虎杖根系脱土滑梳式辊指的设计与试验

根系脱土是中药虎杖收获的重要环节,采用直线梳刷式脱土辊指实现根土分离极为有效,然而直辊与根系作用时,常出现相互勾连、扯拉等不良状况,致使脱土功耗显著增加,为此该文融入滑切方式,设计了一种曲线滑梳式脱土辊指。根据滑切理论,确定了辊指滑梳的临界条件,利用对数螺线方程建立了辊指梳刃的曲线方程,通过辊指的动力学分析,建立了辊指作业的功耗模型,确定了辊指转速、辊指作业长度、辊指滑切角为功耗的主要影响因素,并根据摩擦角与滑切角关系,利用Matlab软件得到摩擦角和滑切角与功耗的伪彩色能量图,确定功耗最小所对应的辊指滑切角为67°。进行功耗及脱净率试验,利用多目标优化设计方法对试验结果进行综合评价。结果表明:在辊指转速为350 r/min、辊指作业长度为30 mm、辊指滑切角为67°时,脱土辊指的作业性能较优,此时脱净率为93.03%,功耗为76.73 W。研究结果可为虎杖根土分离部件的结构改进设计和作业参数优化提供依据。     

虎杖茎尖离体再生体系的建立和优化

研究了苗龄、接种方式、不同植物生长调节剂、硝酸银和蔗糖等对虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum)茎尖愈伤组织诱导、不定芽分化和生根的影响。结果表明:愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基是MS+蔗糖28g/L+琼脂5.5g/L+2,4-D 1.5mg/L+6-BA 1.0mg/L,诱导率为100%;3-7d苗龄的虎杖茎尖愈伤组织诱导能力无显著差异,诱导率均达到95%以上,此后随着苗龄的增加,愈伤组织诱导能力快速下降,苗龄为12d时愈伤组织诱导率只有55.6%;以正插(形态学下端插入培养基)方式接种的外植体愈伤组织诱导率显著大于反插(形态学上端插入培养基)和平放的;不定芽分化最佳培养基为MS+AgNO34.0mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.0g/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+TDZ 0.8mg/L,分化率为83.9%,增殖系数为7.63;生根培养基选用1/2 MS+蔗糖26g/L+琼脂6.5g/L+活性碳3%+IBA 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.3mg/L,生根率为100%。用透气膜封口比用聚乙烯菌膜生根率明显提高,生根明显提前。     

两株广西伪狂犬病病毒的分离鉴定

从广西不同地方的发病仔猪脑内分离到两株病毒,分别命名为Ｂ株和Ｗ株。用这两株病毒分别接种家兔,产生的症状和病变与伪狂犬病病毒强毒ＭｉｎＡ株相似。将两株病毒在乳兔肾细胞和ＣＥＲ细胞上连续传代,均稳定地出现与ＭｉｎＡ株相同的细胞病变（ＣＰＥ）。在ＣＥＲ细胞上进行微量血清和试验,ＭｉｎＡ株的抗血清能完全中和Ｂ株和Ｗ株对细胞的致病变作用,表明两个毒株与ＰｒＶ强毒具有相似的抗原性。电镜下观察Ｂ株和Ｗ株病毒粒子     

Isolation and identification of two lipid transfer proteins in pomegranate (Punica granatum)

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are a family of low molecular mass (7-9 kDa) polypeptides, the members of which share 35-95% sequence homology. These proteins are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and are receiving attention for their biochemical characteristics and biological activity. LTPs are indeed studied in different research fields varying from allergy to food technology, and numerous molecules belonging to this class are progressively being identified and investigated. Proteins from pomegranate juice were fractioned by cation exchange chromatography and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Two proteins were identified as putative LTPs on the basis of their molecular weights and their electrophoretic behaviors under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Finally, proteins were purified and characterized by mass spectrometry. This analysis confirmed that the two polypeptides are LTPs on the basis of an amino acid sequence common to LTPs from other plant sources and cysteine content. The two proteins, named LTP1a and LTP1b, showed similar molecular masses but different immunological profiles when immunodetected with rabbit antibodies specific for Pru p 3 and human IgE from a patient suffering from pomegranate allergy. The demonstration of the existence of two immunologically unrelated LTPs in pomegranate confirms the variability and the complexity of the plant LTP family. This should be taken into account when the role of these proteins as elicitors of allergies to fruits is investigated and could help to explain the contradictory literature data on pomegranate allergy.     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Association for Growth and Nutrients Assimilation of Pharagmites japonica and Polygonum cuspidatum Plants Growing on River Bank Soil

