宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉施肥制度试验研究

为了促进宁夏扬黄灌区玉米滴灌技术的推广应用,针对宁夏扬黄灌区规模推广玉米大田滴灌缺乏相关水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度的突出问题,采用大田小区对比试验方法,开展了玉米滴灌水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度试验研究。在综合分析不同灌溉量、施肥量对玉米生育期土壤含水率变化、耗水量、作物产量、水分生产效率的影响,研究提出了玉米生育期滴灌灌水定额225~450 m~3/(hm~2·次)、灌水11次、灌溉定额3 600 m~3/hm~2、纯施肥量459 kg/hm~2(其中N、P_2O_5、K_2O分别为255、123、81 kg/hm~2,分10次在每次灌水中部时段施肥)的水肥一体化灌溉、施肥制度。玉米大田滴灌产量达到17 250 kg/hm~2,水分生产效率达到2.80 kg/m~3以上。     

添加过磷酸钙的猪粪堆肥污染气体减排工艺优化

过磷酸钙作为农业生产中常用肥料添加到堆肥中一方面能够显著降低堆肥过程中氨挥发,减少甲烷、氧化亚氮等温室气体的排放,另一方面可以提高磷的生物有效性,对于降低堆肥环境污染风险提高堆肥品质具有重要意义。为研究不同工艺参数对堆肥污染气体排放的影响,研究了添加过磷酸钙条件下不同通风率(0.12、0.24、0.36 L/(kg·min))、含水率(55%、60%、65%)和碳氮比(15、18、21)对堆肥典型污染气体CO_2、CH_4、NH_3和N_2O排放的影响。结果表明:含水率65%和通风率0.36 L/(kg·min)条件下会显著降低过磷酸钙的固氮效果,低通风率更有利于减少NH_3挥发控制氮素损失。过磷酸钙能够有效控制猪粪堆肥N_2O的排放,低通风率有利于堆肥高温期N_2O减排。过磷酸钙对CH_4的减排效果显著,受工艺参数影响较小。不同工艺参数均不会影响添加过磷酸钙堆肥达到稳定和腐熟,从CO_2、CH_4、NH_3和N_2O总温室效应减排效果来看,含水率60%、通风率0.12 L/(kg·min)、碳氮比18是最优堆肥工艺参数方案。     

水稻适雨灌溉对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,观测分析了水稻适雨灌溉和常规灌溉2种模式下稻田CH_4和N_2O的季节排放情况,评估了水稻适雨灌溉对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的影响。结果表明,适雨灌溉稻田CH_4、N_2O排放峰值分别出现在分蘖期和拔节孕穗期,整个生育期CH_4、N_2O平均排放通量分别为16.77 mg/(m~2·h)、6.64μg/(m~2·h),适雨灌溉稻田CH_4、N_2O排放量较常规灌溉显著下降(p0.05),分别下降了74.47%和67.06%。水稻适雨灌溉通过合理利用雨水资源,减少灌溉次数及灌水量,显著降低了稻田CH_4和N_2O的排放。     

加气条件下土壤CO_2排放对土壤过氧化氢酶活性及番茄生长的响应

为研究加气条件下土壤过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)和番茄生长对土壤CO_2排放的影响,试验于2017年4月至7月采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法对加气灌溉(AI)和常规膜下滴灌(CK)两个处理下的温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放进行原位监测;并同时测定各处理CAT、土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)、土壤温度和番茄株高。结果表明:在番茄整个生育期内,各处理土壤CO_2排放通量均呈现先增加后减小的趋势; CAT呈现波动性变化,在生育末期达到最大值。AI处理CO_2累积排放量(9 031.08 kg/hm2)较CK处理增加了2.4%,但不显著(P0.05)。此外,加气灌溉促进了番茄的生长,增加了CAT和土壤温度,但降低了WFPS,且处理间各指标差异性均不明显(P0.05)。土壤CO_2排放通量与CAT、土壤温度和番茄株高均呈正相关(P0.05),与WFPS呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。     

