节根瘤菌侵染位点和根瘤形成后的生长;可通过控制结瘤的角度来减少土壤硝态氮对大豆结瘤固氮能力的抑制;黄酮类物质在根瘤发育和结瘤基因诱导中起重要作用;乙烯抑制结瘤信号的前期过程,调整根瘤形成的空间分布。详细、系统地从作物-微生物之间关系出发,研究引起豆科作物根瘤形成和固氮系统的整体信号传导、蛋白和代谢过程,是未来大豆共生固氮分子生理研究应该注重的方向。     

诱发油菜结瘤固氮的研究

用果胶细菌处理油菜幼根,使花生根瘤菌侵入油菜根部并结瘤。试验结果表明:根瘤菌侵入油菜根细胞,形成含根瘤菌的根瘤,结瘤率为31.25％。从这些根瘤中分离出的菌株能回接到原寄主。血清学方法测定,油菜根瘤分离物与原接种的根瘤菌起凝集反应。根瘤石蜡包埋切片观察,根瘤细胞内充满了细菌。根瘤固氮酶活性为0.17—3.43nMC_2H_4/株小时,酰脲丰度为0.10％—3.58％。     

磷和根瘤菌交互作用对大豆结瘤和生长的影响

为了阐明营养液中磷浓度和不同数量根瘤菌的交互作用对大豆结瘤和生长的影响,在营养液培养条件下,进行3种磷水平[P1-0、P2-4和P3-30(μmol P·I-1)]和3种根瘤菌浓度[RI-102、R2-103.5和R3-105(CFU·mL-1)]处理,培养大豆25 d,测定大豆生物量和根瘤性状指标.结果表明:在相同根瘤菌数量条件下,不同磷浓度对大豆总生物量的影响不大,对根冠比的影响较大营养液中接种的根瘤菌浓度越高,根瘤原基数量越夫,低磷明显抑制根瘤原基发育形成根瘤,进而减少了低磷处理大豆根瘤数量从P1到P3,R1恨瘤菌浓度处理根瘤原基形成根瘤的几率分别为:79%、86%和100%.营养液中磷浓度促进生物量向根瘤中分配,高磷处理相对根瘤生物量较高随着生育进程,大豆各组织器官含磷量逐渐降低,在所有取样时期含磷量均表现为根瘤>根>地上部;含氮量表现为根瘤>地上部>根.可见磷和根瘤菌对大豆生长和结瘤形成有交互作用.     

两种形态氮源条件下磷对大豆结瘤固氮的影响

用营养液培养大豆7周,研究两种氮源条件下,磷对大豆结瘤固氮的影响.在本试验的各取样时期,随营养液中磷水平的增加,生物固氮植株的根瘤数增加较多,尤其是处理后第6周,磷对根瘤形成的影响最大.磷对硝态氮处理根瘤数的影响不大,但本试验条件下,在16μmol/L磷水平,根瘤数较多.硝态氮处理根瘤数远没有生物固氮处理多,表现出氮素对大豆结瘤的抑制作用,导致根瘤固定的氮量减少.因此,硝态氮植株体内含氮量随磷水平的增加而降低,而生物固氮植株增加.生物固氮处理根中N/P与根瘤数之间存在显著的负相关关系,r=-0.5816*,硝态氮处理根中N/P与根瘤数之间不相关.     

巨型线粒体形成机理的探讨

我们用透射电镜观察了大豆根瘤中巨型线粒体的形成。在细菌侵染初期，寄主细胞中的线粒体一般呈随机分布，然后逐渐移向细胞壁，常常位于造粉体周围。进而体积变大，相互接触，发生融合。变为一个较大的线粒一。当这种线粒体进一步相互融合时，最后就形成了一种十分罕见的巨型线粒体。由于它是线粒体相互融合而成，因此往往留下一些融合痕迹。     

土著大豆根瘤菌的田间侵染动态及在不同大豆品种上的分布观察(二)

土著大豆根瘤菌在田间对寄主的侵染过程及其影响因素,是根瘤菌生态学的重要研究内容,也与提高根瘤菌接种效果有密切关系。在以前工作的基础上,1982年继续对同一大豆品种结病的菌系进行观察测定,并对在根瘤保存液中保存两年五个月的根瘤样品进行测定,进一步考察了保存期。结果如下。     