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, nutrient absorption, and inoculation effectiveness of AMF on pioneer plants Pharagmites japonica (C4) and Polygonum cuspidatum (C3) were evaluated by performing a pot experiment in a greenhouse at Saitama University, Japan. AMF spores were collected from the commercial product, Serakinkon. The average colonization levels of P. japonica and P. cuspidatum were 24–33% and 0.2–0.5% respectively and no colonization was found in sterilized soil treatment. AMF colonization increased the plant dry mass, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations of P. japonica’s roots, stems, and leaves when AMF applied with natural and sterilized soil compared with only sterilized and natural soil. This was a significant effect for N-loss minimization from soil. Maximum value showed when P. japonica was grown with natural soil in combination with AMF whereas P. cuspidatum showed very less or a negative response to AMF colonization in all cases.     

氧化乐果降解菌的分离与初步鉴定

利用氧化乐果无机盐培养基通过长期的摇床驯化培养，从污染土壤中筛选出了可以在高浓度氧化乐果环境下生长的菌株，并通过固体和液体培养以及有机磷显色反应最终筛选出两种生长较好的菌株，初步鉴定为曲霉，通过定量生物降解实验研究发现，在温度28℃，自然pH值，摇床150r／min，氧化乐果初始浓度为2000μg／mL，培养时间为10d，两种菌株对氧化乐果的降解率分别为70．38％和61．28％，具有很高的潜在应用价值。     

捕食线虫性真菌--梨形指环菌的分离与鉴定

从土壤和家畜粪便中获得了一种捕食线虫性真菌，通过对其菌丝、分生孢子及捕食性结构的形态学观察，鉴定其为梨形指环菌(Dactylaria pyriformis)。该菌可产生多量厚垣孢子。     

Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy products

After an outbreak of listeriosis in Massachusetts in 1983, the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to survive in raw and pasteurized milk was investigated. An enrichment broth (EB) containing acriflavine, nalidixic acid, and cycloheximide was used to eliminate overgrowth of the culture by competing organisms, and a modification of McBride's agar (MMA) was used as the isolation medium. The culture was incubated 24 h at 30 degrees C. To isolate Listeria from soft cheese, the incubation period was lengthened to 1 week, and the EB culture was streaked to MMA at 1 and 7 days. Physical and biochemical patterns, the CAMP test, serological tests, and mouse pathogenicity studies were helpful in determining the identity of L. monocytogenes.     

Isolation and identification of flavonoids accumulated in proanthocyanidin-free barley

Flavonoids accumulated in proanthocyanidin-free near-isogenic lines iso ant 13, iso ant 17, and iso ant 22 of Nishinohoshi, developed by backcross breeding using a leading cultivar, Nishinohoshi, as a recurrent parent and a proanthocyanidin-free mutant as a nonrecurrent parent in Japan, were examined. A new flavanone, (2RS)-dihydrotricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), known flavanones (2RS)-dihydrotricin (2) and (2RS)-homoeriodictyol (3), and known flavones chrysoeriol 7-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (4), chrysoeriol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), tricin (6), and chrysoeriol (7) were isolated from iso ant 17 of Nishinohoshi. The structures and stereochemistries of the isolated flavonoids (1-7) were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The concentrations of the isolated flavonoids (1-7) in iso ant 13, iso ant 17, and iso ant 22 of Nishinohoshi were similar to each other, whereas the flavonoids 1-5 and 7 were not detected in Nishinohoshi, an old Japanese cultivar, Amaginijo, and North American cultivar Harrington. The concentration of tricin (6) in Nishinohoshi was a half those in iso ant 13, iso ant 17, and iso ant 22 of Nishinohoshi. Except for iso ant 13, iso ant 17, and iso ant 22 of Nishinohoshi, the concentration of tricin (6) was highest in Nishinohoshi, followed by Amaginijo and Harrington. Thus, tricin (6), its precursor dihydrotricin (2), and its glucopyranoside, dihydrotricin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), as well as chrysoeriol (7) and homoeriodictyol (3) were accumulated in iso ant 13, iso ant 17, and iso ant 22 of Nishinohoshi probably by blocking at the step of flavanone 3-hydroxylase in the procyanidin biogenetic pathway, resulting in enhancement of the alternative biogenetic pathway.     