不同灌水水平对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放影响

为分析不同灌水水平对温室番茄地土壤CO_2排放的影响,采用静态箱气相色谱法对2014年秋冬季和2015年春夏季番茄地土壤CO_2排放进行原位观测。试验设置2个灌水水平分别为:充分灌溉(FI)和亏缺灌溉(DI)。结果表明:番茄两个生长季中,不同灌水处理下土壤CO_2排放通量均呈波动性变化。2015年春夏季试验各处理土壤CO_2平均排放通量和排放量高于2014年秋冬季试验对应的各处理土壤CO_2平均排放通量和排放量,且两个生育期内高灌水处理的土壤CO_2排放在番茄生育期绝大多数时间内均高于低灌水处理。以2015年FI处理土壤CO_2累积排放量最大(5 641.57kg/hm~2),分别较2014年FI处理、2014年DI处理和2015年DI处理增加了3.9%、54.2%和16.7%。此外,研究还发现春夏茬试验中不同灌水处理下,土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤水分呈显著负相关关系。这为评估设施菜地温室气体减排提供一定的科学依据。     

日光温室油桃节水灌溉试验研究

临夏州降水量稀少,水资源匮乏,为了提高水资源利用率,实行节水灌溉,在该地区进行了日光温室油桃节水灌溉试验研究,研究了滴灌与沟灌技术在生育期内对土壤含水率、作物的生育动态以及产量的影响。结果表明,滴灌比沟灌平均节水1251 m3/hm2,"92-1"品种在滴灌条件下比沟灌每株增产5.9 kg,每公顷增产29475 kg,日光温室反季节油桃栽培应选择滴灌节水技术。为了取得较好的经济效益,应采用滴灌最优灌溉制度。     

塔里木灌区棉田的水盐动态和水盐平衡问题探讨

利用2004年在极端干旱的塔里木盆地绿洲棉田灌溉试验数据,对常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在不同灌溉定额下水盐动态进行了研究,对节水灌溉与农田水盐平衡问题进行了深入探讨。主要结论包括:①在2700m3/hm2灌溉定额时,常规地面沟灌和膜下滴灌棉田在生育期0~60 cm土层积盐,膜下滴灌的积盐率(12.4%)要高于常规地面沟灌的积盐率(3.4%);②在小于6000 m3/hm2的4种不同灌溉定额条件下,生育期棉田1 m土体上总体表现为积盐;③对于土壤初始含盐量高的新垦荒地,灌溉淋洗的作用要好于土壤盐分本底值低的土壤;④为了保持农田的水盐平衡,在极端干旱区需要进行非生育期以淋洗盐分为目的的灌溉。     

不同灌溉方式下温室番茄水分利用率及经济效益研究

通过田间试验,研究了不同灌溉方式(滴灌、沟灌)及施肥量(氮-磷-钾用量为800-450-975、640-450-780 kg/hm2)对番茄水分利用率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在番茄整个生育期,同一灌溉方式下土壤含水率分布趋势相似;随着番茄生育期的延长,不同灌溉方式间土壤含水率差距逐渐增大;以100 cm为界,上下土层含水率差异较大。各处理番茄果实产量并无明显差异,不同灌溉方式下番茄水分利用效率(WUE)差异达显著水平(P0.05),且滴灌显著高于沟灌。各处理经济效益差异明显,滴灌方式下经济效益明显高于沟灌。综合番茄水分利用率和当季经济效益,并考虑长远利益,"滴灌+推荐施肥"在生产中值得推荐。     

不同再生水水质和追肥量对滴灌辣椒光合和产量的影响

为探究滴灌辣椒不同再生水比例和不同追肥量的最优组合.采用两因素三水平随机区组试验方法,研究不同灌溉水质(W3为再生水,W2为再生水:自来水=1:1,W1为自来水)和不同追肥定额(F1为60 kg/(hm2·次),F2为90 kg/(hm2·次),F3为120 kg/(hm2·次))对辣椒生长、光合作用和产量的影响.结果...     

旱区覆膜滴灌棉田N 2 O排放对化肥减量有机替代的响应

覆膜滴灌条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥策略:CK(不施肥)、CF(N 300 kg/hm~2;P2O590 kg/hm~2;K2O 60 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+OF(普通有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+BF(生物有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)对棉田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田连续不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O的排放特征。结果表明,棉花生育期N_2O排放通量表现为施肥处理大于不施肥处理,滴灌施肥后第3/4天N_2O排放通量顺序为CF60%CF+OF60%CF+BFCK,而滴灌后第7/8天N_2O排放通量则表现为有机肥处理高于化肥处理,滴灌施肥结束后表现与之相同;生育期的N_2O排放总量以100%化肥处理(CF)最高,与其相比,60%CF+OF和60%CF+BF处理分别降低3.75%和8.37%,N_2O排放系数则分别降低1.39%和73.8%;相关及通径分析均表明,与土壤NH+4-N相比,NO-3-N与N_2O排放的关系更密切。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。