低温胁迫等对割手密和斑茅叶片游离脯氨酸含量的影响

研究了诱导以甘蔗近缘野生种割手密、斑茅无性系的离体叶片等材料中的游离脯氨酸Fpro）积累的低温处理、蔗糖诱导方法等。结果表明,低温处理会引起叶片中Fpo含量增加,其中30℃低温处理时叶片中Fpo含量随处理时间延长而递增,而更低温处理只能引起Fpo含量短期内增加∶外施蔗糖溶液能增强低温处理的效果;割手密叶部是合成Fpo的主要部位,Fpo在叶部合成后迅速转运到茎和根。不同叶龄的叶片中Fpo 含量不同,衰老叶中Fpo含量最高,其次为新生叶,成熟叶最低,但衰老叶片中游离脯氨酸的积累与低温无关,测定 Fpro 含量的材料以成熟叶片为宜。     

Effects of Salinity Stress on the Seminal Root Tip Ultrastructures of Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)

Abstract

Growth and structural changes in the seminal root tip of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) in response to NaCl salinity were studied. Seedlings were grown in agar medium with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% NaCl(agar culture), and in water with 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06 and 0.1% NaCl (water culture). Seedling growth was significantly suppressed by higher concentrations of NaCl. The effect of NaCl appeared faster in water culture than in agar culture. In both agar and water cultures, root growth was markedly suppressed over shoot growth. Under saline conditions, epidermis, cortex and root cap cells appear to be damaged to a greater extent than the meristem and stelar cells. The most notable ultrastructural change in response to salinity was the development and increment of vacuoles, which seem to provide a space for accumulation of excess ions. Many electron dense deposits were observed in the larger vacuoles of the epidermal and cortical cells. Under saline conditions, cell wall thickening of the epidermis, an increase in endoplasmic reticulum, myelin figures, less compact Golgi bodies and inhibited production of Golgi vesicles were also observed.     

花生不同衰老型品种叶片衰老过程中多胺变化规律的研究

在大田条件下以两个不同衰老型花生品种为材料，研究了叶片衰老过程中多胺的变化。结果表明：内源多胺与叶片衰老密切相关，随叶片展开、成长到衰老，叶片多胺总量的变化是先上升后下降，幼嫩叶片多胺含量早衰型高于正常衰老型，但在叶片衰老过程中，早衰型叶片多胺含量下降速度快、幅度大，其含量低于正常衰老型，从多胺组成上，花生叶片中共检测出三种多胺，其中腐胺所占比例最大。     

Comparison of Tissue Transglutaminase Activity During Young Panicle Development in Honglian-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Rice

Rice is the most important food crop in China, the development of hybrid rice is a great achievement to improve rice yield. The basis of heterosis utlization in hybrid rice is development and use of the cytoplasmic male sterile system. Though China is lea…     

水稻胚乳组织的结构观察

【目的】阐明水稻糊粉层细胞、亚糊粉层细胞与中心胚乳贮藏细胞的结构特性。【方法】采用光镜、透射电镜与扫描电镜对水稻胚乳组织进行观察研究。【结果】糊粉层细胞分化过程中,大液泡变成小体积蛋白贮存液泡,蛋白贮存液泡又转变成糊粉粒。颖果背部比腹部有更多层糊粉层,但背部糊粉层细胞内糊粉粒的形成与积累速度却较慢。亚糊粉层细胞起初含有一些脂质体,后来脂质体消失,而其内部淀粉体与蛋白体逐渐增多。中心胚乳贮藏细胞含有淀粉体与蛋白体,蛋白体以液泡型蛋白体为主,它们可以相互融合而变大。中心胚乳贮藏细胞内的淀粉积累速度明显快于亚糊粉层细胞内的。成熟颖果的中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体最为密集,背部和侧部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体排列较疏松,腹部的亚糊粉层细胞内淀粉体最为稀疏。【结论】水稻颖果背部与腹部的糊粉层细胞和亚糊粉层细胞的结构差异可能与养分吸收与转运有关;中心胚乳贮藏细胞内淀粉体发育速度快于亚糊粉层细胞。     

水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育幼穗发育过程中组织型转谷氨酰胺酶活性比较

以水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育系粤泰A和保持系粤泰B的叶片和不同发育时期幼穗为材料,比较分析了水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育幼穗发育过程中组织型转谷氨酰胺(tTG)酶活性变化,建立了适合水稻tTG酶活性分析的酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定反应体系。研究发现tTG酶活性受钙离子正调控,并且无论是粤泰A还是粤泰B,衰老叶片中tTG酶活性都高于新叶片,但粤泰A与粤泰B之间的差异不明显;不育系粤泰A自四分体到二核期的幼穗不同发育阶段,tTG酶活性随着花粉发育而增强,在二核期达到最高,而在保持系粤泰B中,tTG酶活性没有随发育进程发生显著变化。推断tTG酶与花粉败育过程中的细胞程序性死亡有关。     