Drought stress tolerance and photoprotection in two varieties of olive tree

Abstract

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is adapted to tolerate severe drought and high irradiance levels. Relative electron transport rate (J), photosynthetic efficiency (in terms of F _v /F _m and Φ_PSII), photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were determined in 2-year old olive plants (cultivars ‘Coratina’ and ‘Biancolilla’) grown under two different light levels (exposed plants, EP, and shaded plants, SP) during a 21-day controlled water deficit. After reaching pre-dawn leaf water potentials of about -6.5 MPa, plants were rewatered for 23 days. During the experimental period, measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were carried out to study the photosynthetic performance of olive plants. The effect of drought stress and high irradiance levels caused a reduction of gas exchange, J, Φ_PSII and F _v/F _m and this decrease was more marked in EP. Under drought stress, EP showed a higher degree of photoinhibition, a higher NPQ and a lower qP if compared to SP. Coratina was more sensitive to high light and drought stress and had a slower recovery during rewatering. The results confirm that photoprotection is an important factor that affects photosynthetic productivity in olive, and that the degree of this process varies between the cultivars. This information could give a more complete picture of the response of olive trees grown under stressful conditions of semi-arid environments, and could be important for the selection of drought-tolerant cultivars with a high productivity.     

Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from wild and cultivated soybean varieties

Endophytic bacteria were isolated from surface sterilized stems, root, and nodules of wild and cultivated soybean varieties. Various phenotypic traits that are expected to be involved in the persistence and functions of the bacteria were analyzed. Most of the isolates from soybean were motile and indoleacetic acid producers, and 70 and 33% of isolates excreted cellulase and pectinase, respectively. These traits may be involved in endophytic characteristics in soybean. Some isolates were resistant to Str₁₀₀, formed capsules, and produced fluorescent pigments. Molecular characterization of selected 35 endophytic bacteria by 16S rDNA–polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism showed two main clusters at 48 and 43% similarity coefficients in which most of the endophytes belonged. The genetic variation was more among endophytes isolated from Glycine max tissues than from G. soja.     

Ultraviolet-C and induced stilbenes control ochratoxigenic Aspergillus in grapes

This study investigated the efficacy of ultraviolet-C (254 nm) and induced stilbenes to inhibit Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus tubingensis and control ochratoxin A production in grapes. In addition, the stilbene synthesis as a response to UV-C treatment and to infection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus was compared. The initial microbial inactivation by a previously optimized UV-C illumination protocol for increasing trans-resveratrol content in grapes (50 W/m (2), 40 cm, 60 s) was similar on undamaged and damaged grapes, achieving 1.2 and 1.3 log conidia/100 g reductions, respectively. After 5 days of storage at 22 degrees C, UV-C treatment and the stilbenes induced by UV-C inhibited ochratoxigenic Aspergillus growth in undamaged grapes. UV-C elicited the biosynthesis of trans-resveratrol, while microbial infection and tissue damage triggered the biosynthesis of trans-piceid. trans-Resveratrol was not synthesized as a consequence of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus contamination. However, when trans-resveratrol was synthesized by UV-C, it contributed to inhibiting the development of ochratoxin A producing aspergilli. Furthermore, UV-C treatment also contributed to decrease ochratoxin A production by ochratoxigenic aspergilli. Therefore, UV-C is a promising emerging technology either for reducing the potential ochratoxigenic risk in grapes, which is of particular interest to the wine industry, and also for increasing trans-resveratrol content of grapes, which would provide an added value to the wine.     

Isolation and identification of terpene chlorohydrins found in cold-pressed orange oil

Three terpene chlorohydrins found in cold-pressed orange oil were concentrated by silica adsorption chromatography and purified by preparative HPLC. Formation of these chlorohydrins was determined to be the result of a reaction of d-limonene, the major component of cold-pressed oil, with hypochlorous acid, found in chlorinated treatment water used in the oil recovery process. NMR analyses indicated that the major chlorohydrin present was the diequatorially substituted (1R,2R,4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol (1). The other two compounds were the diaxial trans stereoisomer, (1S,2S,4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol (2), and the dichlorohydrin, (1R,2R,4R)-2,9-dichloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol (3).     

