破碎花岗岩非达西渗流的试验研究

为研究破碎岩体的渗流特性和非达西流的判别准则,利用Triaxial Cell三轴试验系统将3组饱和完整花岗岩进行破碎,获取破碎岩体,开展不同围压条件下高水力梯度的渗流试验。试验结果表明,采用Forchheimer方程拟合水力梯度▽P与渗流流量Q的实测数据点,相关系数趋近于1,渗流表现出显著的非线性;随着围压的增大,Forchheimer方程拟合系数A与B呈上升趋势,即岩样渗透性降低,渗流非线性增强,并且破碎花岗岩的非达西系数β随着固有渗透率k的减小近似呈幂函数关系增大。利用该幂函数关系式提出一类能直观判定达西流和非达西流的指标参数——水力梯度比Φ_P和流量比Φ_Q,指标参数的选择和临界值的确定取决于不同工程的目标需求。     

饱和砂卵石介质渗透系数线性预报模型研究

以黄河中游段河床自然堆积砂砾石堆积体为研究对象,通过室内不同粒径特征混合体的系统渗流试验,探讨了砂卵石的粒径组成特征对渗透系数的影响,建立了以有效粒、限制粒径、不均匀系数和曲率系数为自变量的渗透系数线性预报模型。结果表明,砂卵石的渗透系数可用多元线性回归模型进行预测。回归模型及自变量对预测量的影响均显著,模型预测值与实测值平均相对误差为12.39%。     

轻非水相液体在地下多相渗流的K-S-P关系研究

以砂性介质为研究对象,用砂芯漏斗法测定轻非水相液(LNAPLs)在地下渗流的毛细压力与饱和度的关系曲线,并采用Parker-Lenhard模型及Brooks-Corey-Burdine模型获取油水二相的相对渗透曲线,结果表明对于相同介质,VGM模型对油相的相对渗透率估计大于BCB模型所预测,且二种不同模型所获取曲线具有不同的等渗点饱和度和等渗点相对渗透率,VGM模型所获取等渗点渗透率比BCB模型所获取的值大0.04,建议在研究砂性多孔介质中LNAPLs的迁移问题使用BCB模型获取相对渗透率。     

脱皮菜籽一维冷榨压榨比的神经网络模拟

针对由经典Terzaghi固结理论以及Darcy渗流定律建立的理论压榨比模型存在的不足,建立了基于BP神经网络的压榨比预测模型,对脱皮菜籽一维冷态压榨过程进行了预测。预测结果表明,运用BP神经网络预测实际压榨比的精度高于经典理论压榨比模型的精度,BP神经网络预测实际压榨比是一种有效的方法。     

基于GA-BP神经网络的果园需水量预测

为解决果园需水量预测精度低、鲁棒性差等问题,提出了遗传算法(GA)优化BP神经网络的果园需水量预测模型.选取空气温度、土壤含水率、光照强度3个主要环境因子作为BP神经网络的输入量,利用遗传算法的全局搜索能力优化神经网络权值和阈值,建立GA-BP神经网络模型预测果园需水量.仿真结果表明:GA-BP预测模型的预测值比BP模型更加趋近期望需水量,模型评价指标平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE),均优于单一BP神经网络模型.与传统的BP神经网络算法相比,GA-BP神经网络模型能较好的表达果园需水量与主要环境因子的非线性关系,具有较高的预测精度和适应性.     

基于神经网络红枣红外辐射干燥预测模型建立

针对红枣红外辐射干燥含水率的变化具有非线性和时变性、很难利用现有的模型构造一个数学模型来描述其变化规律的问题,利用Mat Lab神经网络工具箱和红枣红外辐射干燥特性试验数据建立了神经网络预测模型。通过对实测值和模型预测值进行分析研究,得出利用BP神经网络可以较快速、准确地建立模型来描述含水率的变化规律,且模型的预测值与试验测试值误差较小,能很好地实现在线预测的效果。     

煤层气发动机混合气充量系数模型的辨识

将充量系数作为预混合点燃式煤层气发动机转速和进气歧管压力的函数,根据实验数据,应用系统辨识方法,建立了基于多项式、BP神经网络和自适应神经网络模糊推理系统（ANFIs）的混合气充量系数模型,比较了各种模型的建模效果。为了验证模型的有效性,将所建充量系数模型分别嵌入煤层气发动机平均值模型,对平均值模型的估计值和实验数据进行了比较。检验结果表明,充量系数的非参数模型比多项式模型具有更高的预测精度,适合作为系统仿真的子模型。     

基于主成分分析与BP神经网络的参考作物腾发量预测

为解决采用神经网络模型预测参考作物腾发量研究中预测能力不足的问题.将气象因子包括最高、最低和日平均温度、日照时数、气压、水汽压、相对湿度和风速进行主成分分析.提取主成分,建立了基于主成分的三层BP神经网络模型.选取新疆昌吉市气象站2006年3-6月的日气象资料.采用Matlab神经网络工具箱进行模型训练与预测,并以传统BP网络模型作为对照.结果表明,主成分网络模型能够很好地反映诸多影响因子与参考作物腾发量之间的关系,尤其时训练样本以外的验证样本,主成分网络模型具有显著优于传统BP网络模型的识别能力,取得更为可靠的预测结果.     

基于BP神经网络的农田灌溉量预测

农田灌溉量预测对水资源合理规划和优化配置具有重要意义。为此,以农田水分平衡公式为基础,导出灌溉量I与前各时期的降雨量pt-1、pt-2、pt-3灌溉面积S之间存在非线性关系,由此建立了农田灌溉量的BP神经网络预测模型。检验结果表明,灌溉量BP神经网络预测法精度约为94.5%。因而,以灌溉面积、前各时期降雨量为输入变量,结合BP神经网络技术来预测农田灌溉量,具有很好的应用前景。     

优化神经网络模型在作物需水量预测中的应用

在MATLAB6.5中建立BP神经网络模型,用比较试验法对网络结构优化起关键作用的隐层节点数和优化训练算法进行了仿真试验,从而确定了合理优化的BP神经网络预测模型.采用一组样本数据来训练建立好的优化模型,并通过一组非样本数据来验证训练好的网络模型.误差结果证明,该优化模型能快速与准确地预测作物需水量,完全能够满足农业灌溉的精度要求.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。