灌溉渠系非恒定流数值模拟及闸门运行设计

农业灌溉,需通过沿渠节制闸进行流量调节,掌握渠道中非恒定流的动态变化过程,具有十分重要的社会价值和应用意义。基于特征线法离散圣维南方程,模拟引汤灌区部分渠系在闸门调控下的非恒定流过渡过程,并与Mike11软件模拟结果进行对比,表明所建模型具有一定的可靠性。此外,在模拟结果基础上,进行了简单的闸门运行设计,根据闸下出流理论建立闸门开度调控模型,模拟结果表明在流量线性变化的条件下闸门开度也为线性变化,针对多级闸门同步与逐级调节情况下渠道中的非恒定流过程进行模拟,总结了两种方式的优缺点。     

串联倒虹吸渠系的P＋PR控制

渠系中串联倒虹吸后引起水流的改变，影响了渠系的动行状态。利用圣维南方程组的特征线法、闸门同步操作技术P＋PR（比例＋比例复位）算法，建立了串联倒虹吸渠系的控制模型，并对编程对控制过程进行适时模拟。模拟结果表明：该模型在较大的流量变化条件下，运行稳定、响应速度快、过渡时间短、超调量小。     

闸门调控对污染物迁移规律的影响实验研究

采用明渠水槽模拟河段,设置上游水闸,模拟分析不同的水流、不同的闸门开启条件下,闸门运行对水流情势和污染物迁移转化的影响.通过实验观测和模拟,研究闸门调节流量与上、下游水位的关系,分别比较了河道是否设置闸门、瞬间开闸与稳定闸门开度状态下,下泄流量污染物浓度变化.实验结果分析表明,通过合理的调度,闸门在一定开度下可以起到既保证上游污染物通过闸门,减少闸前污染物质的聚集,又可降低闸下河道沿程的污染物分布的作用,为进一步在实践中确定合理的考虑污染控制的闸坝调控方案提供了实验依据.     

节制闸调控下明渠输水系统水力特性研究

长距离明渠输水工程的水力控制问题直接关系到工程的安全运行。以南水北调中线某一渠段为典型算例,建立非恒定流数学模型,通过数值模拟,对节制闸调控下的明渠输水系统水力特性进行了研究。结果表明:当流量变化相同时,水位波动范围、流量变化速率与闸门的启闭速率呈正相关。闸门的启闭速率越大,水位波动出现的时间越早,但明渠恢复到新的恒定流状态所需的时间越少。渠段水力震荡及渠道的漫溢现象主要受闸门关闭速度影响,应尽量降低闸门的关闭速率,从而减少水力振荡的影响,延长渠道出现漫溢的时间。综合比较不同节制闸间距下的渠道响应时间、闸前水位壅高、事故排空时间、建闸投资比,建议南水北调中线某明渠段节制闸间距取在2535 km之间最优。     

超驼峰工况下轴流泵事故停泵特性分析

针对带虹吸式出水流道的轴流泵站在超驼峰工况下的事故停泵问题,基于瞬变流理论建立其数学模型,以金口泵站为例分析快速闸门关闭速度、快速闸门预关开度以及静扬程等对事故停泵的影响。研究表明:超驼峰工况下停泵,随着关闸时间的增加,水泵最大水锤压力,倒流流量及倒转转速都逐渐增加;预关闸门的程度越大,水锤最大压力越小,最大倒流流量和最大倒转转速值也越小;静扬程越大,则水锤最大压力越大,最大倒流流量和最大倒转转速值也越大;采用"预关闸门70%,闸门按照120 s线性关闭"的方案可有效防止金口泵站超驼峰停泵时的水锤破坏。     