Epidermal Cell Wall Biogenesis with Emphasis on Cuticular Layer Formation during Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Rice

Abstract

Epidermal cell wall biogenesis with emphasis on cuticular layer formation during direct somatic embryogenesis in rice was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The first phenomenon noticed in the early globular stage of somatic embryos was a high activity of cell wall formation. In this stage, many endoplasmic reticula, Golgi bodies and their vesicles were present and epidermal cells were covered by fibrillar material. Cutin was initially deposited on the epidermal cell wall of late globular or early elongate stage embryos. In the late elongate stage, a lamellated cuticular layer formed, and in the late scutellar stage, a more homogenous continuous cuticular layer formed. The cuticular layer disappeared gradually from the scutellum cell wall as the somatic embryo germinated. The disappearance of the cuticular layer was similar to that of the zygotic embryo. There is no cuticular layer on the scutellar epithelial cell wall of the immature zygotic embryo 5 days after germination. Our observations lead to the conclusion that one of the structural and physiological markers of direct somatic embryogenesis is the transformation of fibrillar material into the cuticular layer.     

茶赤叶斑病与叶片结构及空间位置的关系

用室内接种和田间调查的方法,研究了茶赤叶斑病（ＰｈｙｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａｔｈｅｉｃｏｌａＰｅｔｃｈ）与茶树叶片结构及空间位置的关系。结果表明：该病原菌容易侵染茶树新梢的嫩叶,在老叶（芽下四叶及其以下）表面则难以形成附着胞,即使侵入了,菌丝的分枝、生长也较缓慢;近平展着生的嫩叶及叶片伤口更易感染;茶树品种间因叶片角质层的厚度、栅栏组织层次和海绵组织细胞排列松紧,其发病率表现出明显的差异,角质层厚和栅栏组织层次多的品种发病率较低     

Effects of Nitrogen Application on the Development and Accumulation of Protein Bodies in Developing Rice Seed

Abstract

We examined the nature of protein bodies affected by nitrogen application in developing rice endosperm using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Protein body type II, Pb-II, was observed at the first week after heading independent of nitrogen application, whereas protein body type I, Pb-I, was not observed in either the low nitrogen or non-fertilized group. However, in the high nitrogen group, Pb-I was also observed at 1 week after heading. Pb-I was formed by enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, but Pb-II had a close relationship with the Golgi apparatus and was accumulated in the envelope-like vacuole. The smallest protein body, Pb-III, about 0.6-0.8 μm in diameter, appeared at 2 weeks after heading, and the amounts of this protein body increased substantially at 3 weeks after heading. This protein body also originated from endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Pb-I was observed only in cytoplasm, but, Pb-II appeared in both the endoplasmic reticulum and envelope-like vacuole. The amount of protein bodies in the rice endosperm cell varied with the cultivar and amount of nitrogen applied. In cv. Koshihikari (Japonica), the application of much nitrogen increased the amount of protein bodies not only in the subaleurone, but even in the fifth layer from the aleurone layer. However, in cv. Belle patna (Indica), the application of much nitrogen increased the amount of protein bodies up to the sixth ayer of aleurone layer, and caused the accumulation of a few protein bodies even in the central part of endosperm. It was concluded that storage protein transported by Golgi vesicles and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) plays an important role in the accumulation of reserve substances in rice seed. Development of mitochondria and RER was enhanced by the application of nitrogen.     

高温胁迫对玉米形态、叶片结构及其产量的影响

以郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为试验材料,模拟增温处理,探索营养生长和生殖生长并进时期(第9片叶完全展开至抽雄期)高温处理对玉米形态、叶片结构及其产量的影响。结果表明,高温处理后ZD958和XY335的产量分别比对照降低了11.14%和25.40%。高温处理促进株高增长,促使茎粗变细,降低叶面积指数、干物质重、成熟叶片和幼嫩叶片的比叶重。随生育进程,XY335的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质重和ZD958的干物质重变化幅度逐渐增大,2个玉米品种的幼嫩叶片比叶重降低幅度均要大于成熟叶片比叶重。叶片厚度和上下表皮细胞厚度变薄,叶绿体膜结构被破坏,抑制光合作用及光合产物的输出。对高温胁迫的敏感性而言,XY335大于ZD958,ZD958成熟叶大于幼嫩叶,XY335幼嫩叶大于成熟叶。