Isolation and identification of iron-reducing bacteria from gley soils

Seventy-one facultative anaerobic bacteria, capable of reducing iron oxide in pure culture, were isolated from three differently gleyed subsoils. The bacteria were picked at random from poured plates (10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶) inoculated with serially diluted soil samples. An attempt was made to identify these strains by morphological and biochemical tests. Among these 71 iron-reducing bacteria, all except three were capable of reducing nitrate to nitrite and 35 reduced nitrite further into gaseous compounds (denitrification), but only one strain (Bacillus subtilis) produced H₂S. Based upon their physiological and morphological properties, 38 strains were allotted to the genus Pseudomonas, 31 sporeformers to the genus Bacillus and two were regarded to be coryneform (Arthrobacter?) bacteria. Species identified were Ps. denitrificans (23), ps. stutzeri (8) ps. fluorescens-putida (5), Bacillus cereus (6), B. cereus var. mycoides (14) and Bacillus subtilis (9). Two spore-forming bacilli, two non-pigmented pseudomonads and two coryneform type of bacteria could not be identified. The significance of the enzyme nitrate reductase (nitratase) of these bacteria for anaerobic respiration and as a mechanism of iron reduction is discussed.     

Productivity of two stevia varieties under reduced irrigation and fertilization inputs

A 3-year field study was conducted in central Greece to determine the productivity of two stevia [(Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni] varieties (‘Morita’ and ‘Candy-stevia’) under normal and reduced irrigation (100% and 75% of the evapotranspiration) and fertilization [1:0.8:1.1 or 1:0.4:0.8 N:P:K ratio in the first year and only N fertilization (100% or 74% of the recommended rate) in the second and third years] inputs. Averaged across years, stevia cv. Morita achieved greater dry leaf yield (3.48 t ha^?1) than the cv. Candy-stevia (2.85 t ha^?1). Irrigation and fertilization inputs did not significantly affect stevia cv. Morita dry leaf and steviol glycosides (stevioside plus rebaudioside-A) yields; however, decreasing irrigation and fertilization caused slight reduction of cv. Candy-stevia yields. In cv. Morita leaves, the concentrations of stevioside and rebaudioside-A ranged from 5.97% to 7.78% and 3.73% to 4.79%, respectively, while the corresponding concentrations in cv. Candy-stevia leaves were 8.21–9.36% and 3.89–6.33%. Conclusively, both stevia varieties could achieve satisfactory dry leaf biomass and steviol glycosides yield, even when grown under reduced irrigation (at 75% of evapotranspiration) and reduced N fertilization (74% of the recommended rate). Thus, stevia could represent an alternative crop to tobacco in the Mediterranean conditions.     

Determination of stilbenes in hop pellets from different cultivars

About 30% of the polyphenols in wort and beer derive from hop, but little is yet known about their nutritional impact. The recent discovery of trans-resveratrol and piceid isomers in hop opens new doors to understanding beer health benefits. In the present work, resveratrol was quantified by HPLC-APCI-MS/MS in pellets from 9 different cultivars. Concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 mg/kg trans-piceid, from 2 to 6 mg/kg cis-piceid, and up to 1 mg/kg trans-resveratrol were detected. As previously shown for total polyphenols and flavonoids, the lower the alpha-acid content, the higher the total stilbene content.     

蛇口腔炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

从眼镜蛇、榕蛇、水律蛇和广蛇的口腔溃烂处以及肝、肺分离到两种细菌，经致病性试验，证实这两种细菌都具有致病性。根据形态、生长特征和生化特性，8株被鉴定为变形菌属的普通变形杆菌，6株被定为摩根氏菌属的摩根氏菌。药敏试验结果表明，普通变形杆菌和摩根氏菌均对菌必治、呋喃妥因、头孢他啶、环丙沙星敏感。采取以菌必治为主，配合环丙沙星和头孢他啶的治疗方案，总的治愈率达70．6％。     

Growth and plant zinc distribution in two navy bean varieties fertilized with zinc

Abstract

Sanilac and Saginaw varieties of navy beans were grown on Wisner silty clay loam. Treatments of no added Zn and 3 ppm Zn were applied to the soil fertilized with N, K, and 500 ppm P. Selected plant tissues were harvested two, four, six, or eight weeks after planting.

The weights and Zn contents of some tissues were not affected by Zn application regardless of variety but the growth of the plant parts above the primary leaves and the Zn contents of the trifoliolate leaves increased with Zn rate. The three oldest trifoliolate leaves and younger tissues showed equal or greater increases in growth and Zn contents than the total plant tops, but the primary leaves and the lower portions of stems were less influenced by available Zn in the soil. These responses indicated that the three oldest trifoliolate leaves were the most reliable indexes for available Zn throughout the growing period.

As the plants matured, the growth and Zn contents of the young tissues of the Saginaw variety responded more to Zn fertilization than did the young tissues of Sanilac. This differential response appeared to be partially due to the lower plant weights of the Saginaw than the Sanilac variety where no Zn had been applied to the soil.