浮筒式升降闸门水力性能数值模拟

为了探讨浮筒式升降闸门量水机理,理论分析了浮筒式升降闸门水力特性及流量计算表达式。实测流量与计算流量对比表明,浮筒式升降闸门流量公式测流精度较高且形式简单,适合末级渠道的量水。同时,采用数值分析对不同流量、不同闸门开度条件下的过闸水流流场进行模拟,讨论浮筒式升降闸门测流过程中渠道内的水面线情况、各控制断面的流速分布、闸前弗劳德数Fr以及闸门测流精度。结果表明:模拟流量、水深与实测流量、水深吻合较好;试验及数值模拟得到的闸门前弗劳德数Fr均小于0.5,满足测流要求。     

基于水量恒定的渠道前馈控制时间分析

为了研究渠道运行控制中渠系建筑物的前馈控制时间,综合考虑上游调控及分水口调控对下游水量的影响,采用水量恒定方法,构建了渠道前馈控制时间计算模型,并将模型应用于山西省夹马口灌区.结果表明:模型所采用的流量拟合方程及参数对流量的拟合精度较高,能够有效表达下游流量在渠道调控下的变化情况,当采用该模型计算的调控时间进行控制时,可以基本保证流向下游的总水量恒定,水量偏差为0.8 m³.利用模型进一步分析了不同流量下的调控时间,发现随着流量的增大,分水口最优调控时间逐渐减小,在此基础上得到了流量-前馈控制时间、水深-前馈控制时间的线性拟合公式,为夹马口灌区渠道运行控制提供了参考.     

宽顶堰上平板闸门水力计算的探讨

根据平板闸门水流条件对流量系数的影响，对闸门的水流条件进行分类，通过试验研究，对平板闸门流量系数计算公式的适用条件进行了较为细致的讨论并加以分类，使闸门的水力计算更加清晰、准确，为工程计算提供了参考和依据。     

基于水动力学模型的渠道流量控制系统研究

针对渠道流量较大、水流条件复杂的流量测量问题，提出一种水动力学模型的渠道流量计算方法，并以此搭建基于水动力学模型的渠道流量控制系统。首先建立水动力学数学模型，采用两点水位量水法计算渠道流量，即在闸门上、下游选择两个断面，利用水位传感器实时测量断面水位数据，通过上位机求解水流控制方程得到两处断面的流量，取均值作为渠道的流量值，其次结合PLC搭建渠道流量控制系统，根据调度要求控制闸门的启闭，实现渠道流量的精准控制。在加大供水流量、水流条件复杂条件下，流量计算结果与多声道超声波流量计所测数据相比，平均偏差率小于5%。通过试验研究表明：控制系统流量控制误差为0.514%，系统响应时间小于200 ms，平均无故障运行时间大于10 000 h。控制系统的研究为后续渠道流量调度工程建设提供理论依据和案例支撑，具有较强的应用价值。     

基于改进雷达图综合指标的渠道系统PI控制参数优化北大核心

针对当前灌溉输配水渠道系统缺少综合性能指标作为方案比选、参数优化依据的问题,提出了一种兼顾水位、流量、闸门开度和稳定过渡时间等多目标的综合指标来衡量渠道控制的效果。该指标基于改进后的雷达图计算得到,改进之处在于用样本平均值进行多优化目标的标准化处理,以处理后的指标值作为雷达图中心到各顶点的距离,将该雷达图的面积作为综合指标,并以漳河灌区第四干渠为例,验证了该综合指标作为PI控制参数优化目标的有效性。结果表明:经两次优化后,系统综合性能已接近最优。此时,比例参数为0.2,积分参数为8.2,最大水位偏差为0.0289 m,水位偏差累积量为0.196 m,流量变化累积量为0.772 m~3/s,闸门动作累积量为0.952 m,稳定过渡时间为42 min,其水位、流量和闸门开度在过渡过程中的累积量均较小,稳定过渡时间较短,符合控制预期效果。研究提出的综合指标可用于不同控制方案的评价比选,也适用于控制算法参数优化,基于该综合指标的多目标优化方法对灌区输配水渠系自动化调控具有一定的参考价值